types of parking

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INTRODUCTION:
There are two types of car parking systems:
traditional and automated. In the long term,
automated car parking systems are likely to
be more cost effective when compared to
traditional parking garages. Automatic
multi-storey automated car park systems are
less expensive per parking slot, since they
tend to require less building volume and
less ground area than a conventional facility
with the same capacity. Both automated car
parking systems and automated parking
garage systems reduce pollution cars are not
running or circling around while drivers
look for parking spaces.
Normally we can see in the multiplexes,
cinema halls, large industries, and function
halls there is problem they have to go and
search which line is empty and which line
having place to park the vehicle, for parking
then they need workers for parking in
correct position it is the money consumed
process. So to avoid this problem
Automatic Car Parking System is
implemented.
This system is used in big companies,
apartments, shopping malls. By using this
system any number of cars can be parked
floor after floor to reduce the wastage of
area. This is developed by using 8051
microcontroller.
HISTORY:
Over the years, car parking systems and the
accompanying technologies have increased
and diversified. Car parking systems have
been around almost since the time cars were
invented. In any area where there is a
significant amount of traffic, there are car
parking systems. Car Parking systems were
developed in the early 20th century in
response to the need for storage space for
vehicles.
In the 1920s, forerunners of automated
parking systems appeared in U.S. cities
like Los Angeles, Chicago, New
York and Cincinnati. Some of these multi-
storey structures are still standing, and have
been adapted for new uses. One of the Kent
Automatic Parking Garages in New York
(now known as the Sofia Apartments is an
Art Deco landmark that was converted into
luxury condominiums in 1983. A system
that is now found all over Japan — the
“ferris-wheel,” or paternoster system — was
created by the Westinghouse Corporation in
1923 and subsequently built in 1932 on
Chicago’s Monroe Street. The nash motor

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Company created the first glass enclosed
version of this system for the
Chicago Century of Progress Exhibition in
1933, and it was the precursor to a more
recent version, the Smart Car Towers in
Europe.
System Overview:
The parking system is based around a
micro-controller and U-shaped photo
sensors. It is quick and efficient in
operation. The micro-controller is interfaced
to the PC by serial port through ICL232
which is a dual RS-232
Transmitter/Receiver. Photo sensors, four-
phase stepper motor and micro-controller
control the entire operation of the car
parking control system collectively. The
seven segment display and serial interface is
used to display the number of cars in the
parking lot. Block diagram of the system is
shown in figure.
Fig1.1: block diagram of system overview

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Basic Components:
• Stepper motor
• U-shaped Photo Sensors
• Seven segment Display
• Serial Interfacing
3.1Stepper Motor:
A stepper motor is a digital device, in that
digital information is processed to
accomplish an end result, in this case,
controlled motion. It is reasonable to assume
that a step motor will faithfully follow
digital instructions just as a computer is
expected to. This is the distinguishing
feature of a step motor.
In essence, step motors are electrical motors
that are driven by digital pulses rather than a
continuously applied voltage. Each pulse
equals one rotary increment, or step (hence,
step motors), which is only a portion of one
complete rotation
8-wire configuration:
8-wire configuration of stepper motor used
in Automatic car parking projects , the
control is consisting of micro-controller
8051 and some other components in this
post you will learn how to configure a
stepper motor with 8 wire. Some useful
circuit diagrams of the stepper motor are
also shown in the figures below
Upward arrow shows counterclockwise
stepping sequence. Downward arrow shows
clockwise stepping sequence
3.2U-shaped Photo Sensors:
This device has a compact construction
where the emitting-light sources and the
detectors are located face-to-face on the
same optical axis. The detector consists of
a phototransistor Transmitter is positioned
opposite the receiver used for small
distances and narrow objects

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3.3 Seven segment Display:
The seven segment display is found in many
electronic devices. It is just 7 LEDs that
have been combined into one case to make a
convenient device for the displaying
numbers and some letters
Fig3.3: seven segment display
3.4Serial Interfacing:
Thermo-controller is interfaced to the PC by
serial port through ICL232 logic level
converter. An IBM compatible computer
and 89C51 microcontroller interface is used
in RS-232 serial communication.
RS-232 Serial Communication:
RS-232 is a serial communication standard
which enables data to be transferred in serial
form between two devices. Data is
transmitted and received in serial ‘bit
stream’ from one point to another. Four
parameters specify an RS-232 link between
two devices.
These are baud rate, data width, parity and
stop bits and are described below.
• Baud rate: The baud rate (bits per second)
determines how much information is
transferred over a given time interval. A
baud rate is usually be selected between 110
and 76800 baud, e.g. a baud rate of 9600
corresponds to 9600 bits per second.
• Data width: The data width can be either 8
bits or 7 bits depending upon the nature of
data being transferred.
• Parity: The parity bit is used to check the

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correctness of the transmitted or received
data. Parity can either be even, odd, or no
parity bit can specify at all.
• Stop bits: The stop bit is used as the
terminator bit and it is possible to specify
either one or two stop bits.
Display and SerialInterfacing of
automatic carparking :
Seven Segment Display:
This hardware is used to display the number
of cars in the parking lot. Basically, this
board has six-segment display but using
only one display can do our work.
Microcontroller Port2 is use to handle the
display unit.
Serial Interfacing:
This unit is to display the number of cars in
parking lot on the computer. The computer
may be placed in any control room.
Serial cable is used in null modem mode.
We use the DB9 connector for serial
interfacing. In null modem mode pin 7,8 and
pin 6,4 are shorted with each other. While
pin 3 is used for transmit data and pin 2 for
reception
Fig3.4: serial cable details

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Hardware working:
In car parking control system the basic
emphasis on the control of stepper motor by
blocking the sensors beam. Three sensors
are used to control one motor. Remaining
hardware is use to display the number of
cars in parking lot. Or in other words how
many times laser beam is blocked.
The 8051 is the brain of this whole
hardware. It reads the input signals and start
sending the stepping sequences to the motor.
When the input beam of S1 is blocked motor
start rotating in clockwise direction. This
direction indicates the opening of the
barrier, where S1 indicates that a car has
come. The S2 sensor is used as the gate
open limit sensor i.e. when S2=on it means
gate is completely opened. Then a delay
routine is called so that a particular time is
adjusted for car to cross the gate. After that
motor start rotating in counter clockwise
direction, which indicates that gate, is
closing now. Finally, when S3=on it
indicates that gate is completely closed now.
So motor will stop rotating.
A display is provided at the ground floor
which is basically a counter that displays
number of cars in each floor. It informs
whether the floors are fully filled with the
cars or is it having place in a particular floor
or not. There is facility of lift to carry the car
to up and down. Movement of Lift is
controlled by stepper motor. An indicator
with a green and red LED is kept in all the
floors to indicate whether the lift is busy or
is it ready to take the car up or down. If the
red LED glows that means the lift is already
engaged and the person has to wait for the
green LED to glow.
After this the seven segment display
incremented its value, which indicates that a
car has entered in the parking lot. This
display is basically for the people, which are
driving the car. Similarly, serial interfacing
is also used to display the number of cars in
the parking lot. This display is for the person
in control room.
The exit gate motor will also work on the
same pattern. But after this the seven
segment display and PC decreased the
display number. This indicates that a car has
left the parking lot.

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Fig4: block diagram of automatic car parking
When a person needs to come down from a
particular floor to ground floor, he is
expected to focus the headlight onto the
LDR placed in that floor. Now sensor
section sends signal to motor that the lift has
to be send back to that particular floor and
sends a signal to glow RED LED indicating
that the lift is busy. As soon as the lift
reaches that particular floor car should come
inside the lift, the display counter at the
ground floor decrements by one as to
indicate the floor capacity has increased by
one. Lift comes back to its normal position
and that time, the motor that drives it , also
stops. Now processor sends signal to glow
GREEN LED indicating that lift is free.
If there no parking taking place, the
processor carries out the job according to the
following priority:-
1. It checks whether any password is
entered.
2. It checks whether any car is entered
to lift.
3. It checks whether any car headlight is
pressed in front of LDR placed in each
floor.
Following are the main sections in this
model.
4.1 Display section
4.2 Keyboard, indicator & Beeper section
4.3 Lift & motor section
4.4 Sensor section
4.5 LCD section

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4.1 DISPLAY SECTION:
This section displays the floor number along
with the number of cars which has been
already parked in that particular floor. So
whenever a car is ready to either come down
or go up, the program either decrements the
count or increments the count automatically
according to the going up or coming down
of a car. Display section is done by
interfacing with 8255(PPI) of 8051.Here 3
ports of 8255 are connected to three 7-
segment display. Block diagram of this
section is shown.
Fig4.1: block diagram of display sec
4.2 KEYBOARD, INDICATOR & BEEPER:
In this section,12 switches are connected in
matrix form and it has three LED’s , RED,
GREEN&YELLOW. The person, needed to
enter the password has to wait until the
GREEN LED glows and when it glows, he
has to press the “START” button first. This
time the RED LED glows. Then the person
has to enter the password. As soon as it is
entered, the program checks it with the
already stored passwords. If it is correct,
YELLOW LED glows. If the entered
password is wrong, beeper starts beeping
signifying the incorrectness of the password
entered.
The indicator section contains 2 LED’s ,
RED & GREEN which are present in all the
floors. RED LED signifies that the lift is
presently busy and shall not entertain any
car to enter but if GREEN LED glows, it
suggests that the lift is ready and the car can
enter the particular floor. Beeper and LED's
are connected to port C upper of 8255.
One more advantage of beeper is that;
when a person tries to enter the lift
irrespective of finding the display section to
be FFF (means the floors are already filled),
program sends a signal to Beeper section
and it starts beeping indicating that he is not
supposed to enter the lift since all the floors
are already filled.

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4.3 LIFT AND MOTOR SECTION:
In lift section, there is a light beam
and LDR to know whether a car has
entered the lift or not. When the GREEN
LED of indicator section glows, that means
the lift is ready for the car to enter. When
the car enters the lift, the light beam falls on
LDR present in the lift gets cut and it gives a
signal that a car has entered the lift. Then
program decides which floor lift has to go
and gives a signal to motor section.
The motor section is a mechanical part
of the model which is used for taking the
lift up/down. When the lift has to go up,
program gives the signal and the
motor rotates clockwise and if it has to go
down, it rotates anticlockwise.
4.4 SENSOR SECTION:
Sensor section contains LDR's
.These LDR's are connected to each floor to
give information if any car has to come
down. When a person needs to come down
from a particular floor to ground floor, he is
expected to focus the headlight the car onto
the LDR placed in that floor. When light
falls on LDR its resistance decreases.
4.5LCD SECTION:
LCD is used to display some messages
which is useful to car owners. Here 2X16
LCD ( Liquid Crystal Display) is used. This
is used to display messages like
WELCOME TO CAR PARKING
SYSTEM
LIFT IS BUSY PLEASE WAIT
PLEASE ENTER YOUR
PASSWORD
TYPES OF AUTOMATIC CAR
PARKING:
• Lift Box Type
• Park Type
• Z Park
• ELEPARK
• Elegant Park
• Round Type
• Various Types

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Lift Box Type:
• 2 Park Type:
• No digging required.
• No Hydraulic parts.
• Electric device
• Reliable & smooth operation.
• Requires minimum Maintenance.
Z-Park:
Multi-storied car parking system, where
space is utilized effectively at
comparatively lower cost, which is more
than twice that of the limited parking
space on the ground.
Abundant product lineup, including
the ascending/descending mechanism,
satisfies a wide range of parking needs
for shops, office buildings, and
apartment houses.
ELEPARK:
Elevator Type Car Parking System: The
combination of cutting edge
technologies realize compactness, and
low noise. Effectively utilizing open
spaces in urban areas.

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Advantagesof Multi-story car
parkingsystem:
Automatic multi-storey car parks provide
lower building cost per parking slot, as they
typically require less building volume and
less ground area than a conventional
facility with the same capacity. However,
the cost of the mechanical equipment within
the building that is needed to transport cars
internally needs to be added to the lower
building cost to determine the total costs.
Other costs are usually lower too, for
example there is no need for an energy
intensive ventilating system, since cars are
not driven inside and human cashiers or
security personnel may not be needed.
A multi-storey car parks offer greatest
possible flexibility for the realization of
optimum parking solution. A fast parking
process in which the driver does not have to
maneuver his car or drive backwards,
guarantees highest comfort and security. A
single lift serves 6 to 12 parking spaces per
level taking up a minimum of space. Time-
saving vertical and horizontal movements
take place simultaneously ensuring fast
parking and

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Limitations of a multi-storey car
parking system:
1.The subjective analysis has shown that the
greatest effects of a Multi-Storey Car Park
on Surrounding Residential Blocks are the
air and noise pollution caused by the motor
vehicles.
2.Parking lots also tend to be subject to
contamination with concentrated spots of
pollutants such as motor oil.
3.Also, they often cover large contiguous
areas with impermeable paving surface. This
means that virtually all of the rain (minus
evaporation) that falls becomes runoff.
4. The parking lot must be built to
effectively channel and collect runoff.
5.Traditionally, the runoff has been shunted
directly into storm sewers, streams, or even
sanitary sewers.
6. However, larger municipalities now
require retention basins to catch runoff to
reduce the stress on sewer systems.
Many areas today also require minimum
landscaping in parking lots. This usually
principally means the planting of trees to
provide shade.
7.Customers have long preferred shaded
parking spaces in the summer, but parking
lot providers have long been antagonistic to
planting trees because of the extra cost of
cleaning the parking lot .

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CONCLUSION:
Automatic car parking is one of the
important factor in traffic areas, multiplexs,
apartments, etc; Car parking system that is
discussed here is automated without human
being that means if the driver leaves it at the
starting of this system the elevator takes the
car to the parking slot.
We have to used the equipments of
microcontroller, Infrared transmitters and
infrared receivers for each and every parking
slot, IR receivers should be connected to the
microcontroller.
Stepper motor plays a vital role in this
system for lifting the car and display i.e;
seven segment display is used at each and
every floor. Sensors are used for sensing the
car when it enters the areana and when it
leave.
Automated car parking is very useful in this
modern world where finding a small place
have become a big problem. This system is
present in DELHI, MUMBAI, BANGLORE
in our country.
REFERENCES:
1. How car parking system works.
2. Shannon Saunders McDonald
“Automated Parking Saves Space in
Tight places.
3. Parking systems
http://www.directpark.de
4. Microcontrollers http://www.nxp.com
5. www.seminarsonly.com
6. www.101seminartopics.com
7. www.parking images.com