The compressor is the heart of refrigeration systems. It lowers pressure on the suction side and raises pressure on the discharge side. Compression ratio compares these pressures. Two-stage compression uses two compressors to lower the ratio. Common compressor types include reciprocating, screw, scroll, and centrifugal. Proper maintenance keeps the ratio low and prevents liquid slugging which can damage compressors.
The document discusses cooling methods in a diesel engine. The piston is cooled by oil that enters through the hollow piston rod and exits through an inside return line. The cylinder is cooled by injecting coolant between the cylinder liner and jacket, with fresh water being the most common coolant. Coolants like oil and fresh water are themselves cooled through a heat exchanger where sea water led into the ship through sea chests cools the hot coolants.
Construction and working of various compressors
Description of air & water cooled condensor, Comparison & application. Evaporative Condenser
Expansion Devices
Evaporators and chillers – Bare tube plate surface Capacity and their application, Chillers and their application.
Types of compressor and application in oil and gas industryajichemix
This presentation covers the type of compressors, its application, capacity control methods, surge control, cooling system, advantage and disadvantage of compressors.
Refrigeration and air conditioning (gtu)virajpatel204
The thermostatic expansion valve (TEV) is designed to maintain a constant evaporator pressure or superheat by controlling the flow of refrigerant into the evaporator. It operates using a needle and seat that opens and closes based on three pressures - evaporator pressure and spring pressure work to close the valve, while bulb pressure works to open the valve. The main components of a TEV are the valve body, diaphragm, needle and seat, and spring. The diaphragm and needle control refrigerant flow in response to these pressures.
A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a compressible fluid like air or gas by reducing its volume. It works similarly to a pump but for gases, which are compressible, rather than liquids. There are several types of compressors including reciprocating, rotary, centrifugal, and axial. Centrifugal compressors use rotary impellers to increase the velocity and pressure of a gas by pulling it through a curved casing. Key components include impellers, diffusers, bearings, seals, and casings. Compressors are selected based on various parameters like the gas handled, flow rates, pressures, and temperature.
Expansion devices in refrigeration systems serve two purposes: expanding refrigerant from high to low pressure and controlling the flow of liquid refrigerant to the evaporator. There are two main types of expansion devices - variable restriction devices like automatic expansion valves and thermostatic expansion valves, and constant restriction devices like capillary tubes. Capillary tubes are fixed restriction devices that are simple and inexpensive but only provide constant pressure drop via friction and acceleration. Automatic and thermostatic expansion valves can vary the flow of refrigerant in response to temperature. Compressors increase the pressure of vaporized refrigerant and come in positive displacement varieties like reciprocating and scroll compressors or non-positive displacement centrifugal compressors.
1) Reciprocating compressors work by using pistons in cylinders to reduce the volume of a gas and increase its pressure.
2) There are two main types - reciprocating compressors which use pistons in cylinders, and centrifugal compressors which use rapidly spinning impellers.
3) Reciprocating compressors can be single or double acting, and single or multi-stage for higher pressure increases. They are used when high compression ratios are required without high flow rates.
The document discusses cooling methods in a diesel engine. The piston is cooled by oil that enters through the hollow piston rod and exits through an inside return line. The cylinder is cooled by injecting coolant between the cylinder liner and jacket, with fresh water being the most common coolant. Coolants like oil and fresh water are themselves cooled through a heat exchanger where sea water led into the ship through sea chests cools the hot coolants.
Construction and working of various compressors
Description of air & water cooled condensor, Comparison & application. Evaporative Condenser
Expansion Devices
Evaporators and chillers – Bare tube plate surface Capacity and their application, Chillers and their application.
Types of compressor and application in oil and gas industryajichemix
This presentation covers the type of compressors, its application, capacity control methods, surge control, cooling system, advantage and disadvantage of compressors.
Refrigeration and air conditioning (gtu)virajpatel204
The thermostatic expansion valve (TEV) is designed to maintain a constant evaporator pressure or superheat by controlling the flow of refrigerant into the evaporator. It operates using a needle and seat that opens and closes based on three pressures - evaporator pressure and spring pressure work to close the valve, while bulb pressure works to open the valve. The main components of a TEV are the valve body, diaphragm, needle and seat, and spring. The diaphragm and needle control refrigerant flow in response to these pressures.
A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a compressible fluid like air or gas by reducing its volume. It works similarly to a pump but for gases, which are compressible, rather than liquids. There are several types of compressors including reciprocating, rotary, centrifugal, and axial. Centrifugal compressors use rotary impellers to increase the velocity and pressure of a gas by pulling it through a curved casing. Key components include impellers, diffusers, bearings, seals, and casings. Compressors are selected based on various parameters like the gas handled, flow rates, pressures, and temperature.
Expansion devices in refrigeration systems serve two purposes: expanding refrigerant from high to low pressure and controlling the flow of liquid refrigerant to the evaporator. There are two main types of expansion devices - variable restriction devices like automatic expansion valves and thermostatic expansion valves, and constant restriction devices like capillary tubes. Capillary tubes are fixed restriction devices that are simple and inexpensive but only provide constant pressure drop via friction and acceleration. Automatic and thermostatic expansion valves can vary the flow of refrigerant in response to temperature. Compressors increase the pressure of vaporized refrigerant and come in positive displacement varieties like reciprocating and scroll compressors or non-positive displacement centrifugal compressors.
1) Reciprocating compressors work by using pistons in cylinders to reduce the volume of a gas and increase its pressure.
2) There are two main types - reciprocating compressors which use pistons in cylinders, and centrifugal compressors which use rapidly spinning impellers.
3) Reciprocating compressors can be single or double acting, and single or multi-stage for higher pressure increases. They are used when high compression ratios are required without high flow rates.
The document discusses centrifugal pumps, including their basic principles and operation. It describes the main parts of a centrifugal pump like the impeller, casing, shaft, and bearings. It explains key concepts such as pump head, net positive suction head (NPSH), affinity laws, and pump curves. The document also covers pump operation, including proper start up and shut down procedures, as well as potential problems that can occur.
Thermodynamics deals with the effects of work, heat and energy on systems. It considers macroscopic and microscopic changes. The laws of thermodynamics are:
1) Zeroth law - If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in equilibrium with each other.
2) First law - The change in internal energy of a closed system equals the heat supplied minus the work done.
3) Second law - Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cold body to a hot body.
4) Third law - The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
Theory and application of reciprocating compressor m 3030EDUARDO RODRIGUEZ
This document provides an overview and summary of a course on reciprocating compressors from PDHengineer.com. It describes the course text that reviews the theory and application of reciprocating compressors. It provides information on how to purchase the course and access course materials through the website. It also provides contact information for any questions.
This slide is about some new methods of compressing system. There is a huge use of reciprocating air compressor, but Rotary and liquid rim compressors are new with more efficiency.
This document provides an overview of reciprocating compressors. It describes how reciprocating compressors work by using pistons moving back and forth in cylinders to compress air. The document discusses the types of reciprocating compressors, how they operate through intake and compression strokes, and diagrams to illustrate the compression process. It also covers startup procedures, safety concerns around carbon buildup and explosions, efficiency calculations, and specifications for a sample reciprocating compressor.
The document discusses various components of vapor compression refrigeration systems including compressors, condensers, expansion devices, and evaporators. It describes different types of compressors such as positive displacement, rotary, and centrifugal compressors. It also explains air cooled, water cooled, and evaporative condensers. Common expansion devices like thermostatic expansion valves and capillary tubes are covered. Finally, it discusses flooded, dry, bare tube, plate, and finned tube evaporators.
The document discusses compressor working principles and types. It provides the following key points:
1) There are two basic principles of air or gas compression: positive displacement and dynamic compression. Positive displacement compressors reduce volume to increase pressure while dynamic compressors convert velocity to pressure.
2) Compressor types include centrifugal and reciprocating compressors. Centrifugal compressors use radial diffusers to increase pressure via Bernoulli's principle while reciprocating compressors use pistons in cylinders.
3) Capacity control methods for compressors include inlet guide vanes, blow-off valves, and modulating control to vary output between 100% to 10%. Operating parameters like inlet pressure and temperature influence compressor flow and power requirements
This document discusses refrigeration and the vapor compression refrigeration cycle. It describes that refrigeration involves extracting heat from a low temperature body and rejecting it to a high temperature sink. It then explains the two main types of refrigeration cycles as vapor compression and vapor absorption. It provides details on the components and working of a vapor compression refrigeration system, including the compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. It also discusses different types of each component. In summary, the document provides an overview of refrigeration and the vapor compression refrigeration cycle.
A compressor is a type of machine that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor. Compressors helps to transport the fluid through a pipe maintaining the high pressure conditions. It is convers power (using and electrical motor, diesel or gasoline engine, etc.) into potential energy stored in pressurized air. The main and important types of gas compressors are illustrated and discussed below.
The document provides information about emission control systems, specifically exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems. It describes the purpose of EGR systems to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions by recirculating a portion of exhaust gases into the intake manifold. This lowers combustion temperatures. It explains positive and negative backpressure EGR valves and computer-controlled EGR systems using solenoids. It also discusses EGR valve position sensors that provide feedback to the computer on valve operation.
An engine indicator is used to record indicator diagrams from engines, which represent the work done per cycle. There are two types of indicators: mechanical indicators record diagrams on paper up to 150 rpm, while pressure indicators measure only maximum combustion pressures without limit. An indicator consists of a small cylinder connected to the engine that records pressure variations during the cycle as diagrams. Different types of diagrams like power, compression and light spring can detect various engine faults.
This document describes a mini project report submitted by a group of students for their Bachelor of Engineering degree. It focuses on analyzing a single acting reciprocating air compressor. The summary includes the type and specifications of compressor used, how single acting reciprocating compressors work by using pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress and displace air through intake and exhaust valves, and some advantages and disadvantages of this compressor type.
Steam traps are automatic valves that drain condensate from steam systems while preventing steam loss. There are three main types: mechanical traps use floats or buckets, thermostatic traps detect temperature changes, and thermodynamic traps use pressure differences. Mechanical traps continuously operate but are prone to damage from freezing. Thermostatic traps open and close intermittently and resist freezing but conserve energy poorly. Thermodynamic traps excel at purging air but waste energy and wear down quickly. Proper steam trap selection depends on system properties and load conditions.
This PowerPoint shows an introduction to positive displacement compressors. You will have a brief introduction about the operating principles of reciprocating compressors, the different types of rotary compressors, and techniques for controlling compressor output most important variables.You will learn as well the construction, principal parts, and operation of reciprocating compressors
The document discusses different types of evaporators used in refrigeration systems. It describes evaporators as heat transfer systems that evaporate liquid refrigerant to remove heat from refrigerated spaces. Evaporators are classified based on their construction, refrigerant feed method, operating conditions, air or liquid circulation method, controls, and application. Common types include tube banks, forced draught coils with closely spaced fins, dry expansion coils, and flooded coils that are completely filled with liquid refrigerant. The document also discusses evaporators used for cooling liquids, summarizing five general types: double pipe, shell and coil, shell and tube, Baudelot, and tank type coolers.
Hello everyone this is N Murali Mohan, working as a assistant professor in JNTUA college of engineering pulivendula, in this chapter covers the all topics, if any topics missing please inform I will correct and then upload.. thank you all
This document discusses different types of compressors used in the chemical industry. It describes positive displacement compressors, which include reciprocating and rotary compressors. Reciprocating compressors use pistons moving back and forth in cylinders to compress air. Rotary compressors include screw, scroll, vane, and lobe types that use rotating parts to compress air. Dynamic compressors like centrifugal compressors are also discussed, which use impellers to add velocity and pressure to flowing gases. Multistage compression is explained as a way to compress air to higher pressures by cooling between stages.
Processing of petroleum types of refluxKarnav Rana
PROCESSING OF PETROLEUM :TYPES OF REFLUX
arrangements of distillation towers
Pump back reflux and pump around reflux
Side stripping columns
process refining & petrochemicals
Rotary screw air compressors work by having two screws - a male and female rotor - rotate together to suck in and compress air. As the screws mesh and their lobes engage, they reduce the volume of the air pockets to continuously compress the air. There are different types of rotary screw compressors depending on their cooling method, stages, and drive type. They are more efficient than reciprocating compressors but also more expensive.
This document discusses different types of rotary compressors used to compress air or gas. It describes positive displacement and roto dynamic rotary compressors. It then provides details on the construction and working of rotary lobe compressors, rotary vane compressors, rotary screw compressors, and scroll compressors. For each type, it outlines the key components and explains how compression is achieved as the gas is drawn in and compressed spaces are reduced in size.
O documento descreve diferentes tipos de compressores industriais, incluindo compressores herméticos, semi-herméticos e abertos, compressores dinâmicos radiais, compressores de palheta e compressores de lóbulos. Compressores são equipamentos que aumentam a pressão de um gás através da compressão, o que também aumenta sua temperatura de acordo com a equação de Clapeyron.
The document discusses centrifugal pumps, including their basic principles and operation. It describes the main parts of a centrifugal pump like the impeller, casing, shaft, and bearings. It explains key concepts such as pump head, net positive suction head (NPSH), affinity laws, and pump curves. The document also covers pump operation, including proper start up and shut down procedures, as well as potential problems that can occur.
Thermodynamics deals with the effects of work, heat and energy on systems. It considers macroscopic and microscopic changes. The laws of thermodynamics are:
1) Zeroth law - If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in equilibrium with each other.
2) First law - The change in internal energy of a closed system equals the heat supplied minus the work done.
3) Second law - Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cold body to a hot body.
4) Third law - The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
Theory and application of reciprocating compressor m 3030EDUARDO RODRIGUEZ
This document provides an overview and summary of a course on reciprocating compressors from PDHengineer.com. It describes the course text that reviews the theory and application of reciprocating compressors. It provides information on how to purchase the course and access course materials through the website. It also provides contact information for any questions.
This slide is about some new methods of compressing system. There is a huge use of reciprocating air compressor, but Rotary and liquid rim compressors are new with more efficiency.
This document provides an overview of reciprocating compressors. It describes how reciprocating compressors work by using pistons moving back and forth in cylinders to compress air. The document discusses the types of reciprocating compressors, how they operate through intake and compression strokes, and diagrams to illustrate the compression process. It also covers startup procedures, safety concerns around carbon buildup and explosions, efficiency calculations, and specifications for a sample reciprocating compressor.
The document discusses various components of vapor compression refrigeration systems including compressors, condensers, expansion devices, and evaporators. It describes different types of compressors such as positive displacement, rotary, and centrifugal compressors. It also explains air cooled, water cooled, and evaporative condensers. Common expansion devices like thermostatic expansion valves and capillary tubes are covered. Finally, it discusses flooded, dry, bare tube, plate, and finned tube evaporators.
The document discusses compressor working principles and types. It provides the following key points:
1) There are two basic principles of air or gas compression: positive displacement and dynamic compression. Positive displacement compressors reduce volume to increase pressure while dynamic compressors convert velocity to pressure.
2) Compressor types include centrifugal and reciprocating compressors. Centrifugal compressors use radial diffusers to increase pressure via Bernoulli's principle while reciprocating compressors use pistons in cylinders.
3) Capacity control methods for compressors include inlet guide vanes, blow-off valves, and modulating control to vary output between 100% to 10%. Operating parameters like inlet pressure and temperature influence compressor flow and power requirements
This document discusses refrigeration and the vapor compression refrigeration cycle. It describes that refrigeration involves extracting heat from a low temperature body and rejecting it to a high temperature sink. It then explains the two main types of refrigeration cycles as vapor compression and vapor absorption. It provides details on the components and working of a vapor compression refrigeration system, including the compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. It also discusses different types of each component. In summary, the document provides an overview of refrigeration and the vapor compression refrigeration cycle.
A compressor is a type of machine that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor. Compressors helps to transport the fluid through a pipe maintaining the high pressure conditions. It is convers power (using and electrical motor, diesel or gasoline engine, etc.) into potential energy stored in pressurized air. The main and important types of gas compressors are illustrated and discussed below.
The document provides information about emission control systems, specifically exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems. It describes the purpose of EGR systems to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions by recirculating a portion of exhaust gases into the intake manifold. This lowers combustion temperatures. It explains positive and negative backpressure EGR valves and computer-controlled EGR systems using solenoids. It also discusses EGR valve position sensors that provide feedback to the computer on valve operation.
An engine indicator is used to record indicator diagrams from engines, which represent the work done per cycle. There are two types of indicators: mechanical indicators record diagrams on paper up to 150 rpm, while pressure indicators measure only maximum combustion pressures without limit. An indicator consists of a small cylinder connected to the engine that records pressure variations during the cycle as diagrams. Different types of diagrams like power, compression and light spring can detect various engine faults.
This document describes a mini project report submitted by a group of students for their Bachelor of Engineering degree. It focuses on analyzing a single acting reciprocating air compressor. The summary includes the type and specifications of compressor used, how single acting reciprocating compressors work by using pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress and displace air through intake and exhaust valves, and some advantages and disadvantages of this compressor type.
Steam traps are automatic valves that drain condensate from steam systems while preventing steam loss. There are three main types: mechanical traps use floats or buckets, thermostatic traps detect temperature changes, and thermodynamic traps use pressure differences. Mechanical traps continuously operate but are prone to damage from freezing. Thermostatic traps open and close intermittently and resist freezing but conserve energy poorly. Thermodynamic traps excel at purging air but waste energy and wear down quickly. Proper steam trap selection depends on system properties and load conditions.
This PowerPoint shows an introduction to positive displacement compressors. You will have a brief introduction about the operating principles of reciprocating compressors, the different types of rotary compressors, and techniques for controlling compressor output most important variables.You will learn as well the construction, principal parts, and operation of reciprocating compressors
The document discusses different types of evaporators used in refrigeration systems. It describes evaporators as heat transfer systems that evaporate liquid refrigerant to remove heat from refrigerated spaces. Evaporators are classified based on their construction, refrigerant feed method, operating conditions, air or liquid circulation method, controls, and application. Common types include tube banks, forced draught coils with closely spaced fins, dry expansion coils, and flooded coils that are completely filled with liquid refrigerant. The document also discusses evaporators used for cooling liquids, summarizing five general types: double pipe, shell and coil, shell and tube, Baudelot, and tank type coolers.
Hello everyone this is N Murali Mohan, working as a assistant professor in JNTUA college of engineering pulivendula, in this chapter covers the all topics, if any topics missing please inform I will correct and then upload.. thank you all
This document discusses different types of compressors used in the chemical industry. It describes positive displacement compressors, which include reciprocating and rotary compressors. Reciprocating compressors use pistons moving back and forth in cylinders to compress air. Rotary compressors include screw, scroll, vane, and lobe types that use rotating parts to compress air. Dynamic compressors like centrifugal compressors are also discussed, which use impellers to add velocity and pressure to flowing gases. Multistage compression is explained as a way to compress air to higher pressures by cooling between stages.
Processing of petroleum types of refluxKarnav Rana
PROCESSING OF PETROLEUM :TYPES OF REFLUX
arrangements of distillation towers
Pump back reflux and pump around reflux
Side stripping columns
process refining & petrochemicals
Rotary screw air compressors work by having two screws - a male and female rotor - rotate together to suck in and compress air. As the screws mesh and their lobes engage, they reduce the volume of the air pockets to continuously compress the air. There are different types of rotary screw compressors depending on their cooling method, stages, and drive type. They are more efficient than reciprocating compressors but also more expensive.
This document discusses different types of rotary compressors used to compress air or gas. It describes positive displacement and roto dynamic rotary compressors. It then provides details on the construction and working of rotary lobe compressors, rotary vane compressors, rotary screw compressors, and scroll compressors. For each type, it outlines the key components and explains how compression is achieved as the gas is drawn in and compressed spaces are reduced in size.
O documento descreve diferentes tipos de compressores industriais, incluindo compressores herméticos, semi-herméticos e abertos, compressores dinâmicos radiais, compressores de palheta e compressores de lóbulos. Compressores são equipamentos que aumentam a pressão de um gás através da compressão, o que também aumenta sua temperatura de acordo com a equação de Clapeyron.
O documento fornece informações sobre compressores de ar comprimido, incluindo:
1) Uma lista detalhada da equipe técnica responsável pela publicação do guia;
2) Um sumário dos capítulos a serem abordados, tratando de tópicos como histórico, tipos de compressores, lubrificação, vazamentos, instalação e manutenção.
3) Informações sobre edição, revisão e supervisão do conteúdo.
Manual de aplicação de compressores embraco 2Denis Palheiro
Este documento fornece informações sobre compressores herméticos, incluindo como escolher o compressor correto para cada aplicação, como diagnosticar problemas e substituir o compressor. Explica os componentes básicos de um circuito de refrigeração e como funcionam, além de fornecer recomendações para a instalação e manutenção do compressor.
The energy costs related to compressed air represent between 10 to 15% of the electricity bill of the average industrial consumer. This application guide gives an overview of technical and organizational solutions that will maximize the energetic efficiency of the system. Implementation of these measures can save up to 25% of the systems’ energy consumption.
A first important question to ask is whether compressed air is the best available technique for the required solutions. In many cases other, more energy efficient technologies are available.
If compressed air is the best available technique, several actions can improve the energy efficiency of the system:
• Any design of a new system or the assessment of an existing system should start with an analysis of the needs. If the air demand is variable, an energy efficient control system for dealing with those load variations should be chosen.
• The compressed air distribution network should be carefully designed and maintained. In particular, reducing air leaks can have a significant positive influence on the energy efficiency of the system.
• For thermodynamic reasons, reducing the inlet air temperature and the outlet air pressure has an important influence on the systems’ energy efficiency.
• If air dryers are required for avoiding equipment degradation, they should be carefully selected, based on their energy efficiency.
• In some cases, the heat losses of a compressed air system can be recovered for heating applications.
Finally, maximizing the energy efficiency of a compressed air system is not a one-time action. Continuous monitoring of key parts, and adjusting them when necessary, is indispensable.
This document discusses compressors and compressed air systems. It begins with an introduction noting that significant inefficiencies exist in compressors, with 70-90% of compressed air being lost. It then describes the main types of compressors - reciprocating, rotary, and centrifugal - and compares their characteristics. The document also covers assessing compressor capacity and efficiency, quantifying air leaks, and identifies several key opportunities for improving energy efficiency, such as minimizing leaks, proper maintenance, intake air cooling, and use of intercoolers and aftercoolers.
This document discusses compressors and compressed air systems. It begins with an introduction that notes significant inefficiencies in compressed air systems, with 70-90% of compressed air being lost. It then describes the main components of compressed air systems. The document outlines the two basic types of compressors: positive displacement and dynamic. It provides details on assessing compressor capacity and efficiency. Finally, it lists several energy efficiency opportunities for compressed air systems, such as minimizing air leakage, managing air intake temperature, and implementing regular maintenance practices.
Air & Refrigeration Compressors – sizing & selection softwareSanjeev Nadkarni
This document describes a sales configurator software for compressors. It allows users to size and select compressor models based on input parameters. It contains tools for quotes, pricing, drawings, specifications, and analytics. The software integrates with other systems and aims to streamline the sales process for customers, sales, engineering, and operations.
This document provides a table of application for compressors including reference commercial models, refrigerant fluid, application, displacement, EER, current, voltage, relay, protector, start capacitor, cooling capacity, and model numbers. The table contains specifications for over 100 compressor models for applications such as low back pressure, medium back pressure, high back pressure, and air conditioning using refrigerants like R-600a, R-404A, R-22, R-134a, R-401A, and R-401B.
The document provides an overview of the Tulia CAES Bulk Electric Storage Project in Swisher County, Texas. It discusses that the project will use proven Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) technology to store electricity from the grid or renewable sources by compressing air and storing it underground. The stored air will later be used to power turbines and generate electricity when demand and prices are higher. The project is well-suited for the location due to favorable geology, proximity to wind resources, and ability to connect to the electric grid. It outlines the development progress achieved to date and remaining milestones, including drilling a test core in 2013 to further refine the underground storage cavern design.
O documento discute a avaliação formativa no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. A avaliação formativa tem como objetivo conhecer melhor os alunos, identificar dificuldades e apoiar o avanço da aprendizagem de forma contínua, para que o professor possa adaptar suas estratégias e auxiliar os alunos individualmente. Os resultados da avaliação formativa servem para melhorar as práticas pedagógicas e aprimorar a aprendizagem.
O compressor é o elemento central de um sistema de refrigeração, recuperando o refrigerante após a expansão para permitir seu reuso no ciclo. Existem diferentes tipos de compressores, incluindo alternativos, de parafuso, de palheta e centrífugos, cada um adequado para aplicações específicas de acordo com sua potência e capacidade. Sistemas podem usar múltiplos compressores em paralelo para atender à demanda térmica variável.
Este documento lista especificações técnicas e preços de vários modelos de compressores herméticos de baixa, média e alta pressão que operam com os refrigerantes R12, R134a, R22, R404A e R507A. As informações incluem capacidade frigorífica, potência elétrica, tipo de ligação elétrica e aplicações para cada modelo.
O documento discute a importância da manutenção periódica de compressores para garantir seu bom funcionamento. Ele fornece detalhes sobre os tipos de manutenção preventiva e corretiva realizadas em compressores de parafuso e pistão, incluindo a troca de filtros, óleo e peças de desgaste. Além disso, descreve os principais componentes dos compressores e os 10 passos essenciais para a manutenção destes equipamentos industriais.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on solenoid valves and automatic expansion valves. It describes how solenoid valves work by using an electromagnet to attract an iron plunger when energized, opening the valve port. Applications include pneumatic, hydraulic, and irrigation systems. Automatic expansion valves maintain refrigerant flow to the evaporator based on pressures from the evaporator and superheat spring. They are placed in the refrigerant liquid line to reduce pressure and ensure full evaporator charging.
There are several main types of air compressors. Reciprocating compressors use pistons moving up and down to compress air. Rotary screw compressors use two rotating screws to compress air. Rotary scroll compressors use an orbiting scroll to compress air with fewer moving parts than rotary screw compressors. Rotary vane compressors use rotating vanes inside a chamber to compress air. Centrifugal compressors use an impeller to increase air velocity and pressure. Rocking piston compressors use a reciprocating piston and connecting rod to compress air. Compressors also differ based on their lubrication method and drive type.
The document discusses refrigeration compressors used in air conditioning systems. It describes the main types of compressors: reciprocating, scroll, helical-rotary, and centrifugal. It then provides more details on each type of compressor, including diagrams of their internal components and operating mechanisms. The document also covers methods that compressors use to control their capacity, such as cylinder unloading, cycling on and off, using slide valves, inlet vanes, and variable speed.
The document discusses types of compressed air compressors, brands of compressors used on site, air production levels from different compressors, air quality standards including ISO 8573-1, and methods to achieve oil-free air quality including multi-stage filtering and air drying systems. It provides information on compressor selection and configuration to meet ISO standards for compressed air quality.
The compressor is responsible for pumping refrigerant through the refrigeration system by lowering pressure on the suction side and raising pressure on the discharge side. Compression ratio compares pumping conditions and is calculated as discharge pressure divided by suction pressure. Two-stage compression uses two compressors to lower the ratio below 10:1. Common compressor types include reciprocating, scroll, screw, and centrifugal. Reciprocating compressors have suction and discharge valves that open and close during the expansion, suction, compression, and discharge processes.
COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION- COMPRESSORS unit 23shekhusatav1
Explain the function of the compressor
Discuss the concept of compression ratio
List common compressors found in refrigeration systems
Describe four different methods of compression
Describe the component parts of reciprocating compressors
This document provides an overview of centrifugal compressors. It begins with introductions to potential and kinetic energy as they relate to compression. It then discusses dynamic compressors like centrifugal and axial compressors. The document outlines the major parts of compressors like casings, impellers, diffusers, and seals. It also describes the cooling, lubrication, and safety systems that support compressor operation. Finally, it discusses operating characteristics, configurations like series and parallel, and performance features of compressors.
This document provides an overview of centrifugal compressors. It begins with introductions to potential and kinetic energy as they relate to compression. It then discusses dynamic compressors like centrifugal and axial compressors, their parts, operating characteristics, and potential issues like surging. The document outlines compressor construction including casing designs, parts, seal types, and cooling/lubrication systems. It concludes with discussions of safety devices, operating configurations like series and parallel, and performance features of dynamic versus positive displacement compressors.
Compressors are mainly of two types: 1. Dynamic Compressors 2. Positive Disp...mrrob05x
Reciprocating Gas compressors
Compressors are mainly of two types:
1. Dynamic Compressors
2. Positive Displacement Compressors
Each of the above type are classified as follows:
1.(a) Axial Compressors
(b) Centrifugal Compressors
2.(a) Reciprocating Compressors
(b) Rotary Compressors
This document provides an overview of refrigeration systems and their main components. It discusses how refrigeration works by removing heat from spaces or objects using a mechanical process. The key parts of a refrigeration system are described as the compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. The compressor increases the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant vapor. The condenser cools and condenses the refrigerant into a liquid. The expansion valve controls the flow of liquid refrigerant into the evaporator. In the evaporator, the refrigerant absorbs heat from its surroundings as it vaporizes, thus cooling the environment.
Compressors and compressed air systems were discussed. There are two main types of compressors - positive displacement and dynamic. Positive displacement compressors include reciprocating and rotary types while dynamic compressors include centrifugal and axial types. Proper assessment of compressor capacity and efficiency is important to identify opportunities to improve energy efficiency such as reducing system pressure and minimizing leaks. Maintenance is also key to ensuring optimal performance of compressed air systems.
Displacement compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to draw gas into a cylinder and compress it. Screw compressors use a male and female rotor with helical grooves to compress gas by decreasing trapped volume. Dynamic compressors use a rapidly rotating impeller to accelerate gas and a diffuser to convert velocity to pressure. Compressors have many applications including gas feed, refrigeration, pipelines, and aircraft braking systems.
A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by decreasing its volume. There are different types of compressors classified by the pressure they can achieve and method of compression. Positive displacement compressors, like reciprocating compressors, work by trapping gas in a space and reducing the volume to increase pressure before releasing it. Rotary compressors use impellers or rotors to continuously compress gas. Compressors have various applications but also limitations related to temperature increases during compression.
Reciprocating compressors work by drawing gas into a cylinder through a suction valve when a piston moves downward. When the piston moves upward, it compresses the gas and forces it out of a discharge valve. George Medhurst designed the first motorized reciprocating air compressor in 1799. There are two main types: reciprocating compressors and centrifugal compressors. Reciprocating compressors can be single-acting or double-acting, and single-stage or double-stage. They are commonly used when high compression ratios are required without high flow rates, such as in bottling plants and gas stations.
The document describes the four-stroke cycle of a piston engine. It involves the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. In the intake stroke, air and fuel are drawn into the cylinder. In the compression stroke, the piston compresses the air-fuel mixture. In the power stroke, ignition causes combustion which forces the piston downward. In the exhaust stroke, the burnt gases are pushed out of the cylinder. This four-stroke cycle is repeated in each cylinder to produce rotational motion that can power a propeller. The timing of valve openings and ignitions is precisely controlled to maximize efficiency.
This document summarizes the major components of reciprocating compressors including the frame, cylinders, piston rods, crossheads, crankshaft, piston, bearings, packings, valves, capacity control devices, cylinder sizing considerations, rod loads, cooling and lubrication systems, and pipe sizing considerations. Key components are the cylinders which compress the gas, valves which regulate gas flow into and out of the cylinders, and connecting components like the piston rods, crossheads and crankshaft which convert rotational motion to linear motion to drive the pistons. The document discusses design considerations and specifications for each major component.
Refrigerant Compressors: Types and Numerical InsightsRavindra Kolhe
Explore the heart of refrigeration systems with this insightful presentation on refrigerant compressors. Learn about different types of compressors, their working principles, and gain practical insights through numerical examples. Whether you're a student or a professional in the field, this slide deck provides valuable knowledge in the realm of HVAC and refrigeration technology
Positive displacement pumps are reciprocating and rotary pumps that move liquid by the positive displacement of liquid volume. In this presentation, you will learn the operating principles and performance characteristics of positive displacement pumps, what determines their capacity, pressure, horsepower and efficiency, and how NPSH is calculated. You will also learn the basic types of reciprocating and rotary pumps, including piston pumps, plunger pumps, diaphragm pumps, direct-acting steam and air pumps, and rotary lobe, vane, gear and screw pumps, and how these pumps differ from each other in design and performance.
The basic refrigeration cycle involves four main processes: 1) compression, where a refrigerant is compressed into a high-pressure gas, 2) condensation, where the high-pressure gas condenses into a liquid and releases heat, 3) expansion, where the high-pressure liquid passes through an expansion valve and decreases in pressure, and 4) evaporation, where the low-pressure liquid absorbs heat and evaporates back into a gas to be compressed and repeat the cycle. This cycle exploits how gases give off heat when condensed and liquids absorb heat when evaporated to provide cooling.
The document summarizes different types of refrigeration system components including evaporators, compressors, and condensers. It describes the basic refrigeration cycle and explains the functions of evaporators, compressors, condensers, and expansion valves. It then provides more detailed descriptions and diagrams of common compressor types, including reciprocating, rotary, scroll, and screw compressors. For each compressor type, it explains the basic operation and highlights advantages and disadvantages.
Centrifugal pumps are machines which use centrifugal force to move liquids. In this program, you will learn the principles, parts, and general operation of these pumps, what pump efficiency is, and how head and pressure are calculated.
2. UNIT OBJECTIVES
After studying this unit, the reader should be able to
• Explain the function of the compressor
• Discuss the concept of compression ratio
• List common compressors found in refrigeration systems
• Describe four different methods of compression
• Describe the component parts of reciprocating compressors
3. FUNCTION OF THE COMPRESSOR
• Considered the heart of the refrigeration systems
• Compressors are vapor pumps
• Responsible for lowering the pressure on the suction
side of the system
• Responsible for increasing the pressure on the
discharge side of the system
• Suction gas from the evaporator enters the
compressor
• Refrigerant is discharged to the condenser
4. COMPRESSION RATIO
• Compares pumping conditions for compressors
• Defined as the high side pressure (psia) divided by
the low side pressure (psia)
• High compression ratio can lead to overheated
compressor oil
• High compression ratio leads to reduced refrigerant
flow through the system
• Reduced refrigerant flow reduces system capacity
5. COMPRESSION RATIO EXAMPLES
• R-12 compressor
– 169 psig high side, 2 psig low side
– 183.7 psia high side, 16.7 psia low side
– 183.7 psia ÷ 16.7 psia = 11:1 compression ratio
• R-134a compressor
– 184.6 psig high side, 0.7 in. Hg. vacuum low side
– 199.3 psia high side, 14.35 psia low side
– 199.3 psia ÷ 14.35 psia = 13.89:1 compression ratio
6. TWO-STAGE COMPRESSION
• Lowers the compression ratio
• Utilizes two compressors
• One compressor discharges into suction of the other
• Also referred to as compound compression
• Often used when the compression ratio of a single
compressor system exceeds 10:1
• Often used in low-temperature commercial and
industrial storage applications
7. TWO-STAGE COMPRESSION
Discharge Discharge
Suction
Suction
21 psig 100 psig 169 psig
FIRST STAGE SECOND STAGE
9. WELDED HERMETIC
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
• Motor and compressor contained in a welded shell
• Cannot be field serviced
• Typically a “throw-away” compressor
• Considered to be a low-side component
• Cooled by suction gas from the evaporator
• Lubricated by the splash method
10. SEMI-HERMETIC COMPRESSORS
• Bolted together, can be field serviced
• Housing is made of cast iron
• Has a horizontal crankshaft
• Smaller compressors are splash lubricated
• Larger compressors use pressure lubrication systems
• Often air cooled
• Piston heads are located at the top of the compressor
11. OPEN DRIVE COMPRESSORS
• Can be direct drive or belt-driven compressors
• Must have a shaft seal to prevent leakage
• Bolted together, can be field serviced
• Belt-driven compressors have the compressor and
motor shafts parallel to each other
• Belt-driven compressors use belts and pulleys
• Direct drive compressors have the compressor and
motor shafts connected end to end
12. OTHER COMPRESSOR TYPES
• Screw compressor
– Used in large commercial/industrial applications
– Uses two matching, tapered gears, and open motor design
• Rotary compressor
– Used in residential and light commercial applications – primarily
in domestic refrigerators
• Scroll compressor
– Uses a matched set or scrolls to achieve compression
– Becoming more popular for their ability to handle liquid
refrigerant without compressor damage
• Centrifugal compressors
– Used extensively for air conditioning in large structures
13. RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
COMPONENTS
• Crankshaft
– Transfers motor motion to the piston
– Creates the back and forth motion of the piston
• Connecting rods
– Connects the crankshaft to the pistons
• Pistons
– Slide up and down in the cylinder
– Used to compress and expand the refrigerant
14. RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
COMPONENTS (cont’d)
• Refrigerant cylinder valves (suction)
– Durable, flexible steel
– Located on the bottom of the valve plate
– Open when refrigerant is introduced to the pump
• Refrigerant cylinder valves (discharge)
– Durable, flexible steel
– Open when refrigerant is discharged from the pump
– Located on the top of the valve plate
15. Suction line Discharge line
Head Discharge valve
Valve plate Rings
Suction valve Piston
Connecting Rod Crankshaft
16. RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
COMPONENTS (cont’d)
• Compressor head
– Holds the top of the cylinder and its components together
– Contains both high and low pressure refrigerant
• Mufflers
– Designed to reduce compressor noise
• Compressor housing
– Encases the compressor and sometimes the motor
17. BELT-DRIVE MECHANISMS
• Motor pulley is called the drive pulley
• Compressor pulley is called the driven pulley
• Pulleys can be adjusted to change compressor speed
• Drive size x Drive rpm = Driven size x Driven rpm
• Shafts must be properly aligned
• Pulleys with multiple grooves must used matched
sets of belts
18. DIRECT-DRIVE COMPRESSOR
CHARACTERISTICS
• Direct drive compressors turn at the same
speed as the motor used
• Motor shaft and compressor shaft must be
perfectly aligned end to end
• Motor shaft and compressor shafts are
joined with a flexible coupling
19. RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
EFFICIENCY
• Determined by initial compressor design
• Four processes take place during the compression
process
– Expansion (re-expansion)
– Suction (Intake)
– Compression
– Discharge
20. COMPRESSION PROCESS - EXPANSION
• Piston is the highest point in the cylinder
• Referred to as top dead center
• Both the suction and discharge valves are closed
• Cylinder pressure is equal to discharge pressure
• As the crankshaft continues to turn, the piston
moves down in the cylinder
• The volume in the cylinder increases
• The pressure of the refrigerant decreases
21. Suction valve
closed Discharge valve
closed
Pressure of the
refrigerant in the
cylinder is equal to Refrigerant
the discharge trapped in the
pressure cylinder
Piston moving downward in the cylinder
22. COMPRESSION PROCESS – SUCTION
• As the piston moves down, the pressure decreases
• When the cylinder pressure falls below suction
pressure, the suction valve opens
• The discharge valve remains in the closed position
• As the piston continues downward, vapor from the
suction line is pulled into the cylinder
• Suction continues until the piston reaches the lowest
position in the cylinder (bottom dead center)
• At the bottom of the stroke, suction valves close
23. Most of the energy that entering the compressor in the suction cylinder is latent heat.
Suction valve
open Discharge valve
closed
Pressure of the
refrigerant in the
cylinder is equal to Suction gas
the suction pulled into the
pressure compression
cylinder
Piston moving downward in the cylinder
24. COMPRESSION PROCESS -
COMPRESSION
• Piston starts to move upwards in the cylinder
• The suction valve closes and the discharge valve
remains closed
• As the piston moves upwards, the volume in the
cylinder decreases
• The pressure of the refrigerant increases
• Compression continues until the pressure in the
cylinder rises just above discharge pressure
25. Suction valve
closed Discharge valve
closed
Pressure of the
refrigerant in the
cylinder is equal to Volume is
the suction decreasing,
pressure compressing the
refrigerant
Piston moving up in the cylinder
26. COMPRESSION PROCESS -
DISCHARGE
• When the cylinder pressure rises above discharge
pressure, the discharge valve opens and the suction
valve remains closed
• As the piston continues to move upwards, the
refrigerant is discharged from the compressor
• Discharge continues until the piston reaches top
dead center
27. What do you think may happen if both of the valves remain closed on an upstroke?
Suction valve
open The gas leaving the compressor is
very warm.
Pressure of the Discharge valve
refrigerant in the closed
cylinder is equal to Discharge gas
the discharge pushed from the
pressure compression
cylinder
Piston moving up in the cylinder
28.
29.
30.
31.
32. Clearance volume of the space
between the bottom of the valve
plate and the top of the piston at
top dead center?
33.
34.
35.
36. LIQUID IN THE COMPRESSION
CYLINDER
• If liquid enters the cylinder, damage will occur
• Liquids cannot be compressed
• Liquid slugging can cause immediate damage to the
compressor components
• Common causes of liquid slugging include an
overfeeding metering device, poor evaporator air
circulation, low heat load, defective evaporator fan
motor and a frosted evaporator coil
38. SYSTEM MAINTENANCE AND
COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY
• High suction pressures and low discharge
pressures keep the compression ratio low
• Dirty evaporators cause suction pressure to drop
• Low suction reduces compressor pumping capacity
• Dirty condensers increase head pressure
• Compression ratio is increased by dirty or blocked
condenser and evaporator coils
39. UNIT SUMMARY - 1
• The compressor is responsible for pumping
refrigerant through the refrigeration system
• The compressor lowers the pressure on the low side
of the system and increases the pressure on the high
side of the system
• The compression ratio compares pumping
conditions for compressors
• Comp. Ratio = High side (psia) ÷ Low side (psia)
40. UNIT SUMMARY - 2
• Two-stage compression uses two compressors
where one compressor discharges into the
suction of the second compressor
• Used when the compression ratio for single-
stage compression is higher than 10:1
• Common compressor types include the rotary,
the reciprocating, the scroll, the screw and the
centrifugal
41. UNIT SUMMARY - 3
• Hermetic compressors are factory welded and not
field serviceable
• Semi-hermetic compressors are bolted together
and can be serviced in the field
• Open drive compressors have the motor separate
from the compressor
• Open drive compressors can be direct drive or
belt-driven
42. UNIT SUMMARY - 4
• Reciprocating compressors are equipped with
suction and discharge valves
• The suction and discharge valves open and close to
facilitate the expansion, suction, compression and
discharge processes
• Compressors can become damaged if liquid enters
• High suction pressures and low discharge pressures
will help keep the compression ratio low