2.4 personality development

Personality Trait and Temperaments
Dr. Shyam Sedai
M.Ed., M.Phil., Ph.D., D.Phil
2.4 Personality development

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Psychology, Third Edition
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Personality
• Personality - the unique and relatively
stable ways in which people think, feel,
and behave.
• Character - value judgments of a person’s
moral and ethical behavior.
• Temperament - the enduring
characteristics with which each person is
born.

Personality
Meaning and Definition
Personality is defined as the sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts to and interacts with
others.

Personality Determinants
An individual’s personality is the result of
heredity and environment.
Heredity refers to factors determined at
conception. Heredity approach argues that the
ultimate explanation of an individual’s
personality is the molecular structure of the
genes, located in the chromosomes.

Physical environment determines cultural
development and to the extent, that culture in
turn determines personality, a relationship
between personality and environment becomes
clear. Climate and topography determine to a
great extent the physical and mental traits of a
people. The people of mountains as well as
deserts are usually bold, hard and powerful.

Personality Theories
Trait Theory - understand individuals by breaking
down behavior patterns into observable traits
Psychodynamic Theory - emphasizes the
unconscious determinants of behavior
Humanistic Theory - emphasizes individual growth
and improvement
Integrative Approach - describes personality as a
composite of an individual’s psychological
processes

Trait Theories of Personality
• Trait theories - theories that endeavor to
describe the characteristics that make up
human personality in an effort to predict
future behavior.
– Trait - a consistent, enduring way of thinking,
feeling, or behaving.
• Allport first developed a list of about 200
traits and believed that these traits were
part of the nervous system.

Trait Theories of Personality
• Cattell reduced the number of traits to
between 16 and 23 with a computer
method called factor analysis.
• Surface traits - aspects of personality that
can easily be seen by other people in the
outward actions of a person.

Figure 13.4 Cattell’s Self-Report Inventory
This is an example of personality profiles based on Cattell’s 16 self-report inventory. The two groups represented are
airline pilots and writers. Notice that airline pilots, when compared to writers, tend to be more conscientious, relaxed,
selfassured, and far less sensitive. Writers, on the other hand, are more imaginative and better able to are think
abstractly. Source: Cattell (1973).

PERSONALITY TRAITS AND
CHARACTERISTICS
Big Five Model gives five basic personality
traits presented below.
Extraversion(बहिर्मुखता): The extraversion
dimension captures our comfort level with
relationships. Extraverts tend to be gregarious
(fond of company; sociable), assertive
(confident), and sociable.
Introverts (अन्तर्मुखी व्यक्तत)tend to be reserved,
timid(Shy), and quiet.

Agreeableness(सहमति)
Highly agreeable people are cooperative, warm,
and trusting. People who score low on
agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and
aggressive.

Conscientiousness (वििेक)
The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of
reliability. A highly conscientious person is
responsible, organized, dependable, and persistent.
Those who score low on this dimension are easily
distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.

Emotional stability(भावनात्र्क क्थिरता)
People with positive emotional stability tend
to be calm, self-confident, and secure.
Those with high negative scores tend to be
nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.

Openness to experience(अनमभव गनु खमला )
Extremely open people are creative, curious,
and artistically sensitive. Those at the other end
of the category are conventional.

PERSONALITY AND BEHAVIOUR
Here we would discuss How the Big Five
personality Traits affect OB Criteria.
Emotional stability
WHY IS IT RELEVANT?
• Less negative thinking and
fewer negative emotions
• Less hyper-vigilant
WHAT DOES IT AFFECT?
• Higher job & life satisfaction • Lower stress levels

Extroversion
WHY IS IT RELEVANT?
• Better interpersonal skills
• Greater social dominance
• More emotionally expressive
• Higher performance
• Enhanced leadership
• Higher job & life satisfaction

Openness
WHY IS IT RELEVANT?
• Increased learning
• More creative
• More flexible & autonomous
• Training performance
• More adaptable to change

Agreeableness
WHY IS IT RELEVANT?
• Better liked
• More compliant and Conforming
• Lower levels of unusual behavior

Conscientiousness
WHY IS IT RELEVANT?
• Greater effort & persistence
• More drive and discipline
• Better organized & planning
• Greater longevity

Temperaments(थवभाव)
Temperament broadly refers to consistent
individual differences in behavior that are
biologically based and are relatively
independent of learning, system of values
and attitudes.

What is Temperament
They are our patterns of behaviour… the ways we
usually respond to situations
• According to Psychologists, the innate aspects of
an individuals personality such as introversion or
extroversion is termed Temperament.
• It is also defined as a persons nature, ones usual
way of thinking or acting
• They are instinctive or natural behaviours, rather
than learned behaviours

The Temperament Types

2.4 personality development

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