The peripheral nervous system consists of nervous structures outside the brain and spinal cord. It includes nerves that allow the central nervous system to receive sensory information and direct motor responses. The peripheral nervous system has four main subdivisions: somatic sensory, visceral sensory, somatic motor, and visceral motor. It transmits sensory signals from receptors to the central nervous system and motor signals from the central nervous system to effector organs like muscles and glands. The autonomic nervous system regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands and has two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that emerge from the brain and connect it to structures in the head and neck. They can be classified based on their motor or sensory functions and embryonic origins. The cranial nerves control facial muscles, eye movement, salivation, hearing, taste, swallowing, and more. They allow the brain to receive sensory information from and send motor commands to the head and neck.
The document discusses the nervous system and Parkinson's disease. It begins by outlining the objectives of describing neuron structure and function, identifying central and peripheral nervous system structures, and discussing Parkinson's disease. It then provides background on Parkinson's disease, caused by degeneration of substantia nigra cells. The document goes on to explain the main functions of the nervous system and its two main divisions: the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It also discusses neuron anatomy including the cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, and synapse.
The 3 meninges (dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater) protect the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) acts as a cushion and circulates within the subarachnoid space, protecting the central nervous system from damage. The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the lower lumbar vertebrae and contains nerve roots that carry sensory and motor information into the spinal canal.
1. The document provides an in-depth look at the nervous system through recipes related to sensory receptors and special senses.
2. It details the various types of sensory receptors, including their locations, stimuli detected, and structures. It also examines the special senses of smell, taste, hearing, balance, and vision.
3. The recipes describe the key components and processes of each sensory system, such as olfactory receptors and pathways for smell, taste buds and neural pathways for taste, and the mechanism of hearing and visual pathway.
The document discusses the brain and cranial nerves. It provides details on:
- The four major regions of the brain - cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum.
- The organization of brain tissue into gray and white matter.
- Structures that protect and support the brain, including the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood-brain barrier.
- Functional areas of the cerebrum including motor, sensory, and association areas and their locations within the brain's lobes.
This document discusses the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) of the European Union and its effects on the UK and Norway. The CFP aims to manage fishing sustainably but has faced criticism for overfishing and discarding. Reforms in 2012 aimed to address these issues through ecosystem-based multi-annual plans and ending discards. The UK fishing industry has concerns about job losses from the CFP. Norway jointly manages some stocks with the EU but has its own regulatory system that it considers more accountable.
Simplify and run your development environments with Vagrant on OpenStackB1 Systems GmbH
Here are the steps to resolve the network issue:
1. Create a new internal network (e.g. 192.168.0.0/24)
2. Create a new router
3. Add the PublicNetwork as the gateway for the router
4. Add the internal network as an interface to the router
This will allow instances on the internal network to get floating IPs from the PublicNetwork via the router. The original error indicates direct access to the external network is forbidden, so routing traffic through an internal network and router is required.
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that emerge from the brain and connect it to structures in the head and neck. They can be classified based on their motor or sensory functions and embryonic origins. The cranial nerves control facial muscles, eye movement, salivation, hearing, taste, swallowing, and more. They allow the brain to receive sensory information from and send motor commands to the head and neck.
The document discusses the nervous system and Parkinson's disease. It begins by outlining the objectives of describing neuron structure and function, identifying central and peripheral nervous system structures, and discussing Parkinson's disease. It then provides background on Parkinson's disease, caused by degeneration of substantia nigra cells. The document goes on to explain the main functions of the nervous system and its two main divisions: the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It also discusses neuron anatomy including the cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, and synapse.
The 3 meninges (dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater) protect the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) acts as a cushion and circulates within the subarachnoid space, protecting the central nervous system from damage. The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the lower lumbar vertebrae and contains nerve roots that carry sensory and motor information into the spinal canal.
1. The document provides an in-depth look at the nervous system through recipes related to sensory receptors and special senses.
2. It details the various types of sensory receptors, including their locations, stimuli detected, and structures. It also examines the special senses of smell, taste, hearing, balance, and vision.
3. The recipes describe the key components and processes of each sensory system, such as olfactory receptors and pathways for smell, taste buds and neural pathways for taste, and the mechanism of hearing and visual pathway.
The document discusses the brain and cranial nerves. It provides details on:
- The four major regions of the brain - cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum.
- The organization of brain tissue into gray and white matter.
- Structures that protect and support the brain, including the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood-brain barrier.
- Functional areas of the cerebrum including motor, sensory, and association areas and their locations within the brain's lobes.
This document discusses the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) of the European Union and its effects on the UK and Norway. The CFP aims to manage fishing sustainably but has faced criticism for overfishing and discarding. Reforms in 2012 aimed to address these issues through ecosystem-based multi-annual plans and ending discards. The UK fishing industry has concerns about job losses from the CFP. Norway jointly manages some stocks with the EU but has its own regulatory system that it considers more accountable.
Simplify and run your development environments with Vagrant on OpenStackB1 Systems GmbH
Here are the steps to resolve the network issue:
1. Create a new internal network (e.g. 192.168.0.0/24)
2. Create a new router
3. Add the PublicNetwork as the gateway for the router
4. Add the internal network as an interface to the router
This will allow instances on the internal network to get floating IPs from the PublicNetwork via the router. The original error indicates direct access to the external network is forbidden, so routing traffic through an internal network and router is required.
This document discusses product and price management. It covers topics such as product mix, new product development, product life cycles, pricing objectives, pricing strategies, and responding to competitors' pricing actions. The key points are:
1) A company's product mix considers the number of product lines, individual products, and variations of each product.
2) New product success rates are low, with most new products being improvements on existing concepts.
3) Products go through different stages in their life cycles from introduction to growth, maturity, and decline.
4) Setting prices involves determining objectives, demand, costs, competitors, and selecting a pricing method.
5) Pricing strategies include discounts,
This document provides information on voter eligibility and voting locations for residents of Phoenix, Arizona. It states that to vote in Arizona you must be 18 years or older, a US citizen, an Arizona resident for at least 29 days, not convicted of a felony or declared incapacitated, and registered to vote at least 29 days before the election. It then lists over 20 specific polling locations around Phoenix where residents can cast their ballot on election day. It also notes that a national mail voter registration form can be used to register to vote in federal elections from any state. The document concludes by reminding voters to bring valid photo ID to the polls.
Documentación registro de competencias en siebel (2)Fitira
Este documento describe cómo registrar información sobre la competencia en Siebel CRM. Los representantes deben identificar los productos y plataformas con los que compiten para cada oportunidad y registrar este dato en el campo de competidor en Siebel. Esto permitirá realizar cierres de ventas más efectivos. Se proporcionan ejemplos de cómo completar correctamente los campos requeridos para cada competidor.
This document is an application for permanent residence in Canada under the Business Immigration program. It requests information from the principal applicant such as personal details, family information, education/work history, language ability, financial details, and a declaration of truthfulness. The form must be completed by the principal applicant only for their family members to be considered under the application.
This document provides guidance for Inside Sales agents on conducting Account Discovery and Profiling (AD&P) for corporate accounts in FY10. It outlines the background and design principles for AD&P, and provides an overview of the framework including the different elements of Basic, Deployment, Compete, and IO Discovery. Details are given on targets, questions to ask, and where to record the information in Siebel. Resources and tools are also mentioned.
The document provides an overview of modules for a Microsoft Inside Selling manager training. The training aims to equip managers with skills for coaching sales representatives on the phone. Key topics covered in the modules include motivating teams, dealing with difficult situations, role-playing sales calls, and creating action plans. The modules utilize various exercises, case studies, and games to demonstrate communication skills, objection handling, and providing ongoing coaching to representatives.
El documento describe el Programa de Relación con Clientes de Mercado Medio (MMRP) de una empresa. El MMRP utiliza un modelo de contacto de tres niveles que incluye ejecutivos de cuenta, gerentes de cuentas principales y asociados de cuentas para interactuar con los clientes a lo largo de las fases de bienvenida, implementación, uso y renovación. El documento también incluye apéndices sobre taxonomías y campos de datos para garantizar la calidad de los datos.
The document summarizes the key elements included on the front and back cover of a digipak for an album. The front includes the artist name, album title, and image to identify the artist. The back lists the songs on the two CDs, barcode, website for additional information, and logo representing the compact disc format. Overall the digipak is designed to introduce customers to the artist and album through visual elements and tracklisting.
The document provides an overview of a Microsoft Inside Selling Manager training module. The module aims to give managers the skills to follow up sales training by keeping motivation high, resolving issues, and providing ongoing coaching. It covers topics like effective coaching, dealing with difficult situations, communication skills, and helping salespeople create action plans. The module uses exercises, role-plays, and games to demonstrate concepts and keep the training engaging.
The document compares traditional real estate brokerage models to a new brokerage design. The traditional models charge agents various fees and focus on top producers, while the new design has no monthly fees, a paperless system, cloud office, and revenue sharing program. It emphasizes a team environment, industry-leading support, and forward-thinking approach compared to old school systems. The new design structures management and support separately from agents. It also outlines formulas for agent and company success based on coaching, analyzing trends, the market, competition, and testing new approaches.
This document discusses Firefox's latest release of version 11 which includes new features like Page Inspector 3D View nicknamed "Tilt" that uses WebGL-based visualization. It also mentions that Firefox aims to become the world's number-one browser someday and notes challenges for web designers and developers in the future from StatCounter's CEO. The document focuses on digital audio/podcast assignments for a web design course.
The document summarizes an evaluation of a music magazine created by the author for a teenage gothic audience. The magazine features gothic elements like monochrome colors and focuses on teenage musicians. It uses a bold gothic title to grab the interest of teenage musicians. Through creating the magazine, the author learned skills in layout design, magazine production software, and the importance of planning and research.
Slides of OpenStack talk hold on the CeBIT 2012.
The talk introduces Cloud Computing and Infrastructure as a Service in general, gives a short overview about the OpenStack project and describes all core components of the Essex release in detail.
You can find a record of the session at http://www.techcast.com/events/cebit12/mi09/.
You can find more details about our involvment in OpenStack at http://www.b1-systems.de/openstack.
You can contacts us at openstack@b1-systems.de if you want to give us feedback or want to receive more information.
The document summarizes key aspects of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). It describes that the PNS is outside the brain and spinal cord and connects the central nervous system to sensory receptors and effector organs. It then discusses the following key points:
- Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord in 31 pairs and connect to the PNS, innervating different regions of the body.
- The PNS is divided into afferent fibers that carry sensory information to the CNS and efferent fibers that carry motor commands away from the CNS to muscles and glands.
- There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that emerge from the brain and connect to structures in the head and neck region
This document provides an overview of the 12 cranial nerves. It begins with an introduction to the nervous system and its main components - the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), peripheral nervous system, and autonomic nervous system. It then discusses each cranial nerve in more detail, including their origin, distribution, and function. Some key points covered include the olfactory nerve mediating smell, the optic nerve mediating vision, and the trigeminal nerve having both sensory and motor components innervating the face. Clinical implications of injuries to specific cranial nerves are also mentioned.
This document discusses product and price management. It covers topics such as product mix, new product development, product life cycles, pricing objectives, pricing strategies, and responding to competitors' pricing actions. The key points are:
1) A company's product mix considers the number of product lines, individual products, and variations of each product.
2) New product success rates are low, with most new products being improvements on existing concepts.
3) Products go through different stages in their life cycles from introduction to growth, maturity, and decline.
4) Setting prices involves determining objectives, demand, costs, competitors, and selecting a pricing method.
5) Pricing strategies include discounts,
This document provides information on voter eligibility and voting locations for residents of Phoenix, Arizona. It states that to vote in Arizona you must be 18 years or older, a US citizen, an Arizona resident for at least 29 days, not convicted of a felony or declared incapacitated, and registered to vote at least 29 days before the election. It then lists over 20 specific polling locations around Phoenix where residents can cast their ballot on election day. It also notes that a national mail voter registration form can be used to register to vote in federal elections from any state. The document concludes by reminding voters to bring valid photo ID to the polls.
Documentación registro de competencias en siebel (2)Fitira
Este documento describe cómo registrar información sobre la competencia en Siebel CRM. Los representantes deben identificar los productos y plataformas con los que compiten para cada oportunidad y registrar este dato en el campo de competidor en Siebel. Esto permitirá realizar cierres de ventas más efectivos. Se proporcionan ejemplos de cómo completar correctamente los campos requeridos para cada competidor.
This document is an application for permanent residence in Canada under the Business Immigration program. It requests information from the principal applicant such as personal details, family information, education/work history, language ability, financial details, and a declaration of truthfulness. The form must be completed by the principal applicant only for their family members to be considered under the application.
This document provides guidance for Inside Sales agents on conducting Account Discovery and Profiling (AD&P) for corporate accounts in FY10. It outlines the background and design principles for AD&P, and provides an overview of the framework including the different elements of Basic, Deployment, Compete, and IO Discovery. Details are given on targets, questions to ask, and where to record the information in Siebel. Resources and tools are also mentioned.
The document provides an overview of modules for a Microsoft Inside Selling manager training. The training aims to equip managers with skills for coaching sales representatives on the phone. Key topics covered in the modules include motivating teams, dealing with difficult situations, role-playing sales calls, and creating action plans. The modules utilize various exercises, case studies, and games to demonstrate communication skills, objection handling, and providing ongoing coaching to representatives.
El documento describe el Programa de Relación con Clientes de Mercado Medio (MMRP) de una empresa. El MMRP utiliza un modelo de contacto de tres niveles que incluye ejecutivos de cuenta, gerentes de cuentas principales y asociados de cuentas para interactuar con los clientes a lo largo de las fases de bienvenida, implementación, uso y renovación. El documento también incluye apéndices sobre taxonomías y campos de datos para garantizar la calidad de los datos.
The document summarizes the key elements included on the front and back cover of a digipak for an album. The front includes the artist name, album title, and image to identify the artist. The back lists the songs on the two CDs, barcode, website for additional information, and logo representing the compact disc format. Overall the digipak is designed to introduce customers to the artist and album through visual elements and tracklisting.
The document provides an overview of a Microsoft Inside Selling Manager training module. The module aims to give managers the skills to follow up sales training by keeping motivation high, resolving issues, and providing ongoing coaching. It covers topics like effective coaching, dealing with difficult situations, communication skills, and helping salespeople create action plans. The module uses exercises, role-plays, and games to demonstrate concepts and keep the training engaging.
The document compares traditional real estate brokerage models to a new brokerage design. The traditional models charge agents various fees and focus on top producers, while the new design has no monthly fees, a paperless system, cloud office, and revenue sharing program. It emphasizes a team environment, industry-leading support, and forward-thinking approach compared to old school systems. The new design structures management and support separately from agents. It also outlines formulas for agent and company success based on coaching, analyzing trends, the market, competition, and testing new approaches.
This document discusses Firefox's latest release of version 11 which includes new features like Page Inspector 3D View nicknamed "Tilt" that uses WebGL-based visualization. It also mentions that Firefox aims to become the world's number-one browser someday and notes challenges for web designers and developers in the future from StatCounter's CEO. The document focuses on digital audio/podcast assignments for a web design course.
The document summarizes an evaluation of a music magazine created by the author for a teenage gothic audience. The magazine features gothic elements like monochrome colors and focuses on teenage musicians. It uses a bold gothic title to grab the interest of teenage musicians. Through creating the magazine, the author learned skills in layout design, magazine production software, and the importance of planning and research.
Slides of OpenStack talk hold on the CeBIT 2012.
The talk introduces Cloud Computing and Infrastructure as a Service in general, gives a short overview about the OpenStack project and describes all core components of the Essex release in detail.
You can find a record of the session at http://www.techcast.com/events/cebit12/mi09/.
You can find more details about our involvment in OpenStack at http://www.b1-systems.de/openstack.
You can contacts us at openstack@b1-systems.de if you want to give us feedback or want to receive more information.
The document summarizes key aspects of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). It describes that the PNS is outside the brain and spinal cord and connects the central nervous system to sensory receptors and effector organs. It then discusses the following key points:
- Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord in 31 pairs and connect to the PNS, innervating different regions of the body.
- The PNS is divided into afferent fibers that carry sensory information to the CNS and efferent fibers that carry motor commands away from the CNS to muscles and glands.
- There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that emerge from the brain and connect to structures in the head and neck region
This document provides an overview of the 12 cranial nerves. It begins with an introduction to the nervous system and its main components - the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), peripheral nervous system, and autonomic nervous system. It then discusses each cranial nerve in more detail, including their origin, distribution, and function. Some key points covered include the olfactory nerve mediating smell, the optic nerve mediating vision, and the trigeminal nerve having both sensory and motor components innervating the face. Clinical implications of injuries to specific cranial nerves are also mentioned.
The 12 pairs of cranial nerves arise from the brain and pass through openings in the skull bones. They are categorized as sensory, motor, or mixed nerves. The document then proceeds to describe each of the 12 cranial nerves individually, detailing their origin, branches, functions, and innervations. It provides information on sensory and motor fibers for each nerve.
The document discusses the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. It provides details about each nerve, including its nuclei, emergence point from the brain, regions innervated, and whether it contains sensory, motor, or parasympathetic fibers. It describes the olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trigeminal, and facial nerves in further detail. The cranial nerves mediate the special senses and innervate muscles of the head, face, and neck. They carry sensory information from these regions to the brain and motor signals from the brain to muscles.
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary functions like digestion and heart rate. It is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic system activates the fight or flight response using norepinephrine. The parasympathetic system calms the body and activates rest and digest functions using acetylcholine. Both systems have preganglionic and postganglionic neurons. The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the ANS in detail.
The document discusses the nervous system and its components. It begins by describing the central nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord. It then describes the peripheral nervous system which connects the central nervous system to other parts of the body and senses the external environment. It details the major nerves of the body including cranial nerves and spinal nerves. Finally, it provides an overview of the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood flow through the body.
The document discusses the nervous system. It begins by describing the central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). It then provides details about the structure and function of the spinal cord, brain, and cranial nerves. It also discusses the peripheral nervous system, including spinal nerves, nerve plexuses, and dermatomes. Finally, it briefly overviewed the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, blood, and blood flow through the heart and body.
The document discusses the 12 cranial nerves, including their origin, course, distribution, and functions. It provides details on each nerve such as the components (motor, sensory, parasympathetic), nuclei locations, and structures innervated. The cranial nerves mediate sensory and motor functions for structures in the head and neck. They originate from the brain stem and exit the cranial cavity through various foramina, carrying sensory information into the brain and motor commands out to structures like muscles and glands.
This document discusses the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. It begins by defining cranial nerves as spinal nerves that originate from the brain instead of the spinal cord. It then lists and provides a brief overview of the function of each cranial nerve, including whether they are sensory, motor, or mixed nerves. The document also discusses common conditions that can affect individual cranial nerves like Bell's Palsy or Trigeminal Neuralgia. It notes that MRI is often the best imaging modality to evaluate cranial nerves due to their small size.
Anatomy of Cranial Nerve for BPT class.
Require 10 classes. Require help of brain specimen during the class. Testing of the nerves can also be taken together.
The document provides an overview of the peripheral nervous system, including details about cranial nerves, the spinal cord, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerve plexuses. It discusses the names, functions, and pathways of 12 pairs of cranial nerves. It describes the gross anatomy and histology of the spinal cord, as well as the organization and branches of spinal nerves. Finally, it reviews the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses and their contributions to innervation of the head, neck, upper limbs, lower limbs, and pelvis.
There are 12 cranial nerves that can be categorized as motor, sensory, or combined sensory and motor. Four nerves are combined, serving both functions. Five nerves are solely dedicated to motor functions and three solely to sensory. The trigeminal, facial, and acoustic cranial nerves play important roles in auditory functions. The tensor tympani and stapedial muscles are controlled by afferent and efferent signals via the trigeminal and facial nerves. Understanding cranial nerve reflexes is important for properly programming digital hearing instruments to account for physiological processes.
This document provides an overview of the cranial and spinal nerves. It describes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves, including their functions and anatomical origins. The cranial nerves emerge from nuclei located in the brain stem. It also describes the 31 pairs of spinal nerves, which originate from spinal roots and form two spinal nerve plexuses. The sympathetic chain is mentioned as relaying signals throughout the body. Literature references are provided for further information.
This document summarizes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. It discusses their nuclei in the brain stem, emergence points from the brain stem, course through the cranial cavity, exit points from the skull, and distributions. Key details provided include the somatic, visceral, and branchial motor and sensory functions of each nerve. An overview is given of the intracranial routes of several cranial nerves and their distributions to structures like the eye muscles and salivary glands.
This document summarizes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. It discusses their nuclei in the brain stem, emergence points from the brain stem, course through the cranial cavity, exit points from the skull, and distributions. Key details provided include the somatic, visceral, and branchial motor and sensory functions of each nerve. An overview is given of the intracranial trajectories of several cranial nerves and their relationships to structures like the cavernous sinus.
The nervous system has several key functions including controlling the respiratory center and relaying information about stimuli like pain, hunger, and full bladders. The nervous system is made up of nerve cells called neurons that receive, interpret, and respond to information. Neurons have dendrites that receive stimuli, an axon that carries impulses, and a nucleus. Neuroglia provide protection and nourishment to neurons but do not transmit impulses. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord while the peripheral nervous system includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves.
The nervous system has several key functions including controlling the respiratory center and relaying information about stimuli like pain, hunger, and full bladders. The nervous system receives information through nerve cells, interprets it, and causes the body to respond. Nerve cells are made up of dendrites that receive stimuli, an axon that carries impulses, and a nucleus. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system, while the peripheral nervous system includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves. The autonomic nervous system has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions that control involuntary functions.
The nervous system has several key functions including controlling the respiratory center and relaying information about stimuli like pain, hunger, and full bladders. The nervous system receives information through nerve cells, interprets it, and causes the body to respond. Nerve cells are made up of dendrites that receive stimuli, an axon that carries impulses, and a nucleus. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves. The autonomic nervous system has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions that control involuntary functions.
This document provides an overview of the physiology of the central nervous system. It discusses the organization and components of the nervous system including the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It describes the somatic and autonomic divisions of the peripheral nervous system. It also covers the cranial nerves, autonomic nervous system including the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, neurotransmitters, receptors, ganglia, and autonomic reflexes.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Co-Chairs, Val J. Lowe, MD, and Cyrus A. Raji, MD, PhD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to Alzheimer’s disease for this CME/AAPA activity titled “Alzheimer’s Disease Case Conference: Gearing Up for the Expanding Role of Neuroradiology in Diagnosis and Treatment.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/AAPA information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3PvVY25. CME/AAPA credit will be available until June 28, 2025.
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdfRahul Sen
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdfrightmanforbloodline
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
3. The Peripheral Nervous System
• Nervous structures outside the brain and
spinal cord
• Nerves allow the CNS to receive
information and take action
• Functional components of the PNS
• Sensory inputs and motor outputs
categorized as somatic or visceral
• Sensory inputs also classified as general or
special
4. Sensory Input and Motor Output
• Sensory (afferent) signals picked up by sensor receptors,
carried by nerve fibers of PNS to the CNS
• Motor (efferent) signals are carried away from the CNS,
innervate muscles and glands
• Divided according to region they serve
• Somatic body region
• Visceral body region
• Results in four main subdivisions
• Somatic sensory
• Visceral sensory
• Somatic motor
• Visceral motor
5. PNS Afferent Division
• Afferent (sensory) division – transmits impulses from
receptors to the CNS.
• Somatic afferent fibers – carry impulses from skin, skeletal
muscles, and joints
• Visceral afferent fibers – transmit impulses from visceral
organs
6. PNS Efferent Division
• Motor (efferent) division – transmits impulses from the CNS to
effector organs. Two subdivisions:
• Somatic nervous system – provides conscious control of skeletal
muscles
• Autonomic nervous system – regulates smooth muscle, cardiac
muscle, and glands
8. Sensory
• General somatic senses – include touch,
pain, vibration, pressure, temperature
• Proprioceptive senses – detect stretch in
tendons and muscle provide information on
body position, orientation and movement of
body in space
• Special Senses - hearing, balance, vision,
olfaction (smell), gustation (taste)
9. Motor
• General somatic motor
• Signals contraction of skeletal muscles
• Under our voluntary control
• Visceral motor
• Makes up autonomic nervous system (ANS)
• Regulates the contraction of smooth and
cardiac muscle, controls function of visceral
organs
• ANS has two divisions
• Parasympathetic
• Sympathetic
10. Divisions of the ANS
• Sympathetic - “fight or flight”
• Catabolic (expend energy)
• Mass activation prepares for intense
activity.
• Heart rate (HR) increases.
• Bronchioles dilate.
• Blood [glucose] increases.
• Parasympathetic - “feed & breed”, “rest
& digest”
• Maintain homeostasis
• Normally not activated as a whole,
stimulation of separate
parasympathetic nerves.
• Relaxing effects:
• Decreases HR.
• Dilates visceral blood vessels.
• Increases digestive activity.
• Dual innervation of many organs —
having a brake and an accelerator
provides more control
11. Sympathetic Division Organization
• Preganglionic neurons in
segments T1 to L2
• Ganglia near the vertebral
column
• Sympathetic ganglia
• Paired sympathetic chain
ganglia
• Unpaired collateral ganglia
• Preganglionic fibers to adrenal
medullae
• Epinephrine (adrenalin) into
blood stream
12. The Autonomic Nervous System
• Effects of Sympathetic Activation
• Generalized response in crises
• Increased alertness/energy
• Increased cardiovascular activity
• Increased respiratory activity
• Increased muscle tone
13. Parasympathetic Division Organization
• Preganglionic neurons in
brain stem and sacral
spinal segment
• Ganglionic neurons
(peripheral ganglia) in or
near target organ
• Sacral fibers form pelvic
nerves
14. The Autonomic Nervous System
• Effects of Parasympathetic Activation
• Relaxation
• Food processing
• Energy absorption
• Brief effects at specific sites
15. Basic Structural Components of the PNS
• Sensory receptors – pick up stimuli from inside or outside the body
• Motor endings – axon terminals of motor neurons innervate effectors
(muscle fibers and glands)
• Nerves and ganglia
• Nerves – bundles of peripheral axons
• Ganglia – clusters of peripheral neuronal cell bodies
16. Nerves
• Nerves – cablelike organs in the
PNS
• Consists of numerous axons
wrapped in connective tissue
• Endoneurium – layer of delicate
connective tissue surrounding the axon
• Perineurium – connective tissue wrapping
surrounding a nerve fascicle
• Nerve fascicles – groups of axons bound into
bundles
• Epineurium – whole nerve is surrounded
by tough fibrous sheath
• Axon is surrounded by Schwann
cells
17. Cranial Nerves
• Attach to the brain and pass through
foramina of the skull
• Numbered from I–XII
• Cranial nerves I and II attach to the
forebrain
• All others attach to the brain stem
• Primarily serve head and neck structures
• The vagus nerve (X) extends into the
abdomen
27. Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
• Innervates structures of the tongue and
pharynx
Facial nerve (VII)
Vestibulocochlear
nerve (VIII)
Glossopharyngeal
nerve (IX)
Vagus nerve (X)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Table 14.3 (9 of 12)
28. Vagus Nerve (X)
• A mixed sensory and motor nerve - “Wanders” into thorax and abdomen
Facial nerve (VII)
Vestibulocochlear
nerve (VIII)
Glossopharyngeal
nerve (IX)
Vagus nerve (X)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Table 14.3 (10 of 12)
29. Accessory Nerve (XI)
• An accessory part of the vagus nerve -innervates
trapezius muscle
Facial nerve (VII)
Vestibulocochlear
nerve (VIII)
Glossopharyngeal
nerve (IX)
Vagus nerve (X)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Table 14.3 (11 of 12)
30. Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)
• Runs inferior to the tongue - innervates the tongue
muscles
Facial nerve (VII)
Vestibulocochlear
nerve (VIII)
Glossopharyngeal
nerve (IX)
Vagus nerve (X)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Table 14.3 (12 of 12)
31. Spinal Nerves
• 31 pairs – contain thousands of
nerve fibers
• Connect to the spinal cord
• Named for point of issue from the
spinal cord
• 8 pairs of cervical nerves (C1–C8)
• 12 pairs of thoracic nerves (T1–T12)
• 5 pairs of lumbar nerves (L1–L5)
• 5 pairs of sacral nerves (S1–S5)
• 1 pair of coccygeal nerves (Co1)
32. Spinal Nerves
• Connect to the spinal cord
by the dorsal root and
ventral root
• Dorsal root – contains
sensory fibers
• Dorsal root ganglion – of
afferent cell bodies
• Ventral root – contains
motor fibers arising from
anterior gray column
• Branch into dorsal ramus
and ventral ramus both
contain sensory and motor
fibers
• Rami communicantes
connect to the base of the
ventral ramus and lead to
the sympathetic chain
ganglia
33. Spinal Nerves
Ventral root White matter
Dorsal root Gray matter
Dorsal root Dorsal and ventral
ganglion rootlets of spinal
Dorsal ramus nerve
of spinal nerve
Ventral ramus
of spinal nerve
Spinal nerve
Rami communicantes
Sympathetic trunk
(chain) ganglion
(a)
34. Innervation of the Back
• Dorsal rami
• Innervate back muscles
• Follow a neat, segmented pattern
• Innervate a horizontal strip of muscle and skin
• In line with emergence point from the vertebral column
35. Innervation of the Thoracic region
• Ventral rami arranged in simple, segmented pattern
• Intercostal nerves – supply intercostal muscles, skin, and
abdominal wall
• Each gives off lateral and anterior cutaneous branches
36. Introduction to Nerve Plexuses
• Nerve plexus – a network of
nerves
• Ventral rami (except T2 – T12)
• Branch and join with one
another
• Form nerve plexuses
• Cervical
• Brachial
• Lumbar
• Sacral
• Primarily serve the limbs
• Fibers from ventral rami
crisscross
37. The Cervical Plexus
• Buried deep in the neck under the sternocleidomastoid muscle
• Formed by ventral rami of first four cervical nerves (C 1 – 4)
• Most are cutaneous nerves
• Some innervate muscles of the anterior neck
38. Brachial Plexus
• Brachial plexus lies in the neck and axilla
• Formed by ventral rami of C5 – C8 give rise to cords
• Cords give rise to main nerves of the upper limb
Figure 14.9d
39. Lumbar Plexus
• Arises from L1– L4
• Smaller branches innervate the posterior abdominal wall and psoas
muscle
• Main branches innervate the anterior thigh
40. The Sacral Plexus
• Arises from spinal nerves L4–S4
• Often considered with the lumbar plexus referred to as the lumbosacral plexus
• Sciatic nerve – the largest nerve of the sacral plexus is actually two nerves in one sheath
• Tibial nerve – innervates most of the posterior lower limb
• Common fibular (peroneal) nerve – innervates muscles of the anterolateral leg