238840918 final-report-hk-2

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A MAJOR PROJECT REPORT
ON
AUTOMATED CAR PARKING
SYSTEM
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
degree of
Bachelors of Technology (2010-2014)
Submitted by:
Nilina Lizbeth Babu
Roll No. :7410210
Simranpreet Kaur
Roll No:7410246
B. Tech. E.C.E. 4thYear
Submitted to:
MR. VIKAS UTTRAJA, HOD, ECE Deptt.
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:
Ankur Saini

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DEPARTMENTOF ELECTRONICS ANDCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING,
NNSS’ SAMALKHA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
01,HATHWALA ROAD, SAMALKHA, DELHI CHANDIGARH ROAD NCR-
132115(HR.)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is our pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly contributed in
the development of this work and who influenced thinking, behavior, and acts during the
course of study. We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Rajesh Goel, worthy Director SGI
for providing us an opportunity to work on “AUTOMATED CAR PARKING SYSTEM”.
We would like to thank Mr. VikasUttraja, Head of Department, Electronics and
Communication Engineering, SGI. We are thankful to Mr. Ankur Saini for his support,
cooperation, and motivation provided to us during the development of project for constant
inspiration, presence and blessings. We would like to thank the almighty and our parents for
their moral support and our friends with whom we shared our day-to-day experience and
received lots of suggestions that improved our quality of work.
Nilina Lizbeth Babu
Simranpreet Kaur

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DECLARATION
We, Nilina Lizbeth Babu and Simranpreet Kaur , student of B. Tech 4thyear, studying
at Samalkha Group of Institutions, Samalkha, hereby declare that the project report on
“AUTOMATED CAR PARKING SYSTEM” submitted to Electronics and Communication
Department, SGI, Samalkha in partial fulfillment of Degree of Bachelors of Technology is
the original work conducted by us. The information and data given in the report is authentic
to the best of our knowledge. This project report is not being submitted to any other
University for award of any other Degree, Diploma and Fellowship by us.
Nilina Lizbeth Babu
Simranpreet Kaur

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CERTIFICATE
It is certified that Ms. Nilina Lizbeth Babu and Ms. Simranpreet Kaur, students of
Bachelor of Technology, Electronics and Communication Engineering, under class Roll
No.7410210 and 7410246 for the session (2010-2014), has completed the Major Project
Titled “AUTOMATED CAR PARKING SYSTEM” under our supervision. They have
attended the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Samalkha Group
of Institutions,Hathwala Road, Samalkha, Panipat, Haryana for required number of days.
We wish them all success in his/her all endeavors.
Ms. Monika Ankur Saini
Asst Prof ECE Deptt (Project Guide)
(Project Incharge)
Mr. Vikas Kumar
(Headof the Department)

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AUTOMATED CAR PARKING

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1.Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Circuit Diagram
4. block diagram
5.working of the system
 Top view of the system
6.Architecture of 8051 microcontroller
7.Components used:
 Description of components used
o Power supply
o IR sensors
o Keypad matrix
o LED
o LCD
o Capacitor
o Transistor
o Gate control section
o Relay
o Voltage regulator(7805)
o DC motor
o Barrier
o Crystal oscillator
o Microcontroller interfacing
8. Programming of the project
9. Benefits
10. Applications
11. Future scope
12. References
ABSTRACT

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In this project, we show the automated car parking system. We have shown four slots as a
prototype in the parking area. A barrier is present at the entry. We have placed 1 IR sensor in
each slot to detect the presence or absence of car. A LED is present in each slot to provide
light whenever the car is there. LED train is provided in the path which remains ON
whenever there is a car in the parking area. If there is no car present the LED train is OFF.
A barrier is provided at the entry. One IR sensor is placed ahead the barrier and another is
placed behind it. The barrier is opened and closed automatically when the IR sensors detect
the presence of the car. LCD display is provided at the main gate which displays
“Welcome…!!”. Whenever a car enters, the data entry operator enters the car number with
the help of keypad and the data gets stored in computer. As the car enters the parking area
the “No. of Visitors=” display on LCD is incremented by 1. The main LCD also shows the
“Available Slots=” replacing “Welcome…..!!”. Four LEDs are placed at the entrance for
corresponding slot to show either it is full or empty. Glowing LED shows that the particular
slot is full.
As the car leaves, the number of visitors is decremented automatically and the available slots
is incremented.
INTRODUCTION

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An automated (car) parking system(APS) is a mechanical system designed to minimize
the area and/or volume required for parking cars.The APS utilizes a mechanical system to
transport cars to and from parking spaces (rather than the driver) in order to eliminate much
of the space wasted in a parking garage. An APS is more similar to an automated storage and
retrieval system for cars. The space saving provided by the APS, is derived primarily from a
significant reduction in space not directly related to the parking of the car:
Parking space width and depth (and distances between parking spaces) are dramatically
reduced since no allowance need be made for driving the car into the parking space or for the
opening of car doors (for drivers and passengers)
Ceiling height is minimized since there is no pedestrian traffic (drivers and passengers) in
the parking area, and
No walkways, stairways or elevators are needed to accommodate pedestrians in the parking
area. APS are generically known by a variety of names, including:
 Automatic parking system
 Automated parking facility (APF)
 Automated vehicle storage & retrieval system (AVSRS)
 Car parking system
 Mechanical parking
 Robotic parking garage
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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The transmitter section comprises of two light emitting diodes which transmit high power
light beams. These light beams are incident on the receivers, which produce an output of zero
volt if the beam received is uninterrupted and +5V if the beam is interrupted by a car. These
receivers are the Light Detecting Resistors which are arranged in such a manner so as to
detect the light even after the obstacle between the sensor and receiver passes through. The
working of the sensors is based on the voltages across collector, emitter, and base
respectively.
Whenever a car enters the parking area, it interrupts the light beams in a definite sequence.
This sequence is given to the up-count sequence detector, which generates a high output only
if the correct sequence has been detected. Similarly, when the car leaves the parking area, it
generates a fixed sequence, which is given to the down- count sequence detector. The down
count sequence detector generates a high output only if the correct sequence is produced by
the exiting car. The outputs of the up count and down count blocks are given to the display
section. Depending on the sequence detector that generates an actuating signal, the count is
either incremented or decremented on the main LCD.
WORKING OF THE SYSTEM

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In this project, we show the automated car parking system. We have shown two slots as a
prototype in the parking area.
We have placed 1 IR sensor in each slot to detect the presence or absence of car. One LED is
present in each slot to provide light whenever the car is there. LED train is provided in the
path which remains ON whenever there is a car in the parking area, If there is no car present,
the LED train remains OFF.
A barrier is provided at the entry. One IR sensor is placed ahead the barrier and another is
placed behind it. The barrier is opened and closed automatically when the IR sensors detect
the presence of the car. The car parking is secured with the password known only to the data
entry operator. Everyday the operator initializes the system by entering password using
keypad matrix. LCD display is provided at the main gate which displays “ENTER
PASSWORD”(which is to be entered by the operator) .
If the password is correct LCD displays “WELCOME”and then, name of parking ”XYZ
PARKING” replacing “WELCOME”. If password is incorrect then, LCD displays
“INCORRECT” replacing “ENTER PASSWORD” and gives two more chances to enter the
correct password, if failed to do so, the system shuts down (hangs) and needed to be
restarted manully .
As the car enters the parking area the “AVAILABLE : ” display on LCD is decreamented
by 1 and finally displays “FULL” when all the slots are occupied. As the car leaves, the
“AVAILABLE : ”is incremented automatically and displays “EMPTY” when all the parking
slots are vacant.
TOP VIEW:

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ARCHITECTURE OF 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

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The Intel 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller which means that most available operations are
limited to 8 bits. There are 3 basic "sizes" of the 8051: Short, Standard, and Extended. The
Short and Standard chips are often available in DIP (dual in-line package) form, but the
Extended 8051 models often have a different form factor, and are not "drop-in compatible".
All these things are called 8051 because they can all be programmed using 8051 assembly
language, and they all share certain features (although the different models all have their own
special features).
Some of the features that have made the 8051 popular are:
 64 KB on chip program memory.
 128 bytes on chip data memory(RAM).
 4 reg banks.
 128 user defined software flags.
 8-bit data bus
 16-bit address bus
 32 general purpose registers each of 8 bits
 16 bit timers (usually 2, but may have more, or less).
 3 internal and 2 external interrupts.
 Bit as well as byte addressable RAM area of 16 bytes.
 Four 8-bit ports, (short models have two 8-bit ports).
 16-bit program counter and data pointer.
 1 Microsecond instruction cycle with 12 MHz Crystal.
8051 models may also have a number of special, model-specific features, such as ADC,
OpAmps, etc...
Typical applications:-
8051 chips are used in a wide variety of control systems, telecom applications, robotics as
well as in the automotive industry. By some estimations, 8051 family chips make up over
50% of the embedded chip market.

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Basic Pins:-
PIN 9: PIN 9 is the reset pin which is used reset the microcontroller’s internal registers and
ports upon starting up. (Pin should be held high for 2 machine cycles.)
PINS 18 & 19: The 8051 has a built-in oscillator amplifier hence we need to only connect a
crystal at these pins to provide clock pulses to the circuit.
PIN 40 and 20: Pins 40 and 20 are VCC and ground respectively. The 8051 chip needs +5V
500mA to function properly, although there are lower powered versions like the Atmel 2051
which is a scaled down version of the 8051 which runs on +3V.
PINS 29, 30 & 31: As described in the features of the 8051, this chip contains a built-in flash
memory. In order to program this we need to supply a voltage of +12V at pin 31. If external
memory is connected then PIN 31, also called EA/VPP, should be connected to ground to
indicate the presence of external memory.
PIN 30 is called ALE (address latch enable), which is used when multiple memory chips are
connected to the controller and only one of them needs to be selected.
PIN 29 is called PSEN. This is "program store enable". In order to use the external memory
it is required to provide the low voltage (0) on both PSEN and EA pins.
Ports:-

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There are 4 8-bit ports: P0, P1, P2 and P3.
PORT P1 (Pins 1 to 8): The port P1 is a general purpose input/output port which can be used
for a variety of interfacing tasks. The other ports P0, P2 and P3 have dual roles or additional
functions associated with them based upon the context of their usage.
PORT P3 (Pins 10 to 17): PORT P3 acts as a normal IO port, but Port P3 has additional
functions such as, serial transmit and receive pins, 2 external interrupt pins, 2 external
counter inputs, read and write pins for memory access.
PORT P2 (pins 21 to 28): PORT P2 can also be used as a general purpose 8 bit port when no
external memory is present, but if external memory access is required then PORT P2 will act
as an address bus in conjunction with PORT P0 to access external memory. PORT P2 acts as
A8-A15, as can be seen from fig
PORT P0 (pins 32 to 39): PORT P0 can be used as a general purpose 8 bit port when no
external memory is present, but if external memory access is required then PORT P0 acts as
a multiplexed address and data bus that can be used to access external memory in
conjunction with PORT P2. P0 acts as AD0-AD7, as can be seen from fig
OscillatorCircuits:-
The 8051 requires the existence of an external oscillator circuit. The oscillator circuit usually
runs around 12MHz, although the 8051 (depending on which specific model) is capable of
running at a maximum of 40MHz. Each machine cycle in the 8051 is 12 clock cycles, giving
an effective cycle rate at 1MHz (for a 12MHz clock) to 3.33MHz (for the maximum 40MHz
clock). The oscillator circuit that generates the clock pulses so that all internal operations are
synchronized.
Timers:-
The 8051 comes equipped with two timers, both of which may be controlled, set, read, and
configured individually. The 8051 timers have three general functions:
1) Keeping time and/or calculating the amount of time between events,
2) Counting the events themselves, or
3) Generating baud rates for the serial port.
Four bits (two for each timer) are used to specify a mode of operation. The modes of
operation are:
TxM1 TxM0 Timer Mode Description of Mode
0 0 0 13-bit Timer.
0 1 1 16-bit Timer
1 0 2 8-bit auto-reload
1 1 3 Split timer mode
Timer 0 in mode 0 (13-bit timer):-

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This is one of the rarities being kept only for the purpose of compatibility with the previuos
versions of microcontrollers. This mode configures timer 0 as a 13-bit timer which consists
of all 8 bits of TH0 and the lower 5 bits of TL0. As a result, the Timer 0 uses only 13 of 16
bits. How does it operate? Each coming pulse causes the lower register bits to change their
states. After receiving 32 pulses, this register is loaded and automatically cleared, while the
higher byte (TH0) is incremented by 1. This process is repeated until registers count up 8192
pulses. After that, both registers are cleared and counting starts from 0.
Timer 0 in mode 1 (16-bit timer):-
Mode 1 configures timer 0 as a 16-bit timer comprising all the bits of both registers TH0 and
TL0. That's why this is one of the most commonly used modes. Timer operates in the same
way as in mode 0, with difference that the registers count up to 65 536 as allowable by the 16
bits.
Timer 0 in mode 2 (Auto-Reload Timer):-
Mode 2 configures timer 0 as an 8-bit timer. Actually, timer 0 uses only one 8-bit register for
counting and never counts from 0, but from an arbitrary value (0-255) stored in another
(TH0) register.
The following example shows the advantages of this mode. Suppose it is necessary to
constantly count up 55 pulses generated by the clock.
If mode 1 or mode 0 is used, It is necessary to write the number 200 to the timer registers and
constantly check whether an overflow has occured, i.e. whether they reached the value 255.
When it happens, it is necessary to rewrite the number 200 and repeat the whole procedure.
The same procedure is automatically performed by the microcontroller if set in mode 2. In
fact, only the TL0 register operates as a timer, while another (TH0) register stores the value
from which the counting starts. When the TL0 register is loaded, instead of being cleared, the
contents of TH0 will be reloaded to it. Referring to the previous example, in order to register
each 55th pulse, the best solution is to write the number 200 to the TH0 register and
configure the timer to operate in mode 2.
Timer 0 in Mode 3 (Split Timer):-
Mode 3 configures timer 0 so that registers TL0 and TH0 operate as separate 8-bit timers. In
other words, the 16-bit timer consisting of two registers TH0 and TL0 is split into two
independent 8-bit timers. This mode is provided for applications requiring an additional 8-bit
timer or counter. The TL0 timer turns into timer 0, while the TH0 timer turns into timer 1. In
addition, all the control bits of 16-bit Timer 1 (consisting of the TH1 and TL1 register), now
control the 8-bit Timer 1. Even though the 16-bit Timer 1 can still be configured to operate in
any of modes (mode 1, 2 or 3), it is no longer possible to disable it as there is no control bit to
do it. Thus, its operation is restricted when timer 0 is in mode 3.
COMPONENTS USED:-

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Description of components used:-
S.no Components
1 Microcontroller(AT89S52)
2 LEDs
3 LCD
4 IR Sensors
5 4x4 Keypad Matrix
6 Barrier
7 Relays
8 DC motor
9 Resistances(100Ω,220Ω,10kΩ,4.7kΩ)
10 npn transistors(bc 187/547)
11 Capacitors(10µF,33pF)
12 Resistance array
13 Crystal Oscillator
14 Voltage Regulator(7805)

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PowerSupply:-
In this project, we use 5 volt regulated power supply. For this purpose, we use a single step
down transformer with full wave rectifier circuit. In the rectifier circuit, we use two diodes as
a full wave rectifier. One 1000mfd capacitor is used as a filter capacitor to convert pulsating
dc into smooth dc. Output of the rectifier is not regulated, so for regulated power supply we
use IC 7805 as a regulator
Sensors:-
In this section, we use transmitters(LED’s) which generates high power light beams . The
signals of which are received by the receivers of the sensor section.
The receiver section consists of identical light detecting resistors. When the signal from the
transmitters are received ; a low dc level (logic low) is obtained at the output. But once the
signal is cut ,the output obtained is at logic high.
The +5V dc level occasionally drops to zero, even when the signal strength is quite low, due
to very high sensitivity of the receiver. This may lead to the false triggering of the circuit,
which must be eliminated. For this we provide an electrolytic capacitor that is connected
between the output of receiver and ground.
The output of the receiver is obtained due to the fact that when light falls on this circuit the
resistance value is reduced, which results in the passage of current through the base turning
the transistor ON. Thus the collector voltage is low and the output obtained is low. But once
the signal is cut the collector voltage level increases, resulting a high output.
Interfacing Switch to Microcontroller& Switch Debouncing:-
In 8051 PORT 1, PORT 2 & PORT 3 have internal 10k Pull-up resistors whereas this Pull-up
resistor is absent in PORT 0. Hence PORT 1, 2 & 3 can be directly used to interface a switch

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whereas we have to use an external 10k pull-up resistor for PORT 0 to be used for switch
interfacing or for any other input.
Figure 1 shows switch interfacing for PORT 1, 2 &. 3
Figure 2 shows switch interfacing to PORT 0.
For any pin to be used as an INPUT PIN a HIGH (1) should be written to the pin if you
don’t do this the pin will always be read as LOW.In the above figure when the switch is not
pressed the 10k resistor provides the current needed for LOGIC 1 closure of switch provides
LOGIC 0 to the controller PIN.
Practically when a switch is closed the contacts open & close rapidly for about 30ms. This is
called as SWITCH BOUNCING. Figure 3 shows its waveform.

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As we can see the switch release is clean without any bouncing. When a switch is pressed the
contacts open & close for about 20ms. Without SWITCH DEBOUNCING the controller will
think that the switch was pressed many times.
Keypad Matrix:-
Keypads are a part of HMI or Human Machine Interface and play really important role in a
small embedded system where human interaction or human input is needed. Martix keypads
are well known for their simple architecture and ease of interfacing with any
microcontroller.Constuction of a keypad is really simple. As per the outline shown in the
figure below we have four rows and four columns. In between each overlapping row and
column line there is a key.
Keypad Connections with 8051 Microcontroller

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LED(Light Emitting Diode):-
Circuit Symbol
LEDs emit light when an electric current passes through them.
Connecting and soldering
LEDs must be connected the correct way round, the diagram may be labelled a or + for anode
and k or - for cathode (yes, it really is k, not c, for cathode!). The cathode is the short lead
and there may be a slight flat on the body of round LEDs. If you can see inside the LED the
cathode is the larger electrode (but this is not an official identification method).
LEDs can be damaged by heat when soldering, but the risk is small unless you are very slow.
No special precautions are needed for soldering most LEDs.
Interfacing LED to Microcontroller
The Fig. below shows how to interface the LED to microcontroller. The Anode is connected
through a resistor to Vcc & the Cathode is connected to the Microcontroller pin. So when the
Port Pin is HIGH the LED is OFF & when the Port Pin is LOW the LED is turned ON.

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LCD(Liquid Crystal display):-
Circuit diagram of LCD section is shown bellow. LCD is interfaced with 8051
microcontroller.
The LCD panel's Enable and Register Select is connected to the Control Port. The Control
Port is an open collector / open drain output. While most Parallel Ports have internal pull-up
resistors, there are a few which don't. Therefore by incorporating the two 10K external pull
up resistors, the circuit is more portable for a wider range of computers, some of which may
have no internal pull up resistors.
We make no effort to place the Data bus into reverse direction. Therefore we hard wire
the R/W line of the LCD panel, into write mode. This will cause no bus conflicts on the data
lines. As a result we cannot read back the LCD's internal Busy Flag which tells us if the LCD
has accepted and finished processing the last instruction. This problem is overcome by
inserting known delays into our program.
The 10k Potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD panel.
The diagram to the right, shows the pin numbers for these devices. When viewed from the
front, the left pin is pin 14 and the right pin is pin 1.

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Capacitor:-
Capacitors store electric charge. They are used with resistors in timing circuits because it
takes time for a capacitor to fill with charge. They are used to smooth varying DC supplies
by acting as a reservoir of charge. They are also used in filter circuits because capacitors
easily pass AC (changing) signals but they block DC (constant) signals.
There are many types of capacitor but they can be split into two
groups, polarised and unpolarised. Each group has its own circuit symbol.
Polarised capacitors (large values, 1µF +)
Examples:
Circuit symbol:
Unpolarised capacitors (small values, up to 1µF)
Examples:
Circuit symbol:
Small value capacitors are unpolarised and may be connected either way round. They are not
damaged by heat when soldering, except for one unusual type (polystyrene). They have high
voltage ratings of at least 50V, usually 250V or so. It can be difficult to find the values of
these small capacitors because there are many types of them and several different labelling
systems!

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Transistor:-
Transistors amplify current, for example they can be used to amplify the small output current
from a logic IC so that it can operate a lamp, relay or other high current device. In many
circuits a resistor is used to convert the changing current to a changing voltage, so the
transistor is being used to amplify voltage.
A transistor may be used as a switch (either fully on with maximum current, or fully off with
no current) and as an amplifier(always partly on).
The amount of current amplification is called the current gain, symbol hFE.
Gate control section:-
The gate control section consists of the motor driver IC [L293D] the OR gate and the two D
flip-flops which provide appropriate logic used for controlling the operation of the gate /
barrier.
Assume that the lower position of the barrier is the default position. Now whenever the input
to the motor driver IC is 10, it causes the motor to rotate, thereby causing the barrier to move
such that it opens the entrance. Similarly, when the input to motor driver is 01, the motor
rotates in the opposite direction to lower the barrier, thereby closing the gate. When the input
to the motor driver is 00, the motor does not rotate.
When the car has completely entered the parking area, the input to the L293D is 01, causing
the motor to rotate such that the gate begins to close. Thus, the movement of the gate is
controlled on the arrival or departure of a car.
Relay:-

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A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire surrounding a soft iron core, an iron
yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and
one or more sets of contacts. The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to
one or more sets of moving contacts. It is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is
de-energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets
of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and the other set is open. Other relays may have
more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their function. The relay in the picture also has a
wire connecting the armature to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit between the
moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit track on the printed circuit board (PCB) via
the yoke, which is soldered to the PCB.
When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic field that attracts
the armature, and the consequent movement of the movable contact(s) either makes or breaks
(depending upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was
closed when the relay was de-energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks
the connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open. When the current to the coil is
switched off, the armature is returned by a force, approximately half as strong as the
magnetic force, to its relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity
is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate
quickly. In a low-voltage application this reduces noise; in a high voltage or current
application it reduces arcing.
When the coil is energized with direct current, a diode is often placed across the coil to
dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would
otherwise generate a voltage spike dangerous to semiconductor circuit components. Some
automotive relays include a diode inside the relay case. Alternatively, a contact protection
network consisting of a capacitor and resistor in series (snubber circuit) may absorb the
surge. If the coil is designed to be energized with alternating current (AC), a small copper
"shading ring" can be crimped to the end of the solenoid, creating a small out-of-phase
current which increases the minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle.
A solid-state relay uses a thyristor or other solid-state switching device, activated by the
control signal, to switch the controlled load, instead of a solenoid. An optocoupler (a light-
emitting diode (LED) coupled with a photo transistor) can be used to isolate control and
controlled circuits.

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Voltage Regulator(7805):-
In electronics, a linear regulator is a voltage regulator based on an active device (such as
a bipolar junction transistor, field effect transistoror vacuum tube) operating in its "linear
region" (in contrast, a switching regulator is based on a transistor forced to act as an on/off
switch) or passive devices like zener diodes operated in their breakdown region. The
regulating device is made to act like a variable resistor, continuously adjusting a voltage
divider network to maintain a constant output voltage. It is very inefficient compared to
a switched-mode power supply, since it sheds the difference voltage by dissipating heat.
Overview:
The transistor (or other device) is used as one half of a potential divider to control the output
voltage, and a feedback circuit compares the output voltage to a reference voltage in order to
adjust the input to the transistor, thus keeping the output voltage reasonably constant. This is
inefficient: since the transistor is acting like a resistor, it will waste electrical energy by
converting it to heat. In fact, the power loss due to heating in the transistor is
the current times the voltage dropped across the transistor. The same function can be
performed more efficiently by a switched-mode power supply (SMPS), but it is more
complex and the switching currents in it tend to produce electromagnetic interference. A
SMPS can easily provide more than 30A of current at voltages as low as 3V, while for the
same voltage and current, a linear regulator would be very bulky and heavy.

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DC motor:-
Brushes:-
The brushed DC electric motor generates torque directly from DC power supplied to the
motor by using internal commutation, stationary permanent or electromagnets, and rotating
electrical magnets.
Like all electric motors or generators, torque is produced by the principle of Lorentz force,
which states that any current-carrying conductor placed within an external magnetic field
experiences a torque or force known as Lorentz force.
Advantages:
 Low initial cost,
 High reliability, and
 Simple control of motor speed.
Disadvantages:
 High maintenance
 Low life-span for high intensity uses.
 Maintenance involves regularly replacing the brushes and springs which carry the
electric current, as well as cleaning or replacing the commutator.
These components are necessary for transferring electrical power from outside the motor to
the spinning wire windings of the rotor inside the motor.
Brushess:-
Brushless DC motors use a rotating permanent magnet or soft magnetic core in the rotor, and
stationary electrical magnets on the motor housing. A motor controller converts DC to AC.
This design is simpler than that of brushed motors because it eliminates the complication of
transferring power from outside the motor to the spinning rotor.

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Advantages:
 Long life span
 Little or no maintenance
 High efficiency
Disadvantages:
 High initial cost,
 More complicated motor speed controllers
Some such brushless motors are sometimes referred to as "synchronous motors" although
they have no external power supply to be synchronized with, as would be the case with
normal AC synchronous motors.
Barrier:-
Barriers may be changed to accommodate right or left hand operation. They can be stopped
at any angle between 0 and 90 degrees. Can be operated using a remote control or at the press
of a button provided in the control station. Quick release disengaging mechanism enables
changeover to manual operation in case of power failure .
The DC motor represents a simple drive with high reliability. This drive system permits fast
opening and closing times without bouncing of the boom in end positions.
Crystal Oscillator:-
A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a
vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise
frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz
wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize
frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric

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resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits designed around them became
known as "crystal oscillators."
Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to tens of
megahertz. More than two billion (2×109) crystals are manufactured annually. Most are used
for consumer devices such as wristwatches, clocks, radios, computers, and cellphones.
Quartz crystals are also found inside test and measurement equipment, such as
counters, signal generators, andoscilloscopes.
Microcontrollerinterface:-
In this project, we use the 8051 controller to interface all the inputs and outputs. In the input
device, we use 6 sensors and one keypad matrix. In output, we use one LCD as a display and
one motor to move up-ward and down ward. The brain inside the controller is to control all
these inputs and outputs and perform perfectly.
8051 is basically an INTEL IC but now in these days it is available with many companies.
We use ATMEL 89S51 series with advance feature than 8051. ATMEL 89S51 is a 40 pin
controller with 128 bytes of ram and 4 k byte of ROM inside.
Pin configuration:-
Pin no. 40 of the controller is connected to the positive 5 volt power supply. We provide a 5
volt regulated power supply on this pin.
Pin no 9 is the reset pin and this pin is connected to a capacitor and resistor network to
provide an auto-reset option, when controller is wake-up. For manually reset, we connect one
push to on switch in parallel with the capacitor to provide manual reset option.

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Pin no. 20 is connected to the ground pin.
Pin no. 18 and 19 are connected to the external crystal to provide a constant oscillation to the
circuit. Two capacitors are grounded from the crystal pins to provide stabilization.
All the IR sensors are connected to port P1.Parking sensors are connected to the P1.0, P1.1,
P1.2, P1.3, P1.4, and P1.5.
Port P0 of the controller is connected to the LCD directly. Here we use port P0 with the data
pins of the ASCII code. LCD displays only the ASCII code. In the programming, we convert
the digital code in to ASCII code. So to provide a data in the LCD, we send these codes by
the 8 data lines. These data lines from the controller is from the P0.0 to P0.7
P2.1, P2.2, P2.3 is connected to the control pins of the LCD. On this control pin, we select
the command register, data register and the enable pin. We use the command and the data
register pins to send the data and command separately.
Two relays are connected to port 2 on P2.4, P2.5.
LEDs are connected to port 3 on p3.0,p3.1, p3.2, p3.3, p3.4, p3.5, p3.6,p3.7.
LED train is connected to P1.6.
The connections for rows and columns for keypad matrix are connected to port3 of 2nd
microcontroller at p3.0, p3.1, p3.2, p3.3, p3.4, p3.5, p3.6, p3.7 respectively.

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PROGRAMMING FOR PROJECT IN C
For 1st microcontroller:-
#include "REG52.h"
sbit RS=P2^1;
sbit RW=P2^2;
sbit E=P2^3;
sbit REL1=P2^4;
sbit REL2=P2^5;
sbit IR1=P1^0;
sbit IR2=P1^1;
sbit IR3=P1^2;
sbit IR4=P1^3;
sbit IR5=P1^4;
sbit IR6=P1^5;
sbit LEDTRAIN=P1^6;
sbit LED1=P3^0;
sbit LED2=P3^1;
sbit LED3=P3^2;
sbit LED4=P3^3;
sbit LED5=P3^4;
sbit LED6=P3^5;
sbit LED7=P3^6;
sbit LED8=P3^7;
int unit,ten,hundred;
void cmd(unsigned char);
void data1(unsigned char);
void disp_lcd1(unsigned char []);
void disp_lcd2(unsigned char []);
void divide(int);
void main()
{
int i,visitcount=0, flag=0;
LED1=0x00;
LED2=0x00;
LED3=0x00;
LED4=0x00;
LED5=0x00;
LED6=0x00;
LED7=0x00;
LED8=0x00;

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REL1=1;
REL2=1;
RS=RW=E=0;
cmd(0x38);
for(i=0;i<1500;i++);
cmd(0x06);
for(i=0;i<1500;i++);
cmd(0x01);
for(i=0;i<1500;i++);
cmd(0x0C);
for(i=0;i<1500;i++);
cmd(0x80);
for(i=0;i<1500;i++);
disp_lcd1("Welcome...!!");
disp_lcd2("Visitors: ");
while(1)
{
if(IR1==1)
{
for(i=0;i<400;i++);
if(IR1==1)
{
while(IR1==1)
{
LED1=0xFF;
LED5=0xFF;
}
}
}
else
{
LED1=0x00;
LED5=0x00;
}
if(IR2==1)
{
for(i=0;i<400;i++);
if(IR2==1)
{
while(IR2==1)
{
LED2=0xFF;
LED6=0xFF;
}
}
}

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else
{
LED2=0x00;
LED6=0x00;
}
if(IR3==1)
{
for(i=0;i<400;i++);
if(IR3==1)
{
while(IR3==1)
{ LED3=0xFF;
LED7=0xFF;
}
}
}
else
{
LED3=0x00;
LED7=0x00;
}
if(IR4==1)
{
for(i=0;i<400;i++)
if(IR4==1)
{
while(IR4==1)
{
LED4=0xFF;
LED8=0xFF;
}
}
}
else
{
LED4=0x00;
LED8=0x00;
}
if(IR5==0)
{
for(i=0;i<1000;i++);
if(IR5==0)
{
REL1=0;
REL2=1;
if(IR6==0)

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{
for(i=0;i<1000;i++);
if(IR6==0)
{
while(IR5==0);
while(IR6==0);
if(visitcount!=255)
visitcount=visitcount+1;
REL1=1;
REL2=0;
for(i=0;i<10000;i++);
REL1=1;
REL2=1;
flag=1;
} }
}
}
if(IR6==0)
{
for(i=0;i<1000;i++);
if(IR6==0)
{
REL1=0;
REL2=1;
if(IR5==0)
{
for(i=0;i<1000;i++);
if(IR5==0)
{
while(IR6==0);
while(IR5==0);
if(visitcount!=0)
visitcount=visitcount-1;
REL1=1;
REL2=0;
for(i=0;i<10000;i++);
REL1=1;
REL2=1;
flag=1;
}
}
}
}
if(flag==1)
{
divide(visitcount);

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flag=0;
cmd(0xCA);
for(i=0;i<1500;i++);
}
if(visitcount>0)
LEDTRAIN=0xFF;
else
LEDTRAIN=0x00;
}
}
void cmd(unsigned char cm)
{
int j;
P0=cm;
RW=0;
RS=0;
E=1;
for(j=0;j<50;j++);
E=0;
}
void data1(unsigned char dt)
{
int k;
P0=dt;
RW=0;
RS=1;
E=1;
for(k=0;k<50;k++);
E=0;
}
void disp_lcd1(unsigned char dp1[])
{
int i,j;
cmd(0x80);
for(i=0;i<1500;i++);
for(j=0;j<16;j++)
{
data1(' ');
for(i=0;i<150;i++);
}
cmd(0x80);
for(i=0;i<1500;i++);
for(j=0;dp1[j]!='0';j++)

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{
data1(dp1[j]);
for(i=0;i<1500;i++);
}
}
void disp_lcd2(unsigned char dp2[])
{
int i,j,k;
cmd(0xC0);
for(i=0;i<1500;i++);
for(j=0;j<16;j++)
{
data1(' ');
for(k=0;k<150;k++);
}
cmd(0xC0);
for(i=0;i<1500;i++);
for(j=0;dp2[j]!='0';j++)
{
data1(dp2[j]);
for(i=0;i<1500;i++);
}
}
void divide(int a)
{
int temp,k;
temp=a/10;
unit=a%10;
ten=temp%10;
temp=temp/10;
hundred=temp%10;
data1(hundred+48);
for(k=0;k<1500;k++);
data1(ten+48);
for(k=0;k<1500;k++);
data1(unit+48);
for(k=0;k<1500;k++);
}
For 2nd microcontroller:-
#include "REG52.h"
sbit RS=P2^1;
sbit RW=P2^2;

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sbit E=P2^3;
sbit R1=P3^0;
sbit R2=P3^1;
sbit R3=P3^2;
sbit R4=P3^3;
sbit C1=P3^4;
sbit C2=P3^5;
sbit C3=P3^6;
sbit C4=P3^7;
unsigned char swi1(void);
void cmd(unsigned char);
void data1(unsigned char);
void main()
{
unsigned char sw;
int i;
RS=RW=E=0;
cmd(0x38);
for(i=0;i<1500;i++);
cmd(0x06);
for(i=0;i<1500;i++);
cmd(0x01);
for(i=0;i<1500;i++);
cmd(0x0C);
for(i=0;i<1500;i++);
while(1)
{
sw=swi1();
switch (sw)
{
case 1: data1('1');
for(i=0;i<1000;i++);
break;
case 2: data1('2');
for(i=0;i<1000;i++);
break;
case 3: data1('3');
for(i=0;i<1000;i++);
break;
case 4: data1('4');
for(i=0;i<1000;i++);
break;
case 5: data1('5');

of 47
for(i=0;i<1000;i++);
break;
case 6: data1('6');
for(i=0;i<1000;i++);
break;
case 7: data1('7');
for(i=0;i<1000;i++);
break;
case 8: data1('8');
for(i=0;i<1000;i++);
break;
case 9: data1('9');
for(i=0;i<1000;i++);
break;
case 10: data1('A');
for(i=0;i<1000;i++);
break;
case 11: data1('B');
for(i=0;i<1000;i++);
break;
case 12: data1('C');
for(i=0;i<1000;i++);
break;
case 13: data1('D');
for(i=0;i<1000;i++);
break;
case 14: data1('E');
for(i=0;i<1000;i++);
break;
case 15: data1('F');
for(i=0;i<1000;i++);
break;
case 16: data1('0');
for(i=0;i<1000;i++);
break;
}
}
}
unsigned char swi1(void)
{
int i;
R1=R2=R3=R4=1;
C1=C2=C3=C4=0;
if((R1==0)||(R2==0)||(R3==0)||(R4==0))

of 47
{
C2=C3=C4=1;
C1=0;
if(R1==0)
{
for(i=0;i<400;i++);
if(R1==0)
{ while(R1==0);
return(0x01);
}
}
if(R2==0)
{
for(i=0;i<400;i++);
if(R2==0)
{
while(R2==0);
return(0x02);
}
}
if(R3==0)
{
for(i=0;i<400;i++);
if(R3==0)
{
while(R3==0);
return(0x03);
}
}
if(R4==0)
{
for(i=0;i<400;i++);
if(R4==0)
{
while(R4==0);
return(0x04);
}
}
C1=1;
C2=0;
if(R1==0)
{ for(i=0;i<400;i++);
if(R1==0)
{
while(R1==0);

of 47
return(0x05);
}
}
if(R2==0)
{
for(i=0;i<400;i++);
if(R2==0)
{
while(R2==0);
return(0x06);
}
}
if(R3==0)
{
for(i=0;i<400;i++);
if(R3==0)
{
while(R3==0);
return(0x07);
}
}
if(R4==0)
{
for(i=0;i<400;i++);
if(R4==0)
{
while(R4==0);
return(0x08);
}
}
C2=1;
C3=0;
if(R1==0)
{
for(i=0;i<400;i++);
if(R1==0)
{
while(R1==0);
return(0x09);
}
}
if(R2==0)
{
for(i=0;i<400;i++);
if(R2==0)
{

of 47
while(R2==0);
return(0x0A);
}
}
if(R3==0)
{
for(i=0;i<400;i++);
if(R3==0)
{
while(R3==0);
return(0x0B);
}
}
if(R4==0)
{
for(i=0;i<400;i++);
if(R4==0)
{
while(R4==0);
return(0x0C);
}
}
C3=1;
C4=0;
if(R1==0)
{
for(i=0;i<400;i++);
if(R1==0)
{
while(R1==0);
return(0x0D);
}
}
if(R2==0)
{
for(i=0;i<400;i++);
if(R2==0)
{
while(R2==0);
return(0x0E);
}
}
if(R3==0)
{
for(i=0;i<400;i++);
if(R3==0)

of 47
{
while(R3==0);
return(0x0F);
}
}
if(R4==0)
{
for(i=0;i<400;i++);
if(R4==0)
{
while(R4==0);
return(0x10);
}
}
}
}
void cmd(unsigned char cm)
{
int j;
P0=cm;
RW=0;
RS=0;
E=1;
for(j=0;j<50;j++);
E=0;
}
void data1(unsigned char dt)
{
int k;
P0=dt;
RW=0;
RS=1;
E=1;
for(k=0;k<50;k++);
E=0;
}

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Benefits of Automated Car ParkingSystem:-
The advantages are numerous: space efficient, sympathetic to existing infrastructure,
environmentally sound and cost effective in construction and operation.
Less Space:
Little or no structural changes needed to be made to existing buildings
They’ll fit where a conventional parking structure simply would not
It frees up space for more residential and industrial parks
Environmentally sensitive:
The systems can be integrated with existing infrastructures
Automated parking significantly reduces noise, fumes, and other pollutants.
Vehicles are not driven through the system, resulting in fewer emissions
Cost-Effective:
Systems are delivered as pre-fabricated components and assembled on site
Exacavation costs are kept to a minimum; space, lighting and power requirements are
reduced
Noise insulation is no longer a necessity
No need for energy-intensive ventilation as vehicles are not being driven into facility
Reliable technology is manufactured to high tolerances and has few moving parts reducing
maintenance costs
Greater security for driver and vehicles:
Drivers collect their cars from secure waiting areas and personal risk is reduced
Parking is simple-no difficult parking or frustrating searches for a space or a parked vehicle

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APPLICATION
By virtue of their relatively smaller volume and mechanized parking systems, APS are often
used in locations where a multi-story parking garage would be too large, too costly or
impractical.
Examples of such applications include:
 under or inside existing or new structures
 between existing structures and in irregularly shaped areas.
APS can also be applied in situations similar to multi-storey parking garages such as
freestanding above ground, under buildings above grade and under buildings below grade.

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FUTURE SCOPE
Automated parking systems are designed to be efficient. By not requiring space for cars to
drive in and out, and no space needed for pedestrians, these systems can park the same or
more cars than a traditional car garage twice as large. It's believed that these systems will
solve the growing demand for parking worldwide.The automated systems works very simply;
a driver drives into the car park bay and then exits and leaves their car. The computerized
system then activates lifts to take the car to the nearest open spot. When the driver wishes to
recall the vehicle, they just request it from a computer terminal outside of the car park and
within 3 minutes the car is returned and the driver can drive off.These parking systems are
typically smaller than conventional parking garages. Using nearly half of the space, they can
park the same or more number of cars than the conventional garage. This is due to the
inefficiencies of the traditional car garage. Automated systems are also safer than the current
norm. Being safely housed in a building with no traffic and no people ensures the vehicle is
safe from dents, scratches and minor accidents but also from vandalism and theft.They are
also more convenient as a driver doesn't spend time searching for a spot, walking to and from
their car and there's never a worry of forgetting where they parked. As a bonus, these systems
are also green. With no cars driving in and out of the building, the amount of pollution is
reduced to nearly zero.All of these factors together combine to make parking garages the
future of parking. Experts have already predicted that implementing these automated systems
parking will reduce the demand for the increasingly rare parking spot.

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REFERENCES
 www.wikipedia.com
 Introduction to 8051 microcontroller(MAZIDI)
 Electronics for you magazine-January 2013 edition
 www.electonicsforu.com
 www.project us .com
 www.systemparking.com

238840918 final-report-hk-2

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