This document analyzes heavy metal contamination levels in sediments from the Yamuna River in Agra, India. Heavy metal concentrations (of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd, Mn, Co, Fe) were measured at 12 sites along the river. Concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd were found to be higher than levels from other river basins worldwide and in India. Comparison to effect guidelines showed concentrations above levels that could negatively impact aquatic life. Statistical analysis revealed correlations between certain metal pairs, possibly indicating common sources like urban runoff. Various indices were calculated to assess environmental risk and sediment pollution levels, showing sediments ranging from moderately to dangerously polluted. Anthropogenic
Heavy metals from industrial waste are contaminating the aquatic systems and fish in West Bengal, India. A study analyzed levels of heavy metals like lead, chromium, nickel, and cadmium in tissues of three fish species from different areas. The highest metal levels were found in the intestine and liver of fish, with lead levels surpassing WHO, EPA, and Indian safety standards. The contamination of heavy metals poses risks to the local fish biodiversity and human health through the food chain.
This document summarizes a study on using sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate to remove heavy metals from electroplating industry wastewater. It begins with background on heavy metal pollution from industrial sources and its effects. The document then reviews literature on electroplating wastewater composition and various treatment methods. The objectives of this study are to characterize wastewater from 5 electroplating sites, measure parameters like pH, BOD, COD and heavy metals, precipitate heavy metals from wastewater using sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate, and test using the precipitate as a plant disease management agent. The methodology describes analyzing wastewater samples for color, odor, turbidity, pH, total
Coral Reef Biomineralisation effect by Ocean AcidificationRoneet Ghosh
The document summarizes a study that investigated the physiological and cellular impacts of ocean acidification on the reef-building coral Acropora millepora. The key findings are:
1) Exposure to high CO2 conditions predicted for the future caused widespread changes in gene expression in A. millepora related to metabolism, membrane-cytoskeleton interactions, signaling, and other processes.
2) Physiologically, corals exposed to high CO2 lost over half their symbiotic algae (Symbiodinium) populations and had decreased photosynthesis and respiration rates.
3) While calcification was not observed to decrease over the 28-day study, the cellular and physiological changes observed
This study examined water quality in a small residential wetland in Spokane, Washington. Water samples were taken from sites along the drainage gradient leading to the wetland and within the wetland. Concentrations of ions like magnesium and sodium increased from upstream to within the wetland, likely due to evapoconcentration. While concentrations of major ions accumulated in the wetland, concentrations of potential heavy metals like lead and zinc remained below EPA aquatic life standards. The results indicate the wetland shows no evidence of geochemical hazards from surrounding anthropogenic activities like vehicle traffic or land use.
Trace Metals Concentration in Shallow Well Water in Enugu Metropolispaperpublications3
Abstract: This work assesses the concentration of heavy metals in Enugu Municipal well-water considering the fact that some Enugu inhabitants depend on well-water as their major source of water supply. Water from twenty four (24) different hand dug wells from six locations were investigated for Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn, Cd, and Fe using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The result of the study expressed as the means and standard deviations were compared to WHO and EU standards for drinking water, and it was found that well waters from Iva-Valley and Uwani areas suffer from Cd and Mn pollution. The remaining four locations (Emene, Asata, Abakpa Nike and Achara Layout) were all free from Cd and Mn pollution. Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb concentrations were either completely absent or below world threshold limits at all the locations.
The quality groundwater for irrigation in Fetzara basin, northeast AlgeriaInnspub Net
The document summarizes a study on the quality of groundwater in the Fetzara basin in northeast Algeria for irrigation purposes. Hydrochemical analysis of 25 groundwater samples found that salinity ranged from 1240-6390 μS/cm, with most samples classified as moderately saline. Evaluation of sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and electrical conductivity (EC) found that 40% of samples were classified as C3S1 (high salinity, low sodium water) suitable for irrigation in most soils, while 60% were C4S1 (high salinity, low sodium) with some danger of exchangeable sodium and salinity issues. However, some samples had unsuitable values for sodium percentage, Kelly's index, magnesium hazards
This document summarizes a study on microbial metal cycling and bioaccumulation in roadside soils and streams. The study aims to establish relationships between urbanization and pollutant concentrations in a local stream ecosystem. Researchers analyzed metal concentrations in insects, soils, and sediments from different zones of a creek. They also investigated microbial oxidation and reduction of antimony species from roadside soils and isolated bacterial strains to study metabolic pathways. Preliminary results found higher arsenic and lead levels in downstream insects and trace antimony reduction by soils microbes. The study provides background on metal pollution impacts and aims to further examine seasonal shifts and microbial antimony processing.
This study evaluated the quality of irrigation water resources in the central Albanian regions of Kavaja and Kruja over 2009-2010. Water samples were collected and analyzed for various parameters including pH, salts, chemicals, and nutrients. The results found that water resources in Kruja generally had low salt levels within established standards. However, resources in Kavaja showed higher salt levels that could cause light soil salinity issues in some areas. Specifically, sodium and chloride levels in certain Kavaja resources posed toxicity risks. Based on standards, the study classified all resources as Class 2 quality. The authors conclude continuous monitoring is needed due to pollution risks from increasing industrial and urban activities in the regions.
Heavy metals from industrial waste are contaminating the aquatic systems and fish in West Bengal, India. A study analyzed levels of heavy metals like lead, chromium, nickel, and cadmium in tissues of three fish species from different areas. The highest metal levels were found in the intestine and liver of fish, with lead levels surpassing WHO, EPA, and Indian safety standards. The contamination of heavy metals poses risks to the local fish biodiversity and human health through the food chain.
This document summarizes a study on using sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate to remove heavy metals from electroplating industry wastewater. It begins with background on heavy metal pollution from industrial sources and its effects. The document then reviews literature on electroplating wastewater composition and various treatment methods. The objectives of this study are to characterize wastewater from 5 electroplating sites, measure parameters like pH, BOD, COD and heavy metals, precipitate heavy metals from wastewater using sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate, and test using the precipitate as a plant disease management agent. The methodology describes analyzing wastewater samples for color, odor, turbidity, pH, total
Coral Reef Biomineralisation effect by Ocean AcidificationRoneet Ghosh
The document summarizes a study that investigated the physiological and cellular impacts of ocean acidification on the reef-building coral Acropora millepora. The key findings are:
1) Exposure to high CO2 conditions predicted for the future caused widespread changes in gene expression in A. millepora related to metabolism, membrane-cytoskeleton interactions, signaling, and other processes.
2) Physiologically, corals exposed to high CO2 lost over half their symbiotic algae (Symbiodinium) populations and had decreased photosynthesis and respiration rates.
3) While calcification was not observed to decrease over the 28-day study, the cellular and physiological changes observed
This study examined water quality in a small residential wetland in Spokane, Washington. Water samples were taken from sites along the drainage gradient leading to the wetland and within the wetland. Concentrations of ions like magnesium and sodium increased from upstream to within the wetland, likely due to evapoconcentration. While concentrations of major ions accumulated in the wetland, concentrations of potential heavy metals like lead and zinc remained below EPA aquatic life standards. The results indicate the wetland shows no evidence of geochemical hazards from surrounding anthropogenic activities like vehicle traffic or land use.
Trace Metals Concentration in Shallow Well Water in Enugu Metropolispaperpublications3
Abstract: This work assesses the concentration of heavy metals in Enugu Municipal well-water considering the fact that some Enugu inhabitants depend on well-water as their major source of water supply. Water from twenty four (24) different hand dug wells from six locations were investigated for Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn, Cd, and Fe using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The result of the study expressed as the means and standard deviations were compared to WHO and EU standards for drinking water, and it was found that well waters from Iva-Valley and Uwani areas suffer from Cd and Mn pollution. The remaining four locations (Emene, Asata, Abakpa Nike and Achara Layout) were all free from Cd and Mn pollution. Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb concentrations were either completely absent or below world threshold limits at all the locations.
The quality groundwater for irrigation in Fetzara basin, northeast AlgeriaInnspub Net
The document summarizes a study on the quality of groundwater in the Fetzara basin in northeast Algeria for irrigation purposes. Hydrochemical analysis of 25 groundwater samples found that salinity ranged from 1240-6390 μS/cm, with most samples classified as moderately saline. Evaluation of sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and electrical conductivity (EC) found that 40% of samples were classified as C3S1 (high salinity, low sodium water) suitable for irrigation in most soils, while 60% were C4S1 (high salinity, low sodium) with some danger of exchangeable sodium and salinity issues. However, some samples had unsuitable values for sodium percentage, Kelly's index, magnesium hazards
This document summarizes a study on microbial metal cycling and bioaccumulation in roadside soils and streams. The study aims to establish relationships between urbanization and pollutant concentrations in a local stream ecosystem. Researchers analyzed metal concentrations in insects, soils, and sediments from different zones of a creek. They also investigated microbial oxidation and reduction of antimony species from roadside soils and isolated bacterial strains to study metabolic pathways. Preliminary results found higher arsenic and lead levels in downstream insects and trace antimony reduction by soils microbes. The study provides background on metal pollution impacts and aims to further examine seasonal shifts and microbial antimony processing.
This study evaluated the quality of irrigation water resources in the central Albanian regions of Kavaja and Kruja over 2009-2010. Water samples were collected and analyzed for various parameters including pH, salts, chemicals, and nutrients. The results found that water resources in Kruja generally had low salt levels within established standards. However, resources in Kavaja showed higher salt levels that could cause light soil salinity issues in some areas. Specifically, sodium and chloride levels in certain Kavaja resources posed toxicity risks. Based on standards, the study classified all resources as Class 2 quality. The authors conclude continuous monitoring is needed due to pollution risks from increasing industrial and urban activities in the regions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1) Acid mine drainage is a major water pollution problem in Pennsylvania due to the state's long history of coal mining. When pyrite in coal mines is exposed to air and water, it produces sulfuric acid and dissolved metals that severely degrade water quality and aquatic habitats.
2) Chemical treatment using alkaline substances like limestone is currently the most common method to neutralize acidity and precipitate metals out of the water. However, it is expensive to operate and maintain. Passive treatment methods like constructed wetlands are becoming more widely used because they have lower long-term costs.
3) Wetlands can successfully remediate acid mine drainage through natural processes that raise the pH and remove metals. Pennsylvania is
This study analyzed heavy metal concentrations in sediments from River Ethiope in Delta State, Nigeria. Samples were collected from five sites along the river during dry and rainy seasons. The metals analyzed included Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni, V, and Pb. Zinc levels were highest, ranging from 0.84-2.24 mg/kg. Lead levels were also elevated in the most industrialized area of Sapele. Iron levels were highest in Abraka. Most metal levels were low and within world standards, indicating little environmental contamination risk currently. Correlation analysis found three groups of metals: one where Cr, Zn, Ni and V strongly correlated; another where Fe, Zn, Mn,
1. The document analyzes water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, chlorophyll a, and redox potential in five lakes located at the University of Notre Dame Research Center.
2. A variety of sampling equipment was used to collect samples from the lakes which were then tested in the lab.
3. The results found that redox potential and conductivity varied with depth in the lakes, influenced by factors like dissolved oxygen levels and dissolved ion concentrations. Respiration and methanogenesis were identified as important metabolic pathways supported by the redox potentials.
This study analyzed lead levels in soil samples from different sites in Baghdad, Iraq during 2008. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to determine total and ionic lead concentrations. Results found higher lead levels in Al-Karkh sites compared to Al-Rasafa sites, with the highest levels near an old car battery factory. Ionic lead levels were more important indicators of environmental pollution risk than total lead. Children are most at risk of health effects from lead exposure through soil ingestion and inhalation. The analytical methods used to determine lead concentrations were accurate and precise.
This document summarizes a student research project that analyzed concentrations of arsenic, lead, manganese, and nickel in sediments from Possession Sound, which is influenced by discharge from the Snohomish River. Sediment samples were taken from two sites and analyzed for heavy metal concentrations. The student hypothesized that metal concentrations would be higher at one site due to shallower sediments and that concentrations would increase with river discharge. Statistical analysis did not find a strong correlation with discharge, suggesting other internal estuary processes influence metal mobility. The document provides background on sources and environmental impacts of each metal.
This document provides descriptions of commonly considered water quality constituents including dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, pH and acidity, nutrients, conductivity and dissolved solids, and metals, pesticides, and other organic contaminants. It explains how each constituent affects water quality and aquatic life. For example, it describes how dissolved oxygen levels influence what types of fish can survive, how biochemical oxygen demand reduces dissolved oxygen, and how pH affects the solubility of chemicals and their toxicity to aquatic organisms.
The thesis examines the spatial and temporal distribution of iron and manganese in groundwater in Chandrapur District, Maharashtra. The study aims to understand the distribution of iron and manganese with respect to source type, depth, season and other factors. It also aims to identify plausible sources of iron and manganese in groundwater. The methodology involves literature review, sampling groundwater from identified locations, analyzing iron and manganese concentrations, and interpreting the data. Key findings show seasonal and spatial variations in iron and manganese levels, with some sources exceeding Indian drinking water standards. Depth, rainfall, and altitude also influence concentration levels. The study helps characterize groundwater quality in the district and identify sources of contamination.
Zander 2007 - Allochthonous DOC in floodplain riversAlek Zander
This research article explores using solid phase microextraction gas chromatography (SPME-GC) to fingerprint dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from various allochthonous sources in floodplain rivers. SPME-GC is a solventless extraction technique that can detect semi-volatile and volatile organic compounds in DOC at parts-per-trillion levels. The study examines DOC leachates from leaves, bark, grass, soil and algae collected from the Murrumbidgee River floodplain. Preliminary results found each source material produced complex chromatograms of over 100 compounds and hierarchical cluster analysis distinguished the chemical profiles between sources, indicating SPME-GC could identify source-specific markers for DOC.
This document discusses acid drainage from mines. It begins by explaining how acid drainage forms when sulfide minerals are exposed to air and water, releasing sulfuric acid and soluble metals. This can damage aquatic ecosystems and require expensive long-term remediation. The document then reviews techniques for preventing, minimizing, and treating acid drainage, emphasizing that integrating these approaches into mining operations is best practice. It evaluates various established and emerging control methods, considering factors like environmental risk, economics, regulations, climate, and site logistics.
Comparative study of rates of biosorption for selected single and mixed metal...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the rates of biosorption of heavy metal ions (Cu, Zn, Pb) using the brown algae Ascophyllum nodosum. The study examined biosorption rates for single and mixed metal ions. It found that Pb was most biosorbed while Zn was least biosorbed, and that the order of preference for the active sites on the algae was Pb>Cu>Zn. The data fit the Langmuir isotherm model best, indicating homogeneous binding sites. Reaction kinetics followed pseudo-second order behavior. Presence of other metal ions did not significantly affect biosorption rates of individual ions.
Efficiency of Carbonate Precipitation and Removal of Copper and Nickel Ions f...AnuragSingh1049
The effect of pH and initial concentration on the removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent and two-component aqueous solutions using Na2CO3 as a chemical precipitation agent was investigated in this paper. Monocomponent aqueous solutions of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions with their initial concentrations of 50 and 500 mg/L and two-component aqueous solution with initial concentration of 500 mg/L were prepared. The precipitation was carried out by batch method at room temperature by stirring the solution at 300 rpm for 5 minutes, resulting in the formation of precipitates. The resulting precipitate was separated by filtration from the solution. The experiment proved that Na2CO3 is a good agent for removing Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent water solutions of 50 and 500 mg/L concentration and two-component water solution with initial concentration of each metal 500 mg/L. The percentage of Cu(II) removal was higher at lower pH values compared to Ni(II) removal.
This study analyzed sediment cores from five sites along Cockle Creek in New South Wales, Australia to assess lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) levels. X-ray fluorescence detected increasing numbers of elements from upstream to downstream sites. No Pb was detected. ICP analysis found higher average Pb (284.68 mg/kg vs 226.12 mg/kg) and Zn (683.86 mg/kg vs 587.96 mg/kg) levels in deeper sediments. Pb levels were below 600 mg/kg at all sites except the bottom half of Site 5 sediment. Zn levels exceeded Australian guidelines at all sites. The results were consistent with prior studies conducted nearby.
The document summarizes a study that assessed heavy metal pollution in the Panchganga River in India and biomagnification of heavy metals in molluscs. The study found alarming levels of heavy metal contamination in the river, with some metal concentrations exceeding legal limits. Several heavy metals accumulated in high levels in the tissues of mollusc species collected from the river. Continuous monitoring is needed to limit further pollution in the river, which affects the health of the entire river ecosystem.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The document summarizes a study on the physico-chemical characterization of water quality in Dayet Aoua lake in Morocco. Key findings from the study include:
1) The lake water is transparent with a maximum depth of 5.3 meters. Temperatures ranged from 7.1°C to 25.6°C depending on the season.
2) pH levels remained alkaline between 7.77 and 11.45. Dissolved oxygen levels indicated the lake is well oxygenated.
3) Nutrient levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorophyll-a were low, indicating an absence of organic pollution and classifying the lake as mesotrophic.
IRJET- Heavy Metal Contamination of Groundwater in Guwahati City, Assam, IndiaIRJET Journal
This document analyzes heavy metal contamination of groundwater in Guwahati City, Assam, India. 27 groundwater samples were tested for levels of cadmium, lead, iron, and arsenic and compared to WHO maximum contaminant levels. The results found high percentages of samples exceeded WHO limits for cadmium and iron in both wet and dry seasons, while most lead levels were within limits except in the dry season. Arsenic levels were below limits in both seasons. The contamination poses health risks to the local population reliant on groundwater.
This work contributes to the monitoring of water pollution of some selected Dams in Katsina
State, North western Nigeria by assessing the degree of heavy metal pollution in the Dams sediment samples.
The study was conducted in the year 2017 within some selected Dams in the State (Ajiwa, Zobe,
Sabke/Dannakola) that are beehives of fishing and Agricultural activities in Katsina State. Analysis for the
concentration of these heavy metals; Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn was conducted by the use of AAS (by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. Several indices were used to assess the metal contamination
levels in the sediment samples, namely; Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF),
Contamination Factor (CF), Degree of Contamination (Cd), Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Potential
Ecological Risk Index (PERI). The result of this study has shown that generally among the heavy metals
evaluated, the highest concentration was observed for Fe (range: 2.6718-4.2830 ppm), followed by Zn (range:
0.4265-0.7376 ppm), Cr (range: 0.1106-0.1836 ppm), Cd (range: 0.1333-0.1273 ppm) and Mn (range: 0.1136-
0.1271 ppm). While Pb has the lowest concentration (range: 0.0472-0.0598 ppm). For all the site sampled the
heavy metal Ni was below detection level (BDL). From the results of heavy metals I-geo values, according to
Muller’s classification, all the sediment samples from the selected dams were unpolluted (class 0). The result for
the enrichment factor has shown that for all the selected dam sediment samples the heavy metals show
deficiency to minimal enrichment. Also based on the contamination factors for all sediment samples the heavy
metal Cd has a CF values range of 0.5430-0.6665 (~1), indicating that the sediment samples are moderately
contaminated with Cd. In contrast, the rest of the heavy metals exhibit low contamination in general. The value
of PLI ranges from 0.2408 to 0.4935, indicating unpolluted to moderate pollution. The Eri values for all
samples are all < 40, presenting low ecological risk. The results suggest that the sediment samples from the
selected dams in Katsina state has low contamination by the heavy metals evaluated.
Assessment Of Heavy Metal In Sediment Of Orogodo River, Agbor, Delta State.docxResearchWap
This study was carried out to examine heavy metals concentration in sediment of upstream and downstream of the entry of the sewage to the Orogodo River, Agbor, Delta state Nigeria . Samples were collected from upstream and downstream and were analyzed for Heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, Ca, Mg, Co, Mn and Zn) by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. It shows the concentration of iron, cadmium, manganese, cobalt, chromium, zinc, magnesium, calcium, nickel, lead and copper in mg/kg in sediments sampled.Some specific physico-chemical characteristics, such as TDS, pH, Temperature and conductivity which are known to influence the interactions and dynamics of metals within the sediment. The mean value of the metals listed above in all the six locations gave 126.09mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.538mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.141mg/kg, 1.789mg/kg, 1.258mg/kg, 9.49mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.112mg/kg and 0.0827mg/kg respectively.. The result of the analysis It shown that the concentrations of heavy metal like Zn, Pb, Cr, Ca, Cu, Co, Mg, Mn, Cd and Ni in the sediment are low, but require monitoring to prevent an increase. Hence the concentration of Fe is higher when compared with the WHO and FEPA standard for sediment which may constitute risk to the environment. The concentration of heavy metals varies for the different locations. Based on the result of the analysis, recommendations were offered to reduce the concentration of heavy metal of the river.
Heavy metals like chromium, copper, cadmium, lead, and nickel were found to contaminate drinking water in Agra City, India. Chromium levels were highest, likely due to chrome tanning used in many local leather industries. Concentrations of chromium, copper, and lead exceeded permissible limits, posing health risks. Removing heavy metals using biotechnology methods like microorganisms that absorb metals was suggested to improve water quality and protect public health.
Impact of Iron and Steel Industry on Ground Water Quality of Tungabhadra Rive...IJARIIT
Bellary district has 25 % of India's Iron ore reserves and is well known for its rich iron and manganese ore
reserves. Iron ore deposits in Bellary district are widespread and have been a backbone to industrial development in the region.
The environmental impact of large scale mining activities includes soil erosion, formation of sinkholes, loss of biodiversity,
and contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water by chemicals from mining processes.In this paper, efforts have been
made to assess the quality of Tunga - Bhadra river water extensive survey and laboratory analysis which would give the
information about ‘Impacts on reservoir water quality’ due to the Iron and steel industry. Also an attempt has made for
controlling the groundwater pollution, which would serve as a basis to evolve suitable management strategy for the District.
Therefore there is a significant changes in values of different parameters of ground water sources indicate the influence of
industrial wastes on ground water.
Investigation of heavy metals content (Cd , Ni and Pb) in the muscle tissue o...Innspub Net
This study has been done to determine the amount of the heavy metals like Cd, Ni, and Pb in the muscle tissue of Hoof benthic fish (Psettodes erumei) and urban pelagic fish (Lethrinus nebulosus) in Qeshm Island in the north of the Persian Gulf. On the whole, the heavy metal content of 30 tissue samples was randomly measured by atomic absorption spectrometer. The mean amount of Cd and Ni in benthic Hoof was significantly greater than that in the Urban pelagic fish while the concentration of pb in urban pelagic fish was higher than that in the Hoof tissue samples (P<0.05). Our results showed that the concentration of the three measured heavy metals in the fishes studied was less than the standard levels proposed by WHO and FAO. Get via original link: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/investigation-of-heavy-metals-content-cd-ni-and-pb-in-the-muscle-tissue-of-two-commercial-fishes-of-the-qeshm-island-persian-gulf/
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1) Acid mine drainage is a major water pollution problem in Pennsylvania due to the state's long history of coal mining. When pyrite in coal mines is exposed to air and water, it produces sulfuric acid and dissolved metals that severely degrade water quality and aquatic habitats.
2) Chemical treatment using alkaline substances like limestone is currently the most common method to neutralize acidity and precipitate metals out of the water. However, it is expensive to operate and maintain. Passive treatment methods like constructed wetlands are becoming more widely used because they have lower long-term costs.
3) Wetlands can successfully remediate acid mine drainage through natural processes that raise the pH and remove metals. Pennsylvania is
This study analyzed heavy metal concentrations in sediments from River Ethiope in Delta State, Nigeria. Samples were collected from five sites along the river during dry and rainy seasons. The metals analyzed included Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni, V, and Pb. Zinc levels were highest, ranging from 0.84-2.24 mg/kg. Lead levels were also elevated in the most industrialized area of Sapele. Iron levels were highest in Abraka. Most metal levels were low and within world standards, indicating little environmental contamination risk currently. Correlation analysis found three groups of metals: one where Cr, Zn, Ni and V strongly correlated; another where Fe, Zn, Mn,
1. The document analyzes water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, chlorophyll a, and redox potential in five lakes located at the University of Notre Dame Research Center.
2. A variety of sampling equipment was used to collect samples from the lakes which were then tested in the lab.
3. The results found that redox potential and conductivity varied with depth in the lakes, influenced by factors like dissolved oxygen levels and dissolved ion concentrations. Respiration and methanogenesis were identified as important metabolic pathways supported by the redox potentials.
This study analyzed lead levels in soil samples from different sites in Baghdad, Iraq during 2008. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to determine total and ionic lead concentrations. Results found higher lead levels in Al-Karkh sites compared to Al-Rasafa sites, with the highest levels near an old car battery factory. Ionic lead levels were more important indicators of environmental pollution risk than total lead. Children are most at risk of health effects from lead exposure through soil ingestion and inhalation. The analytical methods used to determine lead concentrations were accurate and precise.
This document summarizes a student research project that analyzed concentrations of arsenic, lead, manganese, and nickel in sediments from Possession Sound, which is influenced by discharge from the Snohomish River. Sediment samples were taken from two sites and analyzed for heavy metal concentrations. The student hypothesized that metal concentrations would be higher at one site due to shallower sediments and that concentrations would increase with river discharge. Statistical analysis did not find a strong correlation with discharge, suggesting other internal estuary processes influence metal mobility. The document provides background on sources and environmental impacts of each metal.
This document provides descriptions of commonly considered water quality constituents including dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, pH and acidity, nutrients, conductivity and dissolved solids, and metals, pesticides, and other organic contaminants. It explains how each constituent affects water quality and aquatic life. For example, it describes how dissolved oxygen levels influence what types of fish can survive, how biochemical oxygen demand reduces dissolved oxygen, and how pH affects the solubility of chemicals and their toxicity to aquatic organisms.
The thesis examines the spatial and temporal distribution of iron and manganese in groundwater in Chandrapur District, Maharashtra. The study aims to understand the distribution of iron and manganese with respect to source type, depth, season and other factors. It also aims to identify plausible sources of iron and manganese in groundwater. The methodology involves literature review, sampling groundwater from identified locations, analyzing iron and manganese concentrations, and interpreting the data. Key findings show seasonal and spatial variations in iron and manganese levels, with some sources exceeding Indian drinking water standards. Depth, rainfall, and altitude also influence concentration levels. The study helps characterize groundwater quality in the district and identify sources of contamination.
Zander 2007 - Allochthonous DOC in floodplain riversAlek Zander
This research article explores using solid phase microextraction gas chromatography (SPME-GC) to fingerprint dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from various allochthonous sources in floodplain rivers. SPME-GC is a solventless extraction technique that can detect semi-volatile and volatile organic compounds in DOC at parts-per-trillion levels. The study examines DOC leachates from leaves, bark, grass, soil and algae collected from the Murrumbidgee River floodplain. Preliminary results found each source material produced complex chromatograms of over 100 compounds and hierarchical cluster analysis distinguished the chemical profiles between sources, indicating SPME-GC could identify source-specific markers for DOC.
This document discusses acid drainage from mines. It begins by explaining how acid drainage forms when sulfide minerals are exposed to air and water, releasing sulfuric acid and soluble metals. This can damage aquatic ecosystems and require expensive long-term remediation. The document then reviews techniques for preventing, minimizing, and treating acid drainage, emphasizing that integrating these approaches into mining operations is best practice. It evaluates various established and emerging control methods, considering factors like environmental risk, economics, regulations, climate, and site logistics.
Comparative study of rates of biosorption for selected single and mixed metal...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the rates of biosorption of heavy metal ions (Cu, Zn, Pb) using the brown algae Ascophyllum nodosum. The study examined biosorption rates for single and mixed metal ions. It found that Pb was most biosorbed while Zn was least biosorbed, and that the order of preference for the active sites on the algae was Pb>Cu>Zn. The data fit the Langmuir isotherm model best, indicating homogeneous binding sites. Reaction kinetics followed pseudo-second order behavior. Presence of other metal ions did not significantly affect biosorption rates of individual ions.
Efficiency of Carbonate Precipitation and Removal of Copper and Nickel Ions f...AnuragSingh1049
The effect of pH and initial concentration on the removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent and two-component aqueous solutions using Na2CO3 as a chemical precipitation agent was investigated in this paper. Monocomponent aqueous solutions of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions with their initial concentrations of 50 and 500 mg/L and two-component aqueous solution with initial concentration of 500 mg/L were prepared. The precipitation was carried out by batch method at room temperature by stirring the solution at 300 rpm for 5 minutes, resulting in the formation of precipitates. The resulting precipitate was separated by filtration from the solution. The experiment proved that Na2CO3 is a good agent for removing Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent water solutions of 50 and 500 mg/L concentration and two-component water solution with initial concentration of each metal 500 mg/L. The percentage of Cu(II) removal was higher at lower pH values compared to Ni(II) removal.
This study analyzed sediment cores from five sites along Cockle Creek in New South Wales, Australia to assess lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) levels. X-ray fluorescence detected increasing numbers of elements from upstream to downstream sites. No Pb was detected. ICP analysis found higher average Pb (284.68 mg/kg vs 226.12 mg/kg) and Zn (683.86 mg/kg vs 587.96 mg/kg) levels in deeper sediments. Pb levels were below 600 mg/kg at all sites except the bottom half of Site 5 sediment. Zn levels exceeded Australian guidelines at all sites. The results were consistent with prior studies conducted nearby.
The document summarizes a study that assessed heavy metal pollution in the Panchganga River in India and biomagnification of heavy metals in molluscs. The study found alarming levels of heavy metal contamination in the river, with some metal concentrations exceeding legal limits. Several heavy metals accumulated in high levels in the tissues of mollusc species collected from the river. Continuous monitoring is needed to limit further pollution in the river, which affects the health of the entire river ecosystem.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The document summarizes a study on the physico-chemical characterization of water quality in Dayet Aoua lake in Morocco. Key findings from the study include:
1) The lake water is transparent with a maximum depth of 5.3 meters. Temperatures ranged from 7.1°C to 25.6°C depending on the season.
2) pH levels remained alkaline between 7.77 and 11.45. Dissolved oxygen levels indicated the lake is well oxygenated.
3) Nutrient levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorophyll-a were low, indicating an absence of organic pollution and classifying the lake as mesotrophic.
IRJET- Heavy Metal Contamination of Groundwater in Guwahati City, Assam, IndiaIRJET Journal
This document analyzes heavy metal contamination of groundwater in Guwahati City, Assam, India. 27 groundwater samples were tested for levels of cadmium, lead, iron, and arsenic and compared to WHO maximum contaminant levels. The results found high percentages of samples exceeded WHO limits for cadmium and iron in both wet and dry seasons, while most lead levels were within limits except in the dry season. Arsenic levels were below limits in both seasons. The contamination poses health risks to the local population reliant on groundwater.
This work contributes to the monitoring of water pollution of some selected Dams in Katsina
State, North western Nigeria by assessing the degree of heavy metal pollution in the Dams sediment samples.
The study was conducted in the year 2017 within some selected Dams in the State (Ajiwa, Zobe,
Sabke/Dannakola) that are beehives of fishing and Agricultural activities in Katsina State. Analysis for the
concentration of these heavy metals; Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn was conducted by the use of AAS (by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. Several indices were used to assess the metal contamination
levels in the sediment samples, namely; Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF),
Contamination Factor (CF), Degree of Contamination (Cd), Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Potential
Ecological Risk Index (PERI). The result of this study has shown that generally among the heavy metals
evaluated, the highest concentration was observed for Fe (range: 2.6718-4.2830 ppm), followed by Zn (range:
0.4265-0.7376 ppm), Cr (range: 0.1106-0.1836 ppm), Cd (range: 0.1333-0.1273 ppm) and Mn (range: 0.1136-
0.1271 ppm). While Pb has the lowest concentration (range: 0.0472-0.0598 ppm). For all the site sampled the
heavy metal Ni was below detection level (BDL). From the results of heavy metals I-geo values, according to
Muller’s classification, all the sediment samples from the selected dams were unpolluted (class 0). The result for
the enrichment factor has shown that for all the selected dam sediment samples the heavy metals show
deficiency to minimal enrichment. Also based on the contamination factors for all sediment samples the heavy
metal Cd has a CF values range of 0.5430-0.6665 (~1), indicating that the sediment samples are moderately
contaminated with Cd. In contrast, the rest of the heavy metals exhibit low contamination in general. The value
of PLI ranges from 0.2408 to 0.4935, indicating unpolluted to moderate pollution. The Eri values for all
samples are all < 40, presenting low ecological risk. The results suggest that the sediment samples from the
selected dams in Katsina state has low contamination by the heavy metals evaluated.
Assessment Of Heavy Metal In Sediment Of Orogodo River, Agbor, Delta State.docxResearchWap
This study was carried out to examine heavy metals concentration in sediment of upstream and downstream of the entry of the sewage to the Orogodo River, Agbor, Delta state Nigeria . Samples were collected from upstream and downstream and were analyzed for Heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, Ca, Mg, Co, Mn and Zn) by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. It shows the concentration of iron, cadmium, manganese, cobalt, chromium, zinc, magnesium, calcium, nickel, lead and copper in mg/kg in sediments sampled.Some specific physico-chemical characteristics, such as TDS, pH, Temperature and conductivity which are known to influence the interactions and dynamics of metals within the sediment. The mean value of the metals listed above in all the six locations gave 126.09mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.538mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.141mg/kg, 1.789mg/kg, 1.258mg/kg, 9.49mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.112mg/kg and 0.0827mg/kg respectively.. The result of the analysis It shown that the concentrations of heavy metal like Zn, Pb, Cr, Ca, Cu, Co, Mg, Mn, Cd and Ni in the sediment are low, but require monitoring to prevent an increase. Hence the concentration of Fe is higher when compared with the WHO and FEPA standard for sediment which may constitute risk to the environment. The concentration of heavy metals varies for the different locations. Based on the result of the analysis, recommendations were offered to reduce the concentration of heavy metal of the river.
Heavy metals like chromium, copper, cadmium, lead, and nickel were found to contaminate drinking water in Agra City, India. Chromium levels were highest, likely due to chrome tanning used in many local leather industries. Concentrations of chromium, copper, and lead exceeded permissible limits, posing health risks. Removing heavy metals using biotechnology methods like microorganisms that absorb metals was suggested to improve water quality and protect public health.
Impact of Iron and Steel Industry on Ground Water Quality of Tungabhadra Rive...IJARIIT
Bellary district has 25 % of India's Iron ore reserves and is well known for its rich iron and manganese ore
reserves. Iron ore deposits in Bellary district are widespread and have been a backbone to industrial development in the region.
The environmental impact of large scale mining activities includes soil erosion, formation of sinkholes, loss of biodiversity,
and contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water by chemicals from mining processes.In this paper, efforts have been
made to assess the quality of Tunga - Bhadra river water extensive survey and laboratory analysis which would give the
information about ‘Impacts on reservoir water quality’ due to the Iron and steel industry. Also an attempt has made for
controlling the groundwater pollution, which would serve as a basis to evolve suitable management strategy for the District.
Therefore there is a significant changes in values of different parameters of ground water sources indicate the influence of
industrial wastes on ground water.
Investigation of heavy metals content (Cd , Ni and Pb) in the muscle tissue o...Innspub Net
This study has been done to determine the amount of the heavy metals like Cd, Ni, and Pb in the muscle tissue of Hoof benthic fish (Psettodes erumei) and urban pelagic fish (Lethrinus nebulosus) in Qeshm Island in the north of the Persian Gulf. On the whole, the heavy metal content of 30 tissue samples was randomly measured by atomic absorption spectrometer. The mean amount of Cd and Ni in benthic Hoof was significantly greater than that in the Urban pelagic fish while the concentration of pb in urban pelagic fish was higher than that in the Hoof tissue samples (P<0.05). Our results showed that the concentration of the three measured heavy metals in the fishes studied was less than the standard levels proposed by WHO and FAO. Get via original link: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/investigation-of-heavy-metals-content-cd-ni-and-pb-in-the-muscle-tissue-of-two-commercial-fishes-of-the-qeshm-island-persian-gulf/
10 a study of heavy metal pollution of ghaggar river ravi pareekBIOLOGICAL FORUM
1. The study analyzed heavy metal pollution in the Ghaggar River throughout its 466 km stretch in India. Water samples from 16 sites were tested for concentrations of metals including Fe, Hg, As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cr.
2. The results showed that Fe had the highest concentration among the metals tested, followed by Zn, Ni, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, and As, which was absent from all samples. Some metal concentrations exceeded national drinking water guidelines.
3. Sources of heavy metal pollution included domestic, industrial, and municipal wastewaters discharged into the river along its course. High metal levels could pose health risks to humans and aquatic
Analysis and assessment of essential toxic heavy metals, ph andAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed heavy metal contamination in river banks and adjacent agricultural soils along a 48 km section of the Ishaqi River in Iraq. Samples were taken from 10 sites and analyzed for zinc, copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, chromium, cadmium, vanadium and lead using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results showed higher concentrations of most metals in river banks compared to soils. Nickel, zinc, manganese and iron exceeded permissible levels in both river banks and soils. The highest metal concentrations were found at sites near residential and industrial areas, indicating pollution from waste discharges.
Concentration of metal pollutants in river kubanni, zaria, nigeria.Alexander Decker
The document analyzes metal pollutant concentration levels in River Kubanni in Zaria, Nigeria. Sediment samples were collected from four locations along the river and analyzed using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis. 29 metal pollutants were identified, including magnesium, aluminum, calcium, titanium, vanadium, manganese, and more. Concentration levels varied along the river's course and between pollutants. Most metal contaminants originated from anthropogenic activities in the catchment area, while some were from geological formations. The presence of many metals could negatively impact human health due to carcinogenic and bioaccumulative properties. Control of polluting activities in the catchment area was recommended.
Separation, characterization and leaching behaviors of heavy metals in contam...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the characterization and leaching behaviors of heavy metals in contaminated river sediments. Sequential extraction tests found that heavy metal concentrations exceeded sediment quality standards. Acidic washing and chelation extraction treatments were then tested to remove heavy metals. Acid washing with 2N HCl for 120 minutes achieved the highest removal rates of 70-90% for different heavy metals. Chelation extraction with 0.5M citric acid for 120 minutes removed 36.69% of copper, while 0.5M EDTA for 120 minutes removed 45.83% of lead and 0.5M malic acid for 120 minutes removed 62.1% of zinc. The study concludes that acid washing and chelation agent extraction
Separation, characterization and leaching behaviors of heavy metals in contam...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the separation, characterization, and leaching behaviors of heavy metals in contaminated river sediments. The study involved analyzing sediment samples from rivers in central Taiwan to understand the concentration and chemical forms of heavy metals present, including copper, lead, zinc, nickel, and chromium. Sequential extraction tests showed most metals exceeded sediment quality standards. Acid washing experiments found heavy metal removal efficiencies were highest for nickel, zinc, lead, copper, and chromium when washed with HCl for 120 minutes. Results indicate some metals exist in residual forms in sediments but become more exchangeable after washing, increasing bioavailability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document analyzes heavy metal concentrations in water samples collected from Singanamala Tank in Andhra Pradesh, India between 2011-2013. Heavy metals measured include lithium, aluminum, vanadium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, silver, cadmium, cesium, barium, titanium, lead, and uranium. Testing was done using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Results found that concentrations of most metals exceeded desirable limits for drinking water set by Indian standards. The high levels were attributed to agricultural, industrial, and domestic waste entering the water body. In conclusion, the tank water was contaminated and could harm animal and human health if consumed.
Determination of mercury level in rana esculenta (frog), sediment and water f...Alexander Decker
1) The study measured mercury levels in edible frogs (Rana esculenta), sediment, and water from the River Guma in Benue State, Nigeria over three months.
2) Mercury levels were highest in frog livers, followed by intestines and muscles. No mercury was detected in the water.
3) Mercury concentrations in frog tissues were above the recommended WHO value but below levels that would pose health risks. The results indicate bioaccumulation of mercury in the food chain.
The document analyzes physicochemical properties and heavy metal concentrations of surface and underground water samples from iron mining areas in Kogi State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected during dry and rainy seasons from 7 locations. Results found pH to be weakly acidic in dry season and weakly alkaline in rainy season. Electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, alkalinity and hardness fell within recommended limits. Concentrations of heavy metals like lead, cadmium and chromium were higher than guidelines in some samples, indicating pollution from mining activities. Overall, the study assessed water quality in the mining region and found evidence of toxic metal contamination from mining impacts.
Seasonal variations in heavy metal status of the calabar river, cross river s...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined seasonal variations in heavy metal concentrations in the Calabar River in Cross River State, Nigeria. Surface water samples were collected during the wet and dry seasons across five stations and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that iron, zinc, manganese, copper, lead, and total hydrocarbon concentrations were low in both seasons and within acceptable limits. Some metals like chromium, cadmium, barium, nickel, vanadium and mercury were not detected. The sources of heavy metals included runoff from industrial, agricultural and residential areas during the wet season and effluent discharges from industrial and municipal waste during the dry season. The river's ecological status is important to protect.
Seasonal variations in heavy metal status of the calabar river, cross river s...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that examined seasonal variations in heavy metal concentrations in the Calabar River in Cross River State, Nigeria. Surface water samples were collected during the wet and dry seasons across five stations and analyzed for heavy metals. Results showed that iron, zinc, manganese, copper, lead, and total hydrocarbon concentrations were low in both seasons and within WHO standards. Chromium, cadmium, barium, nickel, vanadium and mercury were not detected. Some metals like iron, zinc, copper, lead and hydrocarbons varied significantly between seasons. The sources of heavy metals included runoff from industrial, agricultural and residential areas in the wet season and effluent discharges in the dry season. The river's heavy
This document summarizes a study that assessed heavy metal contamination in sediments of the River Ravi in Pakistan. Sediment samples were collected from 19 stations along the river and its tributaries. The study found:
1) Heavy metal concentrations varied significantly between sampling stations and ranged from 0.99-3.17 μg/g for cadmium, 4.60-57.40 μg/g for chromium, 2.22-18.53 μg/g for cobalt, and 3.38-159.79 μg/g for copper.
2) The highest copper concentration was found in Taj Company nulla tributary sediments, while the lowest cadmium level was observed at Lahore Siphon.
Potential Contamination of Mercury from Artisanal Gold MiningMarkus T Lasut
This presentation had been presented in the 9th International Conference of Mercury as Global Pollutan (ICMGP) at Guiyang China, 7-12 June, 2009 (http://www.mercury.2009.org)
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Bay...Open Access Research Paper
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
This document summarizes a study that tested the effectiveness of soap-based pesticides containing potassium laurate or potassium myristate combined with pyrethrum against the tomato disease Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) caused by aphids. Tomato plants arranged in 26 rows were sprayed biweekly or weekly with solutions of different pH combinations of the soap-potassium and pyrethrum mixtures. Results showed that a mixture of potassium laurate and pyrethrum at pH 7.52 was the most effective at controlling CMV, with 62% mortality of aphids. A potassium myristate-pyrethrum mixture at pH 7.20 was also effective but less so than the potassium laurate combination.
The document analyzes trace metal levels in various alcoholic beverages commonly consumed in Agra, India using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Metal concentrations were found to vary between beverage types. The highest copper and iron levels were detected in brandy and whisky, likely due to the use of copper stills in production. All metal levels measured were below regulatory limits. The study aims to provide data on essential mineral intake from alcoholic beverages and ensure metal levels do not pose health risks.
This document summarizes a study that tested the effectiveness of soap-based pesticides containing potassium laurate or potassium myristate combined with pyrethrum against the tomato disease Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) caused by aphids. Tomato plants arranged in 26 rows were sprayed biweekly or weekly with solutions of different pH combinations of the soap-potassium and pyrethrum mixtures. Results showed that a mixture of potassium laurate and pyrethrum at pH 7.52 was the most effective at controlling CMV, with 62% mortality of aphids. Potassium myristate combined with pyrethrum had lower effectiveness, with the highest mortality of 52% at pH 7.78. Therefore,
This document summarizes research on developing eco-friendly and economically viable plant protection products. It discusses how commonly used synthetic pesticides damage the environment. The researchers synthesized mixtures of potassium palmitate/pyrethroids and potassium stearate/pyrethroids as non-persistent insecticides against whiteflies on bean plants. Physical characterization techniques were used to analyze the formulations. Results showed the formulations were effective against whiteflies and viruses they transmit with minimal environmental impact. The formulations have potential as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides for controlling whiteflies and diseases on bean crops.
This document summarizes a study assessing groundwater quality in the Agra-Mathura region of India. Water samples were collected from 6 sites in Mathura and 6 sites in Agra and analyzed for physical and chemical parameters including total dissolved solids, pH, fluoride, and heavy metals. The results showed that total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity exceeded permissible limits at all sites. Fluoride concentrations were extremely high in Mathura, with some locations over 200 ppm compared to the safe limit of 1.5 ppm. Heavy metal levels of lead, chromium, and copper were also found to be higher than WHO limits in many locations. The high levels of pollutants indicate that the groundwater in the region is contaminated
This document summarizes a study analyzing concentrations of DDT and its metabolites in sediment samples from the Yamuna River in Agra, India. Physicochemical properties of the sediment samples like bulk density, moisture content, water holding capacity and organic matter content were also analyzed. DDT and its breakdown products p,p'-DDE and o,p'-DDT were detected in all sediment samples, with concentrations ranging from 175-213 μg/kg. The order of detection was p,p'-DDT > p,p'-DDE > o,p'-DDT. Higher concentrations and detection of DDT indicates recent inputs into the river system despite bans. Ratios above 0.33 of p,p'-DD
This document discusses the insecticidal effects of mixtures of potassium soap and pyrethroids on the potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) found in potato plants. Key points:
- PLRV is a virus transmitted to potato plants by whiteflies, causing leaf curling, stunting and yield reduction.
- Individual applications of potassium palmitate soap or pyrethroid insecticides were not very effective at controlling whiteflies.
- A mixture of potassium palmitate soap and pyrethroids was found to have enhanced insecticidal efficacy compared to individual components.
- Mixtures with a pH between 9.73-10.44 were most effective after 4 weeks of application, resulting in 45-59
The document summarizes the findings of a study on organochlorine pesticide concentrations in sediment samples from 12 sites along the River Yamuna in Agra, India. High levels of pesticides were found, particularly HCH isomers, which can be attributed to agricultural and public health uses of pesticides. Alpha-HCH and gamma-HCH were generally found at higher concentrations than other isomers. The distribution of pesticides was uneven across sampling sites and did not follow a single pattern, likely due to differences in pesticide and sediment properties as well as transportation and transformation processes. Pesticide concentrations pose risks to environmental and human health.
This document summarizes research on using fatty acid metallic salts as environmentally friendly herbicides. Specifically, it investigates using potassium laurate and potassium myristate to control the weed Parthenium hysterophorous and the moss Indian moss. The document describes how the metallic salts were prepared and characterized using infrared spectroscopy and conductivity measurements. It found that conductivity increased with concentration due to ionization and micelle formation. Concentration-mortality curves showed the critical micelle concentrations for the salts. Field tests then demonstrated that weekly applications of the salts controlled the target weed and moss.
1. 532
Available online at www.joac.info
ISSN: 2278-1862
Journal of Applicable Chemistry
2013, 2 (3): 532-538
(International Peer Reviewed Journal)
Comparative Study of Heavy Metal Contamination in Sediments
of Yamuna river, Agra
Dr. Susan Jaison * Nisha Sidhardhan, Neeru Saxena and Anjali Mishra
*Department of Chemistry, St. John’s College, Agra, INDIA
Email: susan.jaison@yahoo.com
Received on 6th
April and finalized on 30th
April 2013.
_____________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
The comparative account of contamination levels of different heavy metals in sediments of Yamuna at Agra
are compared with other river basin from worldwide and India. The concentration of heavy metal (Cr, Cu,
Ni, Pb, Zn & Cd) are higher in the present study than the other sites, but Mn, Co, Fe is comparable to
others. But comparison with lowest effect level (LEL) and probable effect level (PEL) shows that
concentrations of all the metals are above these values and they may create any epidemic to aquatic biota
and environment. Results of correlation matrix clearly indicate a moderate correlation between Cr/Pb,
Fe/Cr, Cd/Cr, Cr/Cu, Cr/Zn and Cr/Ni, Pb/Mn, Mn/Fe, Mn/Ni, Pb/Zn, Pb/Ni, Cu/Fe, Fe/Ni, Zn/Cu, Zn/Ni
and very strong correlation between Cu/Mn, Fe/Pb and a strong correlation was noticed between Zn/Mn,
Pb/Cu. This correlation clearly indicates their possible common sources from heavy minerals or from
urban centers as well as their common sink in stream sediments. Environmental risk assessment for metals
was also calculated by evaluating anthropogenic factor, metal enrichment factor, pollution load index
(PLI), sediment pollution index (SPI), geo-accumulation index (GAI).High metal enrichment factor was
identified for cadmium. The EFm of metals in sediments were found in the order
Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn>Cr>Ni>Co>Fe>Mn. High Efm values indicate the degrading quality of sediment. GAI
(Geo Accumulation Index) was observed in the order Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn>Cr, while Mn, Fe, Co, Ni were
found in class 0 indicate their background level. AG-9which is an agricultural site was found moderately
polluted site according to sediment pollution index. But all the other sites were found highly to
dangerously polluted. Hence, GAI and SPI clearly illustrate that sediment of Agra is moderately to
dangerously polluted with these metals. Anthropogenic factors were calculated for each metal. It is
estimated that 67% Cr, 80% Cu, 85% Zn, 79% Pb and 95% Cd were derived from anthropogenic input in
the total heavy metal concentration. These values clearly explain that metals could easily enter to the bio
cycle and could threat the lives of consumers at each level.
Keywords: Metal Enrichment Factor (EFm), Anthropogenic Fraction, Sediment Pollution Index
(SPI),Pollution Load Index (PLI), Geo Accumulation Index (GAI).
______________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
All the metals essential to life are toxic when present in excess of the optimum levels. Sediments are good
indicators of the input of metal into receiving water, because settling biogenic and other particles act as a
transporting carrier for heavy metal cations . The organic pollutants, mineral particles , the metal oxides
2. Susan Jaison et al Journal of Applicable Chemistry, 2013, 2 (3):532-538
533
www. joac.info
and hydroxides help in removing the dissolved contaminants from water but increase the metal
concentration in the sediment. Further dissolved matter is usually transported away from the outfall, while
suspended wastes may be deposited in their point of origin and cause heavier concentration of these
substances in sediments. There are no uniform distribution or incremental increase while going from
sampling sites AG1-AG12. This is due to the variation in the human activity and the effluent discharge
into the river. The result reveals that the sediment of river becomes rich in toxic metals. Humic colloids
carrying elements becomes coagulated and get deposited in the sediment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
After the initial survey of Yamuna river 12 sampling sites, AG1-AG12 (Fig.1) were chosen which cover
entire river in Agra. Composite samples were collected from surface layer of sediments in three seasons
over the period of two years .For analysis of trace metals, 5 g of each soil samples was weighed and
transferred to 100 ml beaker for digestion. 20 ml of aqua regia (1:3, HNO3: HCl) was added to each soil
samples and digested on a hot plate. Samples were slowly boiled and evaporated to about 10 to 15 ml.
Before drying, again similar amount of aqua was added and covered with a watch glass and heated to
obtain a gentle refluxing action. Continued heating and adding concentrated aqua regia was done until
digestion was completed as shown by a light colored and clear solution. Digested samples was made up to
100 ml with water and filtered with a Whatman filter paper (No.1). Filtered samples were stored and
analyzed for trace metals; Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Pb and Zn by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AA
Analyst 100, Perkin Elmer). All standards used were of A.R Grade.
Fig. 1- Sampling sites AG1-AG12
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The metal concentrations present in sediments are determined by AAS with explanation discussed here.
Chromium: The overall average concentration of chromium was 280 mg kg-1
in the sediment of river
Yamuna at Agra region. Cr is generally associated to be wear and tear produced products of automobiles
body parts. The higher concentration of Cr was detected in the down streams of cis Yamuna (376 mg kg-1
)
3. Susan Jaison et al Journal of Applicable Chemistry, 2013, 2 (3):532-538
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and trans Yamuna (317 mg kg-1
). Chromium toxicity result in irritation of gastrointestinal mucosa,
Bronchopneumonia, Chronic bronchitis and trachietis .
Manganese: Mn is a vital micronutrient for both plant and animals, but excessive intake can cause
manganisim and other problems related to stomach. Mn was ranged 384-775 mg kg-1
in the sediment.
Iron: Iron is directly associated with a high content of organic matter. The overall average concentration
of Fe in the sediment of river Yamuna at Agra region was 39,088 mg kg-1
. Fe concentration was found of
the highest at Trans Yamuna (downstream) with an average of 42754 mg kg-1
, followed by cis Yamuna
(downstream) 3919±4161 mg kg-1
. The average Concentration of Fe in sediments of upstream were 34885
mg kg-1
(Cis Yamuna) and 38504 mg kg-1
(Trans Yamuna).
The highest Concentration of Mn and Fe in sediments are due to the effluent discharge by the number of
Fe Foundries situated in Agra. As the sediment of river Yamuna is highly alkaline, these metals are
precipitated as hydroxide under alkaline pH.
Lead: Lead is derived almost exclusively from the combustion of gasoline containing Pb and the knock
additives. Concentration of Pb ranged from 31-266.8 mg kg-1
in the sediment of river Yamuna at Agra.
The Pb deposition is not uniform, which reflux differences in the quantity of exhaust fumes deposition into
the drains. The highest concentration of Pb was detected in the trans Yamuna 247 and 306 mg kg-1
river
sediment than the cis Yamuna 38 and 175 mg kg-1
(table 1). Higher values for Pb in river sediment may be
due to the atmospheric inputs from the vehicular emissions, prevalent usage of Pb pipes and discharges
from industries situated in the adjacent areas. Durum et.al., shown that the solubility of Pb is low in
alkaline surface waters and due to the rainfall and dust fall, Pb will be transferred to river sediment, where
it tends to accumulate. Pb accumulates in myolin bone of animals and man, from where it can be excreted
slowly. A large affinity of Pb2+
ions form thiols and phosphate containing ligands inhibit the biosynthesis
of heme and there by effect the permeability of kidney, liver and brain cells.
Cadmium: The average concentration of Cd in the sediment of Agra river was 2-40 mg kg-1
. It was found
maximum at AG6 40 mg kg-1
(table 1). This higher concentration of Cd was found in downstream of cis
Yamuna 22 mg kg-1
and trans Yamuna 22 mg kg-1
compared to upstream cis Yamuna4 mg kg-1
and trans
Yamuna 5 mg kg-1
. Cd is a toxic element for human as well as for environment. Drinking water
containing excessive Cd led to the occurrence of itai-itai disease among the Japanese.
Copper: Cu is one of the essential components of numerous metalloenzymes and plays a vital role in the
homopoieis, maintenance of vascular and skeleton integrity and function of nervous system. But the higher
concentration of Cu causes toxicity of human beings include congestion of nasal mucous membranes and
pharynx, stuffiness of the head. It may also cause edema of the eyelid.
The average concentrations of Cu in different sites of sediments were 401 mg kg-1
. The higher
concentration of copper may be attributed to the heavy waste water discharge from industries.
Zinc: Among the micronutrients, Zn has been reported to be a limiting nutrient for normal yield. Excess of
zinc affects the metabolism of humans by changing their minerals and enzyme budget especially in
children and persons already suffering from a irregular metabolism. The concentration of zinc varied 496
at cis Yamuna (upstream) to 922 trans Yamuna (downstream)) in different sediments samples. The
concentration of zinc is in trans Yamuna higher than cis Yamuna shows higher anthropogenic activities in
trans Yamuna. Zn in sediment is the result of refused burning. Zinc toxicity causes muscular incardination,
dizziness, renal failure and anemia.
Cobalt: Cobalt cannot be destroyed once it has entered the environment. It may react with other particles
or adsorb on soil particles or water sediments. Cobalt will only mobilize under acidic conditions, but
ultimately most cobalt will end up in soils and sediments. The overall average concentration of Co was
4. Susan Jaison et al Journal of Applicable Chemistry, 2013, 2 (3):532-538
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found 18 mg kg-1
. Soils/sediments that contain very low amounts of cobalt may grow plants that have a
deficiency of cobalt. But in excess it can cause polycythemia and respiratory ailments, cardiomyopathy,
thyroid abnormalities.
Nickel: The concentration of nickel was found to be 112 mg kg-1
in different sites of sediment of river
Yamuna at Agra region. It is almost similar in cis Yamuna upstream 96 mg kg-1
and downstream 97 mg
kg-1
In trans Yamuna upstream 123 mg kg-1
and downstream 136 mg kg-1
. Nickel is mainly introduced in
environment by detergents, smoking and it was found in many foodstuffs like chocolates. Nickel fumes are
respiratory irritants and may cause pneumonitis.
Environment Rich Assessment: There are many methods for the environmental assessment on heavy
metal pollution of sediment. When certain method is applied to assess the pollution extend of heavy
metals, the factors including pollution caused by human geo-chemical background value and the formation
and rotten effects of rock in nature that may change the background value of one metal element should be
considered roundly [6].
Metal Enrichment Factor (EFm): One of the major problems in quantification of heavy metals
enrichment in sediments is to know the base line concentration of heavy metals in unpolluted natural
sediments. Generally average shale concentration given by Turekian and Wedepohl [3] is used as a
worldwide standard to use it as a reference for unpolluted sediment. Metal enrichment factor was
calculated by comparing average shale concentration .The EFm (table.1) progressively increases from the
baseline to its highest level within a 15km long river at Agra. Such a high EFm can only be explained by
the massive discharge of heavy metals rich urban effluents, draining directly in to rivers of the Yamuna.
Cd is the highly enriched metal in the sediment of river Yamuna. The order of enriched metals in sediment
are Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn>Cr>Ni>Co>Mn (fig 2). These toxic metals get precipitated along with surface
sediment and causes degradation of sediment quality. Similar results have been found by the Singh et.al,
[5] for Yamuna river, Agra and explained that these sediments are adversely affecting the ecological
functioning of rivers due to heavy metals mobilizations from urban sphere into biosphere. For Socio-
economic growth urban development plans should be regional than localized in nature to keep its
freshwater rivers free from sediment pollution for the future [3].
Anthropogenic Fraction: Considering average shale concentration as lithogenic fraction, source of
anthropogenic fraction in total heavy metal concentration of stream sediment was also estimated. High
percentage of anthropogenic fraction indicates tremendous easy availability of these toxic metals to biotic
components of rivers ecosystem of the Yamuna. It may enter into the food chain and may impact millions
of people in one or another way. In surface sediments the concentration of heavy metals from
anthropogenic sources were as high as 70% of Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd. Overall average of 67% Cr, 80%Cu,
85%Zn, 79%Pb and 95%Cd of total heavy metal concentration were derived from anthropogenic sources.
(fig.2). Such behavior of heavy metal distribution in sediments were also seen in the lower Rhine river
(Germany) and by Singh in Ganga plan, where more than 90% of Cu, Pb, Zn and more than 99% of Cd
were originated from anthropogenic source. High percentage of anthropogenic fraction indicates
tremendous easy availability of these toxic metals to biotic components of rivers ecosystem. It may
possibly enter into the food chain under suitable physico-chemical conditions and exposing millions of
people in one or another way[4].
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Fig.2.Anthropogenic and Lithogenic Fraction
Sediment Pollution Index (SPI): It may be defined as a linear sum of the metal enrichment factors along
with the account of metal toxicity weight which is based on the relative toxicity of different metals and are
inversely proportional to lithogenic limits of average shale. It is assigned 1 for Cr and Zn as less toxic
elements, 2 for Ni and Co, 5 for Pb and 300 for Cd. It is calculated as
SPI= Σ( EFm*Wm)
Σ Wm
Where, EFm= Ratio between sediment total content in a given sample and average shale concentration of a
metal m.
Wm= Toxicity weight of metal m.
Surface sediments from Agra are categorized into moderately polluted to dangerous sediments as its SP1
class ranges from SP12-SP14 (Table.1).It can be easily noticed from graph that AG6 has maximum
sediment pollution index. [5]
Table. 1- Sediment pollution index (SPI) of Yamuna river sediment
Sampling Sites Sediment Pollution Index Sediment Quality
AG1 13.63 Highly polluted
AG2 13.91 Highly polluted
AG3 17.13 Highly polluted
AG4 42.49 Dangerous
AG5 48.96 Dangerous
AG6 129.14 Dangerous
AG7 7.11 Moderately polluted
AG8 24.31 Dangerous
AG9 20.18 Dangerous
AG10 50.66 Dangerous
AG11 76.23 Dangerous
AG12 95.34 Dangerous
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Cr. Cu Cd Pb Zn
Ant.
Lit.
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Pollution Load Index (PLI): PLI is used in order to find out the mutual effects of the different studied
metals. It is calculated according to the equation given by Tomilson et.al and Frostner. It is also used to
understand the Impact of urbanization activities on sediment quality.
PLI= n
√EF of Cd* EF of Pb* EF of Cu* EF of Zn* EF of Ni* EF of Cr
Where, EF is the enrichment factor. In the present case, n which stands for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd is 6.
The PLI values for surface sediments of Yamuna at Agra were found to be 1.7, 2.3, 2.4, 3.0, 3.1, 2.7, 2.8,
3.0, 3.1, 3.5 and 3.3 for sampling sites AG1, AG2, AG3, AG4, AG5, AG6, AG7, AG8, AG9, AG10, AG11 and
AG12 respectively. These high PLI values (Fig.3) show direct linear relationship with industrial processes
and urbanization. The present study is critical and could be used as reference in establishing appropriate
urban planning of the Agra.
Fig.3. Pollution load index
Geo Accumulation Index (GAI): It is a quantitative measures to assess the contamination of heavy metal
in sediment from the view of environ-geography chemistry. It was proposed by Miller and can be
calculated by following formula given below.
Igeo= Log2 [ Cn/1.5*Bn]
Where Cn= Measured concentration of heavy metal in number of the sediment.
Bn= Shale concentration or Geo-Chemical background data or shale concentration.
The factor 1.5 is used for possible variations in background data due to lithogenic effect. Based on the
Index, Fe, Co, Ni, and Mn remain in class O’ suggesting that these metals are in background values. Cu,
Cr, and Zn; 1-3,1-2,1-3, a geo-accumulation rating of class 1 to class 3,where as Pb have rating of class1-4
classifying Agra sediment as moderately to dangerously polluted with these metals. Cd attains the class 2
to 6 indicating that surface sediments of the Agra are highly polluted with these metals. Fresh water
sediment quality guiding provide another criteria for the evaluation of heavy metal concentration in river
sediments in response to adverse effect on the rivers biological components.
Lowest Effect Level (LEL) and Probable Effect Level (PEL): Comparative study of heavy metal
concentration of lowest effect level (LEL) and probable effect level (PEL). In the LEL sediments are
considered to be clean but marginally polluted, but no effects on the majority of sediment-dwelling
organism are expected below this concentration.[1]. The Probable effect level (PEL)represents the level
above which adverse effect to aquatic biota are predicated to occur frequently using this approach in the
Yamuna river sediment, all the metals were found above the LEL and PEL concentration. Hence, these
metals may cause sediment toxicity to the fresh water ecosystem of Yamuna water.
Comparison to other studies: Heavy metal concentrations in the sediments of the Yamuna were
compared to other river basin of India (table .2). It indicates that Yamuna river at Agra has higher values
of metals than other literature values except Co, Fe and Mn, the concentration of other elements in
Yamuna sediment is not comparable with respect to other studies. High concentration of metals indicates
the degradation of sediment and water quality..
0
1
2
3
4
AG1
AG2
AG3
AG4
AG5
AG6
AG7
AG8
AG9
AG10
AG11
AG12
7. Susan Jaison et al Journal of Applicable Chemistry, 2013, 2 (3):532-538
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Table -2. Comparison study of heavy metal concentration (mg/kg) to sediments of the
Yamuna river with other systems and the world.
Heavy
metals
Ganges
river
sediments
1
Yamuna
river
Sediments
2
Ganges
Delta
Sediments
3
Bay of
Bengal
Sediments
4
Cauvery
Sediments
5
Average
Shale
6
Indian
river
Sediment
Average
7
World
Average
8
Present
study
Cr 147 70 97 84 95 90 87 100 308
Mn 1765 460 1075 529 560 850 607 1050 643
Fe 40,350 25,000 48,000 39,800 29,950 46,000 29,000 48,000 39088
Co 19 - - - 25 19 - 20 18
Ni 47 20 28 64 55 68 37 90 112
Cu 55 40 25 26 26 45 28 100 401
Zn 105 70 76 - 92 95 16 350 771
Cd 0.58 - - - 2.1 0.30 - - 15
Pb 22 - 17 - 20 20 - - 195
APPLICATIONS
The information about the distribution of pollutants in sediment can be of value in assessing the potential
impact of sediment suspension upon water quality as sediment is an ultimate sink and the characteristics of
sediment reflect the current quality of the Yamuna water at Agra region.
CONCLUSIONS
Yamuna river at Agra has higher values of metals than other literature values except Co, Fe and Mn. It is
therefore concluded that Urbanization process is destroying a natural process of self purification of river.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are grateful to the team of National Geographical Channel and also to Department of Chemistry, St.
John’s College, Agra to give us the chance to carry out the assessment of Yamuna River in 16th
May, 2012
and to air the documented programme on 21st
September, 2012.
REFERENCES
[1] C. Bilos, Colombo, J.C. Skorupk, C. N. Rodriguez, M. J. Persaud, Argentina Environ Pollute,
2001, 111,149-58.
[2] M. Koch, W. Rotard, Water science and technology. 2001, 43, 67-74.
[3] K.K .Turekian, K.H. Wedepohl. Bull Geol. Soc. Am. 1961, 72,175-192.
[4] U. Frostner, G. Muller. Geo-Journa. 1981, l5, 417-432.
[5] M. Singh, G .Muller, I.B .Singh, J. of Geo-Chemical Exploration, 2003, 3976, 1-176.
[6] V. Quian, Zheng, H,Gao,L, Zhang, B.,Liu,W.,Jiao,W,., Zhao, Xiao K, People’s Republic of China.
Bull. Geol. Soc. 2005, 75, 204-210.
[7] D.C. Tomilson. Helgol Meeresuntters, 1980, 33, 566