Biopesticide (2).pptx .This slides helps to know the different types of biop...
Fertilizers, plant fhormones and pesticides.pptx
1. Fertilizers: NPK. Manufacture of ammonium salts, urea, superphosphates.
Plant growth hormones.
Pesticides: Classifications with simple examples. Method of preparation and
use of Insecticides: DDT and BHC.
Herbicides - structure and function of 2,4,-D and 2,4,5 –T, Fungicides-
inorganic and organic- (Bordeaux mixture).
Biopesticides. Excessive use of pesticides – environmental hazards.
Petroleum: Carbon range and uses of various fractions of petroleum
distillation – Petrol - Knocking -Octane number – Anti-knocking compounds
– Diesel oil - Cetane number – Flash point –Composition and uses of LPG
and CNG. Biodiesel- preparation and advantages.
2. Soaps and detergents: Types of soaps. TFM, Cleansing action of soaps.
Synthetic detergents - classification. ABS and LAS detergents, detergent
additives, Enzyme based detergents. Environmental aspects.
Food Additives: Food preservatives, artificial sweeteners, flavours,
emulsifying agents, antioxidants, leavening agents and flavour enhancers
(definition and examples, structures not required). Commonly used
permitted and non-permitted food colours (structures not required). Uses
and abuses of these substances in food beverages.
Cosmetics: Introduction, classification. Dental cosmetics, shampoos, hair
dyes, skin products, shaving cream, talcum powder, perfumes and
deodorants (composition and health effects).
3. Soil nutrients are important for plant growth and development.
Nutrients like nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium,
calcium, sulfur and more must be obtained from the soil.
The three primary soil nutrients - in less amounts in soil - are nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium, abbreviated as NPK (N= Nitrogen, P =
Phosphorus and K = Potassium).
In harvesting of crops, macro and micronutrients are removed from it.
These necessary nutrients can be returned to the soil through the
application of fertilizers.
4. Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), urea (NH2CONH2), sodium nitrate
(NaNO3), calcium nitrate, potassium nitrate, and ammonium
phosphates.
Ammonium phosphates are the most suitable, they are highly soluble
phosphate fertilizers
Potassium fertilizer consists of potassium salts, (KCl). Fertilizers are
classified as 6-12-8, this stands for the nitrogen percentage in fertilizer.
If the NPK on a bag of fertilizer is 10-12-8, it means the bag has 10
percent nitrogen, 12 percent phosphorus and 8 percent potassium.
5. FACTAMFOS 20:20:0:13 is a chemical blend of 40 parts of
Ammonium phosphate and 60 parts of Ammonium sulphate. It contains
20% N and 20% P2O5. The entire N is in ammoniacal form and P is
completely water soluble.
In addition, FACTAMFOS contains 13% Sulphur, an another plant
nutrient which is now attaining great importance in the agricultural
scene. FACTAMFOS 20:20:0:13, with the granular form and non-
hygroscopic has excellent physical properties. It is ideal for application
on all soils and for all crops.
8. Superphosphate is the fertiliser to ensure that soil has a
sufficiently high phosphorous content.
It is manufactured from the reaction between sulfuric acid
and 'phosphate rock' (rock rich in the mineral fluorapatite
2Ca5(PO4)3F + 7H2SO4 + 3H2O → 7CaSO4 +
3Ca(H2PO4)2 . H2O + 2HF
SUPERPHOSPHATE
9. Bio fertilizer
A Bio fertilizer is a substance which contains living microorganisms which,
when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonizes the rhizosphere or the
interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability
of primary nutrients to the host plant.
Bio-fertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen fixation,
solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of
growth-promoting substances.
Bio-fertilizers can be expected to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and
pesticides. The microorganisms in bio-fertilizers restore the soil's natural nutrient
cycle and build soil organic matter.
Through the use of bio-fertilizers, healthy plants can be grown, while enhancing
the sustainability and the health of the soil.
10. Bio-fertilizers do not contain any chemicals which are harmful to the living soil.
Bio-fertilizers provide eco-friendly organic agro-input and are more cost-effective
than chemical fertilizers.
Bio-fertilizers such as Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirilium and blue green algae
(BGA) have been in use a long time.
Rhizobium inoculant is used for leguminous crops.
Azotobacter can be used with crops like wheat, maize, mustard, cotton, potato and
other vegetable crops.
Azospirillum inoculations are recommended mainly for sorghum, millets, maize,
sugarcane and wheat.
Anabaena in association with water fern Azolla contributes nitrogen up to 60
kg/ha/season and also enriches soils with organic matter.
33. Plant Growth Hormones
As the plants require oxygen, water, sunlight, and nutrition to develop and grow,
they do require certain chemical substances to manage their growth and
development. These chemical substances are known as Plant Growth Regulators
and are naturally produced by the plants itself.
These are simple organic molecules having several chemical compositions. They
are also described as phytohormones, plant growth substances, or plant growth
hormones.
They can accelerate as well as retard the rate of growth in plants.
Plants growth hormones or plant growth regulators exhibit the following
characteristics:
1.Differentiation and elongation of cells.
2.Formation of leaves, flowers, and stems.
3.Wilting of leaves.
4.Ripening of fruit.
5.Seed dormancy, etc.
34. There are five types of plant hormones, namely, auxins,
gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene.
Plant growth hormones or regulators are of the following types:
1.Plant Growth Promoters
2.Plant Growth Inhibitors
Auxins
1. Facilitate flowering in plants
2. Used in the process of plant propagation.
3. Prevention of dropping of leaves and fruits at early stages.
Gibberellins
1. Involved in leaf expansion.
2. Facilitate elongation of fruits such as apples and enhance their
shape.
3. Helps in increasing the crop yield by increasing the height in
plants such as sugarcane and increase the axis length in plants
such as grape stalks.
35. Cytokinins
1. Break bud and seed dormancy.
2. Promotes the growth of the lateral bud.
3. They are used to keep flowers fresh for a longer time.
Plant Growth Inhibitors
Abscisic acid
1.Stimulates closing of stomata in the epidermis.
2.Helps in the maturation and development of seeds.
Ethylene
Ethylene is the most widely used plant growth regulator as it helps
in regulating many physiological processes.
1.Induce flowering in the mango tree.
2.Promotes sprouting of potato tubers.
36. Artificial sweeteners
Natural sweeteners like sucrose and fructose give sweetness to a
substance, but they also contain calories which can be harmful to humans
when taken in extra quantity.
Artificial sweeteners are substances that are used as substitutes for
natural sugar (sucrose), they contain low calories. They are many times
sweeter than regular sugar, so they are also referred to as intense
sweeteners.
For a sweetening agent to work properly, a sweetener should be soluble in
water and it should readily bind with a receptor molecule present on the
surface of the tongue. The interaction between the receptor and
sweetener accounts for the sweetness of an artificial sweetening agent.
Saccharin, Aspartame
37. Advantages of Artificial Sweeteners
1.Weight Control: If someone wants to lose their weight than they
should use an artificial sweetening agent as virtually it carries
zero calories. One gram of sugar carries 4 calories and one
teaspoon of sugar contains about 4 gram of sugar. So by eating 1
teaspoon also we gain 16 calories. So in the case of a weight
control, artificial sweetening agent is the best option.
2.Diabetes: It also helps in controlling diabetes as it does not raise
the blood sugar levels because it does not contain the
carbohydrates in it.
38. Emulsifier / Emulsifying agent
These are substances which are added to emulsions for
stabilization purpose.
When this is added to an o/w emulsion, molecules surround the oil
droplet with their non-polar tails/hydrophobic end (the hydrocarbon
chain) extending into the oil & their polar heads/hydrophilic end (the
carboxylate ion) facing the water.
