2.2 pharmacokinetics drug metabolism

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The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of exercise on memory and thinking abilities in older adults. The study found that regular exercise can help reduce the decline in thinking abilities that often occurs with age. Specifically, aerobic exercise was shown to improve executive function and memory in the study participants between the ages of 60-75 who exercised at least 30 minutes per day for 6 months.

PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS Drug movement within the body is a complex process. The major objective is therefore to develop a generalized and simple approach to describe, analyse and interpret the data obtained during in vivo drug disposition studies. The two major approaches in the quantitative study of various kinetic processes of drug disposition in the body are Model approach, and Model-independent approach (also called as non-compartmental analysis).

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Domperidone, an antiemetic drug, has been used as an add-on t reatment in adults and children. As precision of dosing and patient’s compliance become important prerequisite for quick relief from emesis, there is a need to develop a formulation for this drug which overcomes problems such as difficulty in swallowing, inconvenience in administration while traveling and better compliance. Oro-Dispersible Tablets (ODTs) differ from traditional tablets in that they are designed to be dissolved on the tongue rather than swallowed as a whole. The ODTs serves as an alternative dosage form for patients who experience dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) or for faster systemic absorption. The ODTs disintegrate or dissolve rapidly in the saliva within a few seconds without the need of water. The basic approach used in development of oral dispersible tablet is the use of superdisintegrants like cross-linked sodium carboxymethylcellulose, cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, sodium carboxymethyl starch, etc. This review describes the challenges, significance, various methods of preparation, technologies used and evaluation of ODTs. Hence, the present research work was held to develop a fast oro dissolving tablet or Oro-Dispersible tablets (ODTs) of Domperidone Inclusion-complex by inclusion complexation with Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) using kneading technique and PEG-6000 using Infusion Technique & tablet prepare with Mg-Stearate, Talc, Starch -1500, Sodium Starch Glycolate (SSG)/ Crospovidon/ Cros-carmellose, Na-Sacarin, PVP and Mannitol with and Sodium Starch Glycolate by direct compression method. All formulations were evaluated for characteristics such as hardness, friability, disintegration time and Dissolution rate. An effective, pleasant tasting formulation was found to have a good hardness of 4.0±2 kg/cm2, disintegration time of 29±1 seconds and in vitro drug release of not less than 96±2% within 30 minutes (Q30) disintegration time of optimized formulation is found & drug release was found to be comparable with the marketed dispersible tablet. MAHENDRA PRATAP SWAIN B.PHARMA ROLAND INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, BERHAMPUR, GANJAM, ODISHA PIN-760010 MPS-JSR-MP

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Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste

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Title: Sense of Taste Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology Qualifications: MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore) FCPS Physiology ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU) MPH (GC University, Faisalabad) MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan) Learning Objectives: Describe the structure and function of taste buds. Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances. Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation. Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes. Key Topics: Significance of Taste Sensation: Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food Influence on behavior Selection of food based on metabolic needs Receptors of Taste: Taste buds on the tongue Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper) Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations: Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste Taste Threshold and Index: Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine) Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold Taste Blindness: Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds Example: Phenylthiocarbamide Structure and Function of Taste Buds: Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers Location of Taste Buds: Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate) Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus Mechanism of Taste Stimulation: Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation: Decrease in sensitivity with age Rapid adaptation of taste sensation Role of Saliva in Taste: Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors Washing away the stimulus Taste Preferences and Aversions: Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion Influence of receptors and neural pathways Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage: Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut Abnormalities of Taste Detection: Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia) Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold: Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity Supertasters: 25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness Increased number of fungiform papillae

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Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye. Follow us on: Pinterest Introduction Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing . Early Life and Career Childhood and Athletic Beginnings Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle. Transition to Acting Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness. Fitness Regimen Workout Routine Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show. Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles. Importance of Flexibility and Mobility In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit

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Title: Sense of Smell Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology Qualifications: MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore) FCPS Physiology ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU) MPH (GC University, Faisalabad) MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan) Learning Objectives: Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness. Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction. Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain. Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential. Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes. Key Topics: Olfactory Genes: 3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes. 400 genes for odorant receptors. Olfactory Membrane: Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity. Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum. Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate. Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters. Olfactory Mucosa: Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell. Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment. Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months. Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus. Stimulation of Olfactory Cells: Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia. Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve. Quality of a Good Odorant: Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble. Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus. Membrane Potential and Action Potential: Resting membrane potential: -55mV. Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength. Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell: Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation. Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system. Primary Sensations of Smell: Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid. Odor Detection Threshold: Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm). Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations. Characteristics of Smell: Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein. Behavioral and emotional influences of smell. Transmission of Olfactory Signals: From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition. Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path

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