RANGKUMAN JURNAL INTERNASIONAL :
Prioritas Perbaikan Perumahan di Dalam Pusat Kota Menggunakan Model Analisa Hirarki (AHP) dan Sistem Informasi Geografis (GIS) :
(Studi Kasus Kota Zanjan, Iran)
Soleiman Foroughi, Mezgeen Abdulrahman Rasol
This document discusses the internal structure of urban areas, including density patterns and land use classifications. It describes how urban structure aims to minimize the total distance between people and facilities by distributing some facilities locally and relying on transportation systems for other facilities. This creates a hierarchical structure with different levels of central places and transportation networks. The patterns of urban land use that develop are influenced by economic factors like bid rents and land values, which are highest near the urban center and transportation routes.
Studying perceptions of urban space and neighbourhood with mobloggingDania Abdel-aziz
This document describes a study that used a novel methodology called "moblogging" to examine people's perceptions of their neighborhoods. Moblogging involves using a mobile phone to record media like photos, audio notes, and location data during self-guided tours of one's neighborhood. The study collected qualitative data from 15 participants through moblogging activities and workshops. The results highlighted how people use public and private landmarks, differences in spatial knowledge between urban and rural dwellers, and individual strategies for orientation. The findings suggest guidelines for designing personalized spatial profiles in technologies.
This document discusses urbanization trends in Sub-Saharan Africa and their impact on human security and sustainable development. It notes that while urban centers have existed for centuries, the rapid growth of urbanization in many developing countries has outstripped the provision of key services like housing, water, sanitation, education, health, employment, and transportation. This has resulted in various environmental, social, and economic problems associated with rapid urbanization, posing a threat to sustainable development and human security. The document provides background on concepts of urban crises, planning, and trends, and factors driving urbanization such as rural-to-urban migration due to poverty, lack of rural infrastructure and services, and availability of opportunities in cities.
Community Participation in Decision Making Processes in Urban Planning: The Case of Kaunas
M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė Image result for research orcid, Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė Image result for research orcid
a and b Kaunas University of Technology, Civil engineering and architecture faculty, Kaunas, Lithuania
E mail 1: laura.jankauskaite-jureviciene@ktu.lt, Email 2: ausra.mlinkauskiene@ktu.lt
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 29 August 2020
Available online 18 September 2020
Keywords:
Community;
Urban planning;
Spatial planning;
Decision-making processes.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Participation in decision-making processes foreshadows enabling citizens, communities, non-governmental organizations and other interested parties to influence the formulation of policies and laws affecting them. The purpose of this study is not only to review Lithuanian legal documents but also to analyse recent processes in Kaunas city planning. Kaunas city is undergoing various urban processes, which do not always meet the needs of the community. This study presents an analysis of the forms of community involvement in the urban planning processes and survey data on the effectiveness of community involvement. The methodology requires using a sociological survey with representatives of the city community and a comparative analysis between legal obligations and actual urbanization process.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 197-208.
This document discusses theories of urban growth and urban forms. It describes three models of urban growth: the concentric zone model, sector model, and multiple nuclei model. The concentric zone model proposes that cities grow in concentric rings, while the sector model argues growth is influenced by transportation links. The multiple nuclei model posits that cities develop multiple centers. Urban form elements include density, land use, transportation infrastructure, layout, and building characteristics. Theories influencing urban growth are modernization theory, dependency theory, and world-systems theory.
Infrastructural Urban Voids as an Instrument for Homogenous Urban Fabric Case...civej
This document discusses urban voids created by infrastructure in the city of Kharghar, India. It provides background on urban voids and categorizes them as either functional voids (unused spaces) or planning voids (created during the planning process). It focuses on infrastructural urban voids, which are linear spaces cut out of the urban fabric by transportation infrastructure like highways. The document analyzes specific infrastructural urban voids in Kharghar created by roads and examines how they disrupt the urban form and public realm. It argues these voids could be redesigned as public spaces to improve connectivity and create a more homogeneous urban fabric.
The document provides an overview of urban sprawl and the compact city model. It discusses how urban sprawl developed in the 20th century due to factors like increased car ownership and declining public transport. This caused the decentralization and low-density expansion of cities. Urban sprawl has negative environmental, social, and economic impacts. The compact city model is presented as a strategy to contain urban sprawl and create more sustainable cities by increasing density. The document then analyzes the case of Gothenburg, Sweden to understand how it applies compact city strategies and policies to achieve densification.
Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the development and design of land use and the built environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks.
Urban planning deals with physical layout of human settlements. The primary concern is the public welfare,which includes considerations of efficiency, sanitation, protection and use of the environment,as well as effects on social and economic activities.
Urban planning is considered an interdisciplinary field that includes social science, architecture, human geography, politics, engineering and design sciences. It is closely related to the field of urban design and some urban planners provide designs for streets, parks, buildings and other urban areas.
Urban planning is also referred to as urban and regional planning, regional planning, town planning, city planning, rural planning, urban development, physical planning, urban management or some combination in various areas worldwide.
This document discusses the internal structure of urban areas, including density patterns and land use classifications. It describes how urban structure aims to minimize the total distance between people and facilities by distributing some facilities locally and relying on transportation systems for other facilities. This creates a hierarchical structure with different levels of central places and transportation networks. The patterns of urban land use that develop are influenced by economic factors like bid rents and land values, which are highest near the urban center and transportation routes.
Studying perceptions of urban space and neighbourhood with mobloggingDania Abdel-aziz
This document describes a study that used a novel methodology called "moblogging" to examine people's perceptions of their neighborhoods. Moblogging involves using a mobile phone to record media like photos, audio notes, and location data during self-guided tours of one's neighborhood. The study collected qualitative data from 15 participants through moblogging activities and workshops. The results highlighted how people use public and private landmarks, differences in spatial knowledge between urban and rural dwellers, and individual strategies for orientation. The findings suggest guidelines for designing personalized spatial profiles in technologies.
This document discusses urbanization trends in Sub-Saharan Africa and their impact on human security and sustainable development. It notes that while urban centers have existed for centuries, the rapid growth of urbanization in many developing countries has outstripped the provision of key services like housing, water, sanitation, education, health, employment, and transportation. This has resulted in various environmental, social, and economic problems associated with rapid urbanization, posing a threat to sustainable development and human security. The document provides background on concepts of urban crises, planning, and trends, and factors driving urbanization such as rural-to-urban migration due to poverty, lack of rural infrastructure and services, and availability of opportunities in cities.
Community Participation in Decision Making Processes in Urban Planning: The Case of Kaunas
M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė Image result for research orcid, Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė Image result for research orcid
a and b Kaunas University of Technology, Civil engineering and architecture faculty, Kaunas, Lithuania
E mail 1: laura.jankauskaite-jureviciene@ktu.lt, Email 2: ausra.mlinkauskiene@ktu.lt
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 29 August 2020
Available online 18 September 2020
Keywords:
Community;
Urban planning;
Spatial planning;
Decision-making processes.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Participation in decision-making processes foreshadows enabling citizens, communities, non-governmental organizations and other interested parties to influence the formulation of policies and laws affecting them. The purpose of this study is not only to review Lithuanian legal documents but also to analyse recent processes in Kaunas city planning. Kaunas city is undergoing various urban processes, which do not always meet the needs of the community. This study presents an analysis of the forms of community involvement in the urban planning processes and survey data on the effectiveness of community involvement. The methodology requires using a sociological survey with representatives of the city community and a comparative analysis between legal obligations and actual urbanization process.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 197-208.
This document discusses theories of urban growth and urban forms. It describes three models of urban growth: the concentric zone model, sector model, and multiple nuclei model. The concentric zone model proposes that cities grow in concentric rings, while the sector model argues growth is influenced by transportation links. The multiple nuclei model posits that cities develop multiple centers. Urban form elements include density, land use, transportation infrastructure, layout, and building characteristics. Theories influencing urban growth are modernization theory, dependency theory, and world-systems theory.
Infrastructural Urban Voids as an Instrument for Homogenous Urban Fabric Case...civej
This document discusses urban voids created by infrastructure in the city of Kharghar, India. It provides background on urban voids and categorizes them as either functional voids (unused spaces) or planning voids (created during the planning process). It focuses on infrastructural urban voids, which are linear spaces cut out of the urban fabric by transportation infrastructure like highways. The document analyzes specific infrastructural urban voids in Kharghar created by roads and examines how they disrupt the urban form and public realm. It argues these voids could be redesigned as public spaces to improve connectivity and create a more homogeneous urban fabric.
The document provides an overview of urban sprawl and the compact city model. It discusses how urban sprawl developed in the 20th century due to factors like increased car ownership and declining public transport. This caused the decentralization and low-density expansion of cities. Urban sprawl has negative environmental, social, and economic impacts. The compact city model is presented as a strategy to contain urban sprawl and create more sustainable cities by increasing density. The document then analyzes the case of Gothenburg, Sweden to understand how it applies compact city strategies and policies to achieve densification.
Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the development and design of land use and the built environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks.
Urban planning deals with physical layout of human settlements. The primary concern is the public welfare,which includes considerations of efficiency, sanitation, protection and use of the environment,as well as effects on social and economic activities.
Urban planning is considered an interdisciplinary field that includes social science, architecture, human geography, politics, engineering and design sciences. It is closely related to the field of urban design and some urban planners provide designs for streets, parks, buildings and other urban areas.
Urban planning is also referred to as urban and regional planning, regional planning, town planning, city planning, rural planning, urban development, physical planning, urban management or some combination in various areas worldwide.
The city of theory, planning in the face of conflict, contested cities social...Desy Rosnita Sari
The document summarizes three articles about the history and evolution of urban planning. It discusses how the planning paradigm has shifted over time from a focus on design to incorporating more community engagement, data analysis, and consideration of social and political factors. Planners now take on roles as mediators and negotiators to manage conflicts between competing stakeholder groups given the imbalance of power in planning processes. Cities are understood not just as physical forms but as ongoing processes shaped by social, economic and political dynamics over time and place. The messy and political nature of planning challenges the profession to maintain relevance across diverse fields of study and practice.
This document provides an overview of urban planning, sustainable development, sustainable architecture, and sustainable cities. It discusses the history and theories of urban planning and how planners guide development. Technical aspects of planning like land use and infrastructure are examined. The roles of sustainable development, sustainable architecture, and creating sustainable cities to meet needs without compromising the future are also summarized. Urban planning aims to optimize communities while balancing environmental, economic, and social considerations.
Implications of Present Land Use Plan on Urban Growth and Environmental Susta...Agboola Paul
Land use, urban development, and environmental sustainability have become an interesting research arena as urban development would change the city landscape as well as generate environmental degradation. This paper looks at the missing link between land use planning and urban growth, and its implications for environmental sustainability in a selected sub-Saharan Africa city of Kaduna, Nigeria. We assessed urban growth from historical GIS data of the city to evaluate the urban expansion. At the same time, regression analysis was used to established relationship between carbon emission and traffic volume in the city.
The document discusses various topics related to town planning and planning concepts including:
- Definitions of town planning and the role of planners
- The planning process including identification of problems, data collection/analysis, forecasting, implementation, and review
- Types of surveys including regional, town, land use, density, and traffic surveys
- Different types of plans including structural, comprehensive, and developmental plans
This document provides an overview of theories and ideas that have shaped cities from a planner's perspective. It begins with an introduction on the interdisciplinary nature of planning and then divides the rest of the document into sections on historic planning theory, modern planning ideas, transportation demand theory, and further resources. Some of the key theories and ideas discussed include Jane Jacobs' approach to cities as ecosystems, Kevin Lynch's theory of legibility and imageability, the City Beautiful movement, regional planning, urban renewal, and transportation planning concepts.
ssessment of the Spaces between the Developed and Undeveloped Areas in Rongo ...inventionjournals
The establishment of any urban centres is always characterised by either commercial, industrial or administrative activities. Rongo Town is one of the towns that has attracted a large population and this has led to inadequate houses for the residents and general stress in the provision of social amenities. The general objective of the study was to analyse the socio-economic impacts of Rongo urban sprawl. The specific objective of the study was to assess the spaces between the developed and undeveloped area of Rongo Town. This was important because it projected the causes of inadequate housing units in Rongo Town. Concentric Urban Theory was used to guide the study. Cross sectional design method was used in the study. Quantitative and qualitative design methods were used to give the study a structure. The target population was 27,759. From this 6,095 households were used as respondents. Primary and secondary data were collected. Primary data was collected by use of questionnaires, observation checklist, photographs and sketches. Secondary data involved written articles by experts in urban growth and information in government offices and non-governmental organisations. This data was analysed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences which yielded descriptive and inferential statistics. This data was also analysed by content analysis through description. The spaces between the developed and undeveloped areas were found to be so large. The study recommended the construction of high density houses by filling in the spaces between the developed and undeveloped areas in Rongo Town with houses and other necessary infrastructures
Urban sustainability and expansion organization in middle eastern city regionsAlexander Decker
The document summarizes the urban sustainability and expansion organization strategies of Cairo and Amman. It finds that both cities have taken a top-down approach, establishing plans and policies to promote compact urban development, preservation of open spaces, and integration of land use and transport. Examples of strategies include zoning for higher density and mixed-use development in city centers, prioritizing infill projects, and expanding public transit networks. While initiatives have yielded encouraging results, more concerted efforts are still needed towards overall sustainability goals.
The development of urban underground space is fundamentally driven by urban economic changes and growth. As cities develop and populations increase, more space is needed to accommodate these activities. The rise of the tertiary economic sector, focused on producer services, strengthened core urban functions and compacted urban forms. High-rise office and commercial clusters transformed urban skylines and reflected evolving economic structures. When agglomeration economies matured sufficiently, underground space provided an important way to further expand urban capacity in a sustainable manner by relieving pressure on surface development. However, underground development must be considered in the context of a city's overall economic strategy and growth expectations to be sustainable over the long term.
The document discusses a spatial analysis of the Detailed Area Plan (DAP) of Chittagong city in relation to its commercial and industrial land use and economic sustainability. It provides background on Chittagong's history as a port city and trade center. The research aims to examine how the DAP contributes to the city's economic sustainability through its land use designations and spatial configuration based on the theory of cities as movement economies. The methodology will analyze the physical city structures and land uses set out in the DAP and their ability to support a sustainable functional city from an economic perspective.
Town planning aims to organize land use, buildings, and infrastructure to maximize economic and social benefits while maintaining beauty. Planners balance various needs like the environment, economy, and population. In Pakistan's history, early civilizations like Harappa demonstrated town planning principles. Modern Pakistani planning considers more sociological factors than just infrastructure layout. It focuses on convenient placement of amenities, recreational spaces, and land uses to improve people's lives.
Urban land use patterns & land formsSiva Raman
The document discusses different urban land use patterns and conceptual frameworks for urban form. It describes trends like dispersed sheet development, linear/ribbon development concentrated along transportation routes, and multi-nodal development that redirects growth toward nodes outside the urban core. It also mentions concentric development expanding outward from the city center and grid forms defined by intersecting streets. Examples of land use pattern shapes include radiocentric, rectilinear, star, ring, linear, branch, sheet, and articulated sheet forms.
Prof Ni-Bin Chang talked about the urban growth model to be adopted in the "Flood impact assessment in mega cities under urban sprawl and climate change" project.
Urban sprawl and land use characteristics in the urban fringe of metro manila...AnthonyBoyd23
This document summarizes a study examining urban sprawl and land use changes in Metro Manila, Philippines from the 1980s to 1990s. The study used census data and GIS analysis to show that population growth shifted from the central city to surrounding areas, leading to increased mixed urban and agricultural land uses, especially in a belt around the central area. A small-scale analysis of one municipality found two types of residential development absorbing growth: expansion of squatter areas and new subdivisions on former agricultural land, causing environmental problems. The study concludes there is a need for strategies to control urban and rural land use changes.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
- Mercantilism was an economic philosophy from the 16th-17th centuries that believed a nation's wealth came from gold and silver, and nations intervened extensively in markets to restrict imports and subsidize exports.
- In the early 18th century, Physiocrats advocated for laissez-faire policies and believed agriculture was the sole source of wealth. Adam Smith later incorporated some of their ideas but rejected the view that only agriculture was productive.
- In the late 18th century, marginalist economists emphasized that prices also depend on demand and consumer satisfaction, not just costs of production as classical economists believed.
This document provides an overview of the concept of a compact city presented by a group of students. It begins with listing the group members and structure of the presentation. It then discusses the origin of compact cities, defines what a compact city is, and outlines the compact city model. Key characteristics of compact cities are presented for both developed and developing countries. The document contrasts compact cities with urban sprawl and defines an eco-compact city model. It lists indicators to measure compact cities and discusses both positive and negative impacts. Finally, it provides examples of cities that depict the compact city model.
1. The study examines the role of urban density and morphology in air pollution levels in the Tehran metropolitan area.
2. It analyzes how factors like population density, topography, number of industries, and transportation networks impact pollution in Tehran.
3. The high population of Tehran, over 12 million people during the day, contributes significantly to air pollution due to emissions from vehicles and industries. The city's topography and climate also prevent pollutants from dissipating easily.
Urban morphology, elements of urban designAbdul Rab
This document provides an overview of urban design topics including urban morphology, elements of urban design, and the nature of urban design projects in public and private developments. It defines urban morphology as the study of the form and development of human settlements. It then discusses some key elements of urban design like buildings, public spaces, streets, transportation, and landscaping. Finally, it describes how urban design projects are carried out through public-private partnerships, with the private sector taking on financial and operational risks and the public sector providing funding or subsidies.
Smarter Urban Planning: Match Land Use with Citizen Needs and Financial Const...Beniamino Murgante
Smarter Urban Planning: Match Land Use with Citizen Needs and Financial Constraints
Maria-Lluïsa Marsal-Llacuna - Department of Architecture and Building Engineering, Urban Planning Area, Girona University
Ying Tat Leung, Guang-Jie Ren - IBM Almaden Research Centre
Jeff Risoms and Maria Sisternas presentation for the 2nd Annual International Conference on Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development, held in Amman, Jordan, July 2010.
Investigating Factors and Practical Solutions in the Sense of Belonging for t...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: over recent decades, according to historical contexts in the worldwide cities has taken many forms. This movement in Iran has been less of dating. Damaged areas have potential for better use of original residents and other people out of context. This is possible by recognition of problems and challenges. Thus intervention to improve and modernize distressed areas in order to restore the balance of life in the area essential. This study is a qualitative and applied research. Yazd province as case study was chosen to determine factors affecting the design in accordance with originality and identity of the area, according to documents and maps derived from specific detailed plan worn texture of Yazd. Area with common characteristics (in terms of intervention type, Burnout, revitalization and renovation are categorized and studied. SWOT technique was used for data analysis. Finally, with respect to existing burnout and potential, solution is presented.
Infrastructural Urban Voids as an Instrument for Homogenous Urban Fabric Case...civejjour
In historic time social factors around the spatial existing framework generated development of the city.
What we see today is contradictory as economic factors govern the growth of the city. Speed of
transformation is noticeably high, while the growth of the city majors in a quantity of physical
infrastructural development rather than the quality of public life. Ironically, when we look at a newly
planned city like Navi Mumbai infrastructural needs sometimes are becoming the reason for the creation of
urban voids in the city fabric. This paper is going to focus on Infrastructural linear voids which are cutting
the morphology of the city. Urban Infrastructural voids in Kharghar are identified and typologies are
formulated by observational study. This paper investigates if we can utilize these Infrastructural urban
voids holistically to formulate a network of public spaces to bind the city holistically.
The city of theory, planning in the face of conflict, contested cities social...Desy Rosnita Sari
The document summarizes three articles about the history and evolution of urban planning. It discusses how the planning paradigm has shifted over time from a focus on design to incorporating more community engagement, data analysis, and consideration of social and political factors. Planners now take on roles as mediators and negotiators to manage conflicts between competing stakeholder groups given the imbalance of power in planning processes. Cities are understood not just as physical forms but as ongoing processes shaped by social, economic and political dynamics over time and place. The messy and political nature of planning challenges the profession to maintain relevance across diverse fields of study and practice.
This document provides an overview of urban planning, sustainable development, sustainable architecture, and sustainable cities. It discusses the history and theories of urban planning and how planners guide development. Technical aspects of planning like land use and infrastructure are examined. The roles of sustainable development, sustainable architecture, and creating sustainable cities to meet needs without compromising the future are also summarized. Urban planning aims to optimize communities while balancing environmental, economic, and social considerations.
Implications of Present Land Use Plan on Urban Growth and Environmental Susta...Agboola Paul
Land use, urban development, and environmental sustainability have become an interesting research arena as urban development would change the city landscape as well as generate environmental degradation. This paper looks at the missing link between land use planning and urban growth, and its implications for environmental sustainability in a selected sub-Saharan Africa city of Kaduna, Nigeria. We assessed urban growth from historical GIS data of the city to evaluate the urban expansion. At the same time, regression analysis was used to established relationship between carbon emission and traffic volume in the city.
The document discusses various topics related to town planning and planning concepts including:
- Definitions of town planning and the role of planners
- The planning process including identification of problems, data collection/analysis, forecasting, implementation, and review
- Types of surveys including regional, town, land use, density, and traffic surveys
- Different types of plans including structural, comprehensive, and developmental plans
This document provides an overview of theories and ideas that have shaped cities from a planner's perspective. It begins with an introduction on the interdisciplinary nature of planning and then divides the rest of the document into sections on historic planning theory, modern planning ideas, transportation demand theory, and further resources. Some of the key theories and ideas discussed include Jane Jacobs' approach to cities as ecosystems, Kevin Lynch's theory of legibility and imageability, the City Beautiful movement, regional planning, urban renewal, and transportation planning concepts.
ssessment of the Spaces between the Developed and Undeveloped Areas in Rongo ...inventionjournals
The establishment of any urban centres is always characterised by either commercial, industrial or administrative activities. Rongo Town is one of the towns that has attracted a large population and this has led to inadequate houses for the residents and general stress in the provision of social amenities. The general objective of the study was to analyse the socio-economic impacts of Rongo urban sprawl. The specific objective of the study was to assess the spaces between the developed and undeveloped area of Rongo Town. This was important because it projected the causes of inadequate housing units in Rongo Town. Concentric Urban Theory was used to guide the study. Cross sectional design method was used in the study. Quantitative and qualitative design methods were used to give the study a structure. The target population was 27,759. From this 6,095 households were used as respondents. Primary and secondary data were collected. Primary data was collected by use of questionnaires, observation checklist, photographs and sketches. Secondary data involved written articles by experts in urban growth and information in government offices and non-governmental organisations. This data was analysed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences which yielded descriptive and inferential statistics. This data was also analysed by content analysis through description. The spaces between the developed and undeveloped areas were found to be so large. The study recommended the construction of high density houses by filling in the spaces between the developed and undeveloped areas in Rongo Town with houses and other necessary infrastructures
Urban sustainability and expansion organization in middle eastern city regionsAlexander Decker
The document summarizes the urban sustainability and expansion organization strategies of Cairo and Amman. It finds that both cities have taken a top-down approach, establishing plans and policies to promote compact urban development, preservation of open spaces, and integration of land use and transport. Examples of strategies include zoning for higher density and mixed-use development in city centers, prioritizing infill projects, and expanding public transit networks. While initiatives have yielded encouraging results, more concerted efforts are still needed towards overall sustainability goals.
The development of urban underground space is fundamentally driven by urban economic changes and growth. As cities develop and populations increase, more space is needed to accommodate these activities. The rise of the tertiary economic sector, focused on producer services, strengthened core urban functions and compacted urban forms. High-rise office and commercial clusters transformed urban skylines and reflected evolving economic structures. When agglomeration economies matured sufficiently, underground space provided an important way to further expand urban capacity in a sustainable manner by relieving pressure on surface development. However, underground development must be considered in the context of a city's overall economic strategy and growth expectations to be sustainable over the long term.
The document discusses a spatial analysis of the Detailed Area Plan (DAP) of Chittagong city in relation to its commercial and industrial land use and economic sustainability. It provides background on Chittagong's history as a port city and trade center. The research aims to examine how the DAP contributes to the city's economic sustainability through its land use designations and spatial configuration based on the theory of cities as movement economies. The methodology will analyze the physical city structures and land uses set out in the DAP and their ability to support a sustainable functional city from an economic perspective.
Town planning aims to organize land use, buildings, and infrastructure to maximize economic and social benefits while maintaining beauty. Planners balance various needs like the environment, economy, and population. In Pakistan's history, early civilizations like Harappa demonstrated town planning principles. Modern Pakistani planning considers more sociological factors than just infrastructure layout. It focuses on convenient placement of amenities, recreational spaces, and land uses to improve people's lives.
Urban land use patterns & land formsSiva Raman
The document discusses different urban land use patterns and conceptual frameworks for urban form. It describes trends like dispersed sheet development, linear/ribbon development concentrated along transportation routes, and multi-nodal development that redirects growth toward nodes outside the urban core. It also mentions concentric development expanding outward from the city center and grid forms defined by intersecting streets. Examples of land use pattern shapes include radiocentric, rectilinear, star, ring, linear, branch, sheet, and articulated sheet forms.
Prof Ni-Bin Chang talked about the urban growth model to be adopted in the "Flood impact assessment in mega cities under urban sprawl and climate change" project.
Urban sprawl and land use characteristics in the urban fringe of metro manila...AnthonyBoyd23
This document summarizes a study examining urban sprawl and land use changes in Metro Manila, Philippines from the 1980s to 1990s. The study used census data and GIS analysis to show that population growth shifted from the central city to surrounding areas, leading to increased mixed urban and agricultural land uses, especially in a belt around the central area. A small-scale analysis of one municipality found two types of residential development absorbing growth: expansion of squatter areas and new subdivisions on former agricultural land, causing environmental problems. The study concludes there is a need for strategies to control urban and rural land use changes.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
- Mercantilism was an economic philosophy from the 16th-17th centuries that believed a nation's wealth came from gold and silver, and nations intervened extensively in markets to restrict imports and subsidize exports.
- In the early 18th century, Physiocrats advocated for laissez-faire policies and believed agriculture was the sole source of wealth. Adam Smith later incorporated some of their ideas but rejected the view that only agriculture was productive.
- In the late 18th century, marginalist economists emphasized that prices also depend on demand and consumer satisfaction, not just costs of production as classical economists believed.
This document provides an overview of the concept of a compact city presented by a group of students. It begins with listing the group members and structure of the presentation. It then discusses the origin of compact cities, defines what a compact city is, and outlines the compact city model. Key characteristics of compact cities are presented for both developed and developing countries. The document contrasts compact cities with urban sprawl and defines an eco-compact city model. It lists indicators to measure compact cities and discusses both positive and negative impacts. Finally, it provides examples of cities that depict the compact city model.
1. The study examines the role of urban density and morphology in air pollution levels in the Tehran metropolitan area.
2. It analyzes how factors like population density, topography, number of industries, and transportation networks impact pollution in Tehran.
3. The high population of Tehran, over 12 million people during the day, contributes significantly to air pollution due to emissions from vehicles and industries. The city's topography and climate also prevent pollutants from dissipating easily.
Urban morphology, elements of urban designAbdul Rab
This document provides an overview of urban design topics including urban morphology, elements of urban design, and the nature of urban design projects in public and private developments. It defines urban morphology as the study of the form and development of human settlements. It then discusses some key elements of urban design like buildings, public spaces, streets, transportation, and landscaping. Finally, it describes how urban design projects are carried out through public-private partnerships, with the private sector taking on financial and operational risks and the public sector providing funding or subsidies.
Smarter Urban Planning: Match Land Use with Citizen Needs and Financial Const...Beniamino Murgante
Smarter Urban Planning: Match Land Use with Citizen Needs and Financial Constraints
Maria-Lluïsa Marsal-Llacuna - Department of Architecture and Building Engineering, Urban Planning Area, Girona University
Ying Tat Leung, Guang-Jie Ren - IBM Almaden Research Centre
Jeff Risoms and Maria Sisternas presentation for the 2nd Annual International Conference on Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development, held in Amman, Jordan, July 2010.
Investigating Factors and Practical Solutions in the Sense of Belonging for t...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: over recent decades, according to historical contexts in the worldwide cities has taken many forms. This movement in Iran has been less of dating. Damaged areas have potential for better use of original residents and other people out of context. This is possible by recognition of problems and challenges. Thus intervention to improve and modernize distressed areas in order to restore the balance of life in the area essential. This study is a qualitative and applied research. Yazd province as case study was chosen to determine factors affecting the design in accordance with originality and identity of the area, according to documents and maps derived from specific detailed plan worn texture of Yazd. Area with common characteristics (in terms of intervention type, Burnout, revitalization and renovation are categorized and studied. SWOT technique was used for data analysis. Finally, with respect to existing burnout and potential, solution is presented.
Infrastructural Urban Voids as an Instrument for Homogenous Urban Fabric Case...civejjour
In historic time social factors around the spatial existing framework generated development of the city.
What we see today is contradictory as economic factors govern the growth of the city. Speed of
transformation is noticeably high, while the growth of the city majors in a quantity of physical
infrastructural development rather than the quality of public life. Ironically, when we look at a newly
planned city like Navi Mumbai infrastructural needs sometimes are becoming the reason for the creation of
urban voids in the city fabric. This paper is going to focus on Infrastructural linear voids which are cutting
the morphology of the city. Urban Infrastructural voids in Kharghar are identified and typologies are
formulated by observational study. This paper investigates if we can utilize these Infrastructural urban
voids holistically to formulate a network of public spaces to bind the city holistically.
This document summarizes a study examining the emergent patterns of residential areas in Akure, Nigeria due to rapid urbanization. It finds that socioeconomic characteristics of residents are significantly related to housing provision and morphology. The study uses surveys of 1,400 households in inner, outer, and peripheral neighborhoods to analyze how quality of neighborhood and housing decreases as density increases. While findings may only be specific to Akure, the issues of inadequate infrastructure, land supply, and housing are likely national problems for developing countries undergoing urbanization. The recommendations emphasize improving housing, infrastructure, and land supply through innovative policy approaches.
This document summarizes space syntax, which analyzes how spatial configurations influence human behavior. It discusses space syntax's history and definitions, applications in fields like criminology and architecture, and analysis techniques like syntactic maps and measures of integration. Case studies on Margate, Jeddah, and Beijing show how space syntax was used to address issues like economic regeneration, unplanned urban areas, and sustainable development.
Evaluate deficiencies and shortages for the Libyan Residential Urban Planning...journal ijrtem
ABSTRACT: The change in human society and the population increase in Surman citypopulation has led to an increase in environmental problems and the increasing depletion of resources and natural resources and non-optimal use of land. This has led to the disparity in the distribution of services, functions, lack of recreational areas, green areas, playgrounds, and other services. Surman City scheme suffers from many problems, particularly the spread of housing projects. This has to be reconsidered in the ways of development and the urban environment of the city planning. Sustainable urban planning is one of the most important ways and strategies that can be followed for a diaper on Surman city scheme and preserves the rights of future generations to live in urban and convenient style. The purpose of this research evaluation of residential areas Surman city scheme to know shortages and deficiencies of the scheme of the city and their suitability for the planning of an urban sustainability using Arc (GIS) technology. It isimportant means in the fields of life, especially the areas of sustainable urban planning where they can be utilized in the analysis and conclusions, as well as future studies accurately and fast. The study found out that appropriate measurable indicators can be relied upon to develop design criteria for residential that will help to achieve a sustainable urban plan during the preparation of urban schemes or develop existing schemes. Keywords: Evaluate residential urban planning,GIS, Sustainable urban planning, Residential urban planning.
Unlocking the Potentials of Urban Architecture in Enhancing the Quality of Ur...IEREK Press
Currently more than half of world population are living in cities, while world is witnessing a rapid urbanization process particularly in cities of the developing and emerging countries, where urban poverty areas (UPA) with low quality of urban life (QUL) and lack of the usual urban spaces are the most significant urban phenomena that characterized those cities. In such an urban context there is a need for an efficient tool that contributes positively to the enhancement of the QUL, meanwhile to provide the best use of the rare vacant lands. This study argues that urban architecture as a design field offers a distinctive approach to a special type of buildings made for an urban setting, thus it can enhance the QUL in UPA through community projects. The study is based on an analytical study of selected cases of community projects in UPA that represents examples of how urban architecture through its potentials has a positive impact on its urban context, notably through community projects that strongly linked to real community needs. The results showed that urban architecture as a design approach for community projects have multiple roles that boost the socio-economic daily life, as well it supports various environmental issues towards better QUL.
Unlocking the Potentials of Urban Architecture in Enhancing theQuality of Urb...IEREK Press
Currently more than half of world population are living in cities, while world is witnessing a rapid urbanization process particularly in cities of the developing and emerging countries, where urban poverty areas (UPA) with low quality of urban life (QUL) and lack of the usual urban spaces are the most significant urban phenomena that characterized those cities. In such an urban context there is a need for an efficient tool that contributes positively to the enhancement of the QUL, meanwhile to provide the best use of the rare vacant lands. This study argues that urban architecture as a design field offers a distinctive approach to a special type of buildings made for an urban setting, thus it can enhance the QUL in UPA through community projects. The study is based on an analytical study of selected cases of community projects in UPA that represents examples of how urban architecture through its potentials has a positive impact on its urban context, notably through community projects that strongly linked to real community needs. The results showed that urban architecture as a design approach for community projects have multiple roles that boost the socio-economic daily life, as well it supports various environmental issues towards better QUL.
Planning Smart cities- Concepts and Practices.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Planning remains universal for making cities growth rational and logical. In the absence of planned development, cities cannot be made to grow in an orderly manner. Planners have been making cities different and distinct using different agenda for planning and development of cities. Currently planners are making cities safe, resilient, sustainable and livable. Many nations are vouching to make cities smart. Smart city is not a new concept .It has been followed globally to improve the quality of living and promote operational efficiency and productivity of the cities. It is an attempt to make cities more livable, sustainable and for creating a brand image to attract investment and make them a tourist destination. Globally , smart cities are characterized by high degree of environmental consciousness; using information technology to promote energy/ resources efficiency; creation of knowledge infrastructure; promoting sustainable economic development and high quality of life; ensuring wise management of natural resources through participatory action. According to Forbe, the structure of smart cities will have to be built on eight pillars involving: ‘smart governance, smart energy, smart buildings, smart mobility, smart infrastructure, smart technology, smart healthcare and smart citizens. Based on detailed studies and in depth analysis made of the most successful case studies globally, as how to transform cities into great places to live and make a city great, Mckinsey’s suggests three pronged strategies involving, achieving smart growth, do more with less and win support for change. Considering the entire gamut of urban settlements , a city can be made Smart only if it is planned smart, developed smart, operated smart, financed smart and governed smartly .
Bab Al-Bahrain Avenue is one of the liveliest streets and its location is in the intermediate of the historical part that gave the avenue a strong historical dimension in the urban context of Manama city, Kingdom of Bahrain. Moreover, the avenue has economic and cultural significance activities. The socio-economic value of Bab-AL Bahrain and the gold market make them the busiest streets in Manama. The existing users of the avenue are variable between residences, local visitors and tourist. Unfortunately, with the rapid urban developing for the Manama City in general and Bab Al Bahrain area, and the changing for the economic base for most of the original families they moved to other suitable places to them while new non-Bahraini replaced them. As a result, the sense of identity and belonging is not considerable. Consequently, the identity for these areas is in its way to disappear. This research analyzed the street furniture condition and focused on the act of street furniture role in revitalizing Bahraini identity in such an area. Moreover, the research draws the point of revitalizing the sense of belonging for the residences, which will influence positively upon the open spaces’ conditions and the visual quality.
A B S T R A C T
The significance of neighbourhood in hosting a group of dwellings units and possessing adequate communal facilities could not be overemphasized in the study of people and place relationships. There are two main objectives of this study: (i) to study the neighbourhood’s associated challenges through the size, growth, and land use distribution, and (ii) to investigate the perceived inhabitants’ activities pattern within the neighbourhood. The objectives are explored through a morphological and GIS-based land use analysis of a rural neighbourhood in South-west, Nigeria. The town is studied in three transformation phases, dating back to five decades using ArcGIS version 10.3. The 1st phase spanned between the year 1910 to 1959, while the 2nd and 3rd phases ran through the year 1960 to 1999, and year 2000 to 2015 respectively. The exploration in this study is to document the diverse neighbourhood challenges, features, and prospects, which remain uninvestigated in the case study area for the past years. The first finding revealed that some challenges needed to be resolved in a bid to meet the residents’ current basic needs. The second finding indicated that the rural settlements in Nigeria emanated from the residents’ adaptation to the environmental conditions, cum transformation through human activities. Meanwhile, the third finding established that the human settlements evolved in connection to the local socio-economic, recreation and religious virtues of the traditional marketplace (Oja). In conclusion, human historical and social influences play a significant role in ameliorating the challenges associated with the spatial developments of the settlements. The implication of the study becomes vital to the major stakeholders and professionals in the built environment on the significance of enhancing the sustainable communities in Nigeria.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2018) 2(2), 106-121. Doi:10.25034/ijcua.2018.3675
www.ijcua.com
An Analysis of Urbanisation Dynamics with the Use of the Fuzzy Set Theory A C...Fiona Phillips
This document presents a methodology for identifying and localizing urban development boundaries using fuzzy set theory. The methodology involves determining the degree of membership of various land use types in a set of urban functions on a scale of 0 to 1. A case study was conducted in the city of Olsztyn, Poland using land use data from 2005, 2010, and 2017. Questionnaire surveys were used to characterize 24 different land use types and assign a fuzzy measure representing their degree of urban membership. This allows analyzing the rate and extent of urbanization over time by evaluating changes in land use types and their fuzzy membership in urban functions. The proposed method supports identifying urbanized areas and evaluating the degree of urbanization on a scale from 0 to 1
Investigation and evaluation of the role of urban regeneration in the vitalit...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Today, urban spaces do not meet the needs of space users and do not have environmental
qualities. One of the important and constructive qualities of responsive spaces is their vitality and dynamism.
Improving the quality of urban spaces and creating dynamic urban spaces is one of the most important results of
urban regeneration. Using the urban regeneration approach, while respecting the values of the past, paying
attention to the needs of today's life and using this approach help restore dynamism and vitality in the ancient
urban fabric. Zargandeh neighborhood, which is a clear example of urban self-motivation neighborhoods, has
grown in the process of further development as a rural-urban context. Existence of decay has also caused high
risk against natural disasters, traffic and transportation problems, relief work, loss of identity and neighborhood
culture, and so on. Therefore, the aim of this study is to study the role of urban regeneration in creating a
dynamic and lively atmosphere in Zargandeh neighborhood of District 3 of Tehran. The present study was of
analytical-combinational type (combination of quantitative and qualitative analytical methods) and data
collection was done using documentary and survey methods and also information and data analysis was done
using SWOT and QSPM methods. Criteria and sub-criteria of the research have been designed in the form of a
qualitative questionnaire and have been provided to experts, city officials and citizens of the target area.
Strategies developed in this research have been presented according to the criteria of urban dynamism and
vitality in Zargandeh neighborhood of Tehran, in terms of economic, physical-infrastructural and environmental
dimensions. Finally, the proposed alternatives have been proposed according to the strategies. The results of this
study can have several applications for each of the groups involved, such as consultants, contractors, employers
and especially its stakeholders.
KEYWORDS: urban regeneration, dynamic atmosphere, vitality, Zargandeh neighborhood
Sustainable Urban Development: Bioregionalistic Vision for Small TownsIEREK Press
Cities and towns are the social constructs in regional settings. They physically manifest and exist as power centres through various layers of culture, economy, politics, and religion. There was a symbiotic relationship between the ‘setting’ and the ‘construct’ in the past. With time and advent of technology, haphazard developments led to degradation of ecological systems and have become a confronted affair. Global warming, its adverse effects and the constant references to the words ‘sustainability’ and ‘resilience’ pose questions on the existing planning models. Small towns experiencing a tremendous pressure of urbanisation and rich in natural resources, coherence and identity are fast changing. An indispensable change in the planning models is necessary to mitigate this existential crisis and condition the emerging urbanism in small towns sustainably. This paper unearths the role and possibilities of bioregional planning as a sustainable urban development paradigm and suggests few indicative parameters forenvisioning bioregionalism in small towns.
The city is the economic and social life, as in the range of human abode, food and so on. The heights of the
dependence of man, his various powers of the time to have done, and by the desire to consolidate and bring
to the life of the necessary coordination with the villages thereof, and in the nature of necessity and for a
dwelling-place and information to build the human environment. In all, according to the nature of the
species, and the culture and civilization of the difference, and principal users, as one element in the human
city, and that the beneficiaries of the effective element of his own. Unfortunately, irregular to pass out to
the cities, especially the metropolises made us to increase of faces, to provide the service, and to the many
questions of the citizens. Smart of this question in recent decades, a number of strategies for the solution of
the great circles that was offered in the academic plans. That is powerful, smart electronic city and citizens
of continuous service users, but unlike electronic city so residents know each client, users smart and play
the role of the citizens of the city, the head of the fountain. Unlike the electronic city, only to meet the needs
of the citizens of the city had no pain, but in the interaction cycle, is exposed to the knowledge of the heads
of men, and were out of the city, provide services in the city, which is done in the way of life of the urban
development. On the other hand, it should be noted, because of the large and the density of the high places
of the cities of the time, already in the cities which have no matter to work on the administration of the
traditional methods of the town is rather moderate. This study tries to explain the history of the electronic
city, he laid the city: and the sorrow of mourning in the city. In this study, we found an expert to other
learned men proceeded so far, better to use.
The Study of Safavi Northern Chahar-Bagh Street of Shiraz, Iran; from the Sta...Dorna Eshrati
The historical urban landscape is a new approach towards the historical city as the product
of human interaction with micro ecosystem over the passage of time that has recently gained a special
position in urban conservation. This paper begins with raising the question that how this approach can
be used to solve the challenges of conservation and development of historical cities. Exploring the
conservation documents indicate that viewpoint to historical city has shifted from ‘the atomistic perspective
to holistic’, ‘static to dynamic’, ‘product-oriented to process-oriented’, ‘conflict with micro-ecosystem
to interact with micro-ecosystem’, and ‘the contrast of conservation and development’ to the integration
of them. The purpose of this paper is to review the northern Safavi Chahar-Bagh street of shiraz in the
city master plan to find out how the street conservation and development is based on historical urban
landscape. The data for this research were collected through observations and documents review and
were analyzed qualitatively. The survey results show that the new doctrines of urban conservation seek
to integrate conservation and development based on historical urban landscape; however, the definition
of the Historical city boundary in the master plan of shiraz is still based on static and atomistic doctrines
that consider historical cities limited to the historical wall. This is while the northern Chahar-Bagh street
of shiraz which was the main historical axis of the city during the Safavi period was located outside the
historical wall of the city. Not paying attention to this street has caused the gradual destruction of this
historical urban landscape, despite the individual protection of some of its elements. Reviewing the case
study based on the historical urban landscape approach reveals the need for a reconsideration and revision
of the developments urban plans.
Strategies for Planning Smart and Sustainable CitiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Smart city remains a misnomer. No city on planet earth can claim to be smart. Experts are still searching the soul of smart city in order to precisely define it .Unfortunately smart city has become a money spending/spinning exercise for few individuals/agencies. Entire concept of smart city has been made technology centric, minimizing the role and importance of human beings. In addition, role of Town Planners in smart city has been totally marginalized. How can a city be made smart without intervention of planning and planners. Smart city as a concept has been copied globally to promote operational efficiency and productivity of the cities , with minimum concern for human growth and development. Addressing issue of poverty and making city livable for all should be the agenda of urban growth and development. In the face of homeless people , absence of basic amenities and facilities essential of human living, making city’s smart will be a fallacy and prove to be counterproductive. Cities do not exist in isolation and require the support of rural hinterland. Dealing cities alone by excluding villages will invariably lead to lopsided growth of cities because genesis of majority of urban ills has roots in the neglect of the rural areas. Urban areas must do handholding for the rural areas for synergizing mutual strength and to usher a new era of rational growth. Smart city concept must focus on empowering human being/ living, making them more skilled, create options for meeting the basic human needs and removing the curse of poverty and unemployment.
Re-visiting the Park: Reviving the “Cultural Park for Children” in Sayyeda Zeinab in the shadows of Social Sustainability
* 1 Dr. ZEINAB SHAFIK, 2 Dr. MENNAT-ALLAH EL-HUSSEINY
1&2 Architecture Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
E mail1: zeinabshafik@gmail.com E mail2: mennatallahelhusseiny@gmail.com
A B S T R A C T
This paper aims to question the level of success of one of Egypt’s contemporary architectural milestones which is the Aga-Khan Award winning project of the Child Park in Sayyeda Zeinab - designed by the Egyptian architect Abdel-Halim Ibrahim; from a community participation perspective. Stemming from the fact that the level of successful community participation in architecture and urban design projects affects the sustainability of the added value, this paper tackles the current process of operation of the Park and the adjacent pedestrian street, as complimentary aspects of a community participatory process, and evaluates the social sustainability of the project as well. The study sheds light on the operation of the park after twenty eight years of the initiation of the project, it explores its functional and social role in the district of Sayyeda, located at the center of Cairo city. However, the project has to be revised and analysed from a critical perspective to evaluate the degree of its success in affecting the local community, and the level to which it contributes to the approach of local community participation. In order to achieve this end, the paper adopts a two-fold methodology. The first is a literature review of the initial ceremonial participatory process of building the Park and the initial role intended by the architect whether related to the park itself or to the adjacent Abu-ElDahab Street. The second methodology is a qualitative analysis of the current state of the park and adjacent street, based on site investigations, behavioural mapping of the current status, analysis of the roles of the beneficiaries, interviews conducted with different stakeholders about the present challenges of the role of the park in the district. Based on those two main research approaches, the paper concludes with a framework and several guidelines to enhance the social sustenance of the place through rephrasing the park’s role in relation to the changing needs of the community.
Morphological and GIS-based land use Analysis: A Critical Exploration of a Rural Neighborhood
*Dr.OLUWAGBEMIGA PAUL AGBOOLA1,Dr.MOHDHISYAMRASIDI2,Dr.ISMAIL SAID3, MA. SAMSON OLUTAYO ABOGAN4,MA.ADEBAMBO STEPHEN ADEJUWON5
1Department of Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Osun State College of Technology, P.M.B.1011, Esa-Oke. Osun State. Nigeria.
2,3Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia, Postcode 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor. Malaysia.
4,5Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Osun State College of Technology, P.M.B. 1011, Esa-Oke. Osun-State. Nigeria.
1E mail: agbofavour41@yahoo.com , 2E mail:hisyamrasidi@gmail.com , 3E mail:ismailbinsaid@gmail.com , 4E mail: agbofavour41@yahoo.com
A B S T R A C T
The significance of neighbourhood in hosting a group of dwellings units and possessing adequate communal facilities could not be overemphasized in the study of people and place relationships. There are two main objectives of this study: (i) to study the neighbourhood’s associated challenges through the size, growth, and land use distribution, and (ii) to investigate the perceived inhabitants’ activities pattern within the neighbourhood. The objectives are explored through a morphological and GIS-based land use analysis of a rural neighbourhood in South-west, Nigeria. The town is studied in three transformation phases, dating back to five decades using ArcGIS version 10.3. The 1st phase spanned between the year 1910 to 1959, while the 2nd and 3rd phases ran through the year 1960 to 1999, and year 2000 to 2015 respectively. The exploration in this study is to document the diverse neighbourhood challenges, features, and prospects, which remain uninvestigated in the case study area for the past years. The first finding revealed that some challenges needed to be resolved in a bid to meet the residents’ current basic needs. The second finding indicated that the rural settlements in Nigeria emanated from the residents’ adaptation to the environmental conditions, cum transformation through human activities. Meanwhile, the third finding established that the human settlements evolved in connection to the local socio-economic, recreation and religious virtues of the traditional marketplace (Oja). In conclusion, human historical and social influences play a significant role in ameliorating the challenges associated with the spatial developments of the settlements. The implication of the study becomes vital to the major stakeholders and professionals in the built environment on the significance of enhancing the sustainable communities in Nigeria.
Examination passive defense role in spatial distribution of urban regionIJERA Editor
Cities due to the compact and densely populated urban context and diverse urban networks usually are considered in the wars against ground and air attacks as a barrier. And on the other hand, struggles wanted or unwanted wars have led to the cities and sometimes causing high civilian casualties and damage to the city. Expert and track record militaries believe that urban warfare is one of the hardest battles of the model because of the possibility of resistance in the cities due to high intensive residential context and use different weapons to militants in their application package is limited. However, the military forces moved in is very difficult and may well lead them to the attacker's losses also increase under these conditions. Research methodology in this study was a descriptive - analytical. In this paper, after introducing key items affecting the spatial distribution and role of each one in the establishment and development of urban areas first, it will pay the expression of passive defense and civil defense in Tehran metropolitan area and second, to analyze the role of passive defense and settlement of the spatial distribution of urban infrastructure deals and the strengths and weaknesses of the studies discussed and finally, after a review and analysis of all factors will pay conclusions and provide effective strategies taking into account the spatial distribution and effective passive defense will be the key factor.
Urban Public Space Axis Rector of Green Infrastructure in the Current City of...IEREK Press
The current city calls for the reconsideration of a close relationship between gray infrastructure and public spaces, understanding the infrastructure as a set of items, equipment, or services required for the functioning of a country, a City. Ambato, Ecuador, is a current intermediate city, has less than 1% of the urban surface with use of public green spaces, which represents a figure below the 9m2/ hab., recommended by OMS. The aim of this paper was to identify urban public spaces that switches of green infrastructure in the city today, applying a methodology of qualitative studies. With an exploratory descriptive level analysis, in three stages, stage of theoretical foundation product of a review of the existing literature, which is the theoretical support of the relationship gray infrastructure public spaces equal to green infrastructure. Subsequent to this case study, discussed with criteria aimed at green infrastructure and in the public spaces of the study area. Finally, after processing and analysis of the results, we provide conclusions for urban public space as a definition of the green infrastructure of the current city of Latin America; in the latter, the focus is to support this article.
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21040116410001 rendy akbar housing renovation priority in the fabric texture
1. RESEARCH PAPER
Housing renovation priority in the fabric texture
of the city using the analytic hierarchy model
(AHP) and geographic information system (GIS):
A case study of Zanjan City, Iran
Soleiman Foroughi, Mezgeen Abdulrahman Rasol *
Surveying Department, Zakho Technical Institute, Duhok Polytechnic University, Duhok, Iraq
Received 15 October 2015; revised 29 April 2016; accepted 16 May 2016
KEYWORDS
Housing;
Exhaustion;
Modernization (renovation);
AHP model;
Fabric texture;
ArchGIS
Abstract Housing is one of the most basic needs of humans, communities and civilizations. In com-
plex societies, the renovation of housing to ensure on-going quality and standards of living is a major
issue, causing the institution of urban planners and managers. Renovation of housing in the fabric
texture of the cities due to the high wear of residential housing units is complicated when residents
are of poor economic status, thus the prioritization and preparation of plans for such renovation
entails consideration relative to available resources. This article considers all the units located in
the fabric texture of the Zanjan as the statistical population using descriptive, analytical workshops
and field methods as well as using census method, and utilizes AHP and Idrisi, ArchGIS data to deter-
mine statistically 1385 residential blocks, and uses exhaustion software of the residential housing
units of the Zanjan fabric texture, in order to identify the residential housing units’ need to modern-
ization (renovation). The outcome of the investigation is the housing prioritization for modernization
and its display on the map. 17.86% of the residential blocks belong to the first priority, 77.24% to the
second priority the rest belong to and the third to fifth priorities. The results of this study can be pre-
sented to a broad range of urban managers and planners such as municipalities, housing and urban
development officials to be used in modernization programs.
Ó 2016 National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.
V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
1. Introduction
Housing is one of the most basic needs of human communities’
people. Article 31 of the Iranian Constitution specifies it as the
right of every Iranian individual and family. Paying attention
to the supply of urban housing is a step to supply the social
justice and the distribution of the fruits of the community
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: siyamandfrughi@ymail.com (S. Foroughi), miz-
geencivil@yahoo.com, mezgeen.rasol@dpu.edu.krd (M.A. Rasol).
Peer review under responsibility of National Authority for Remote
Sensing and Space Sciences.
The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (2016) xxx, xxx–xxx
HOSTED BY
National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences
The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space
Sciences
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2. growth, and part of the policy of urban development. Under
several decades of the impact and effectiveness of new
developments in the field of modern urban planning and urban
development, as well as modernization caused by distribution
of oil rents in Iranian cities, the socio-economic structure of
the country has been transformed, with the formation of a
new texture with more suitable urban facilities, more efficient
communication networks and more polished urban furniture
in developed areas alongside a fabric texture lacking suitable
urban facilities, poor access to roadways and disorder and
the disproportionate problems becoming visible in the
underbelly of modern cities as the original inhabitants of old
buildings migrated within the cityscape to new housing and
residential areas, being replaced in increasingly dilapidated
older areas by rural migrants, immigrants and low-income
families. Thus the fabric texture, due to of its residents’
economic potency (ability), was confronted with a reduction
in investment to modernize existing dwellings.
Suitable land for building is becoming increasingly scarce
with the soaring global population and increasing environmen-
tal protection due to the ecological crisis. Inattention to the
existing ground in the fabric texture of housing is unacceptably
wasteful, and the unrestrained illegal development of cities
horizontally in favelas exacerbates pressures on infrastructure
(particularly electricity networks and transportation) and
undermines the efficacy of proper urban planning. Lack of
attention to the modernization and improvement of fabric
textures causes such locales to degenerate into problematic
social textures, characterized by rundown and dirty appear-
ance, and becoming sites of poverty, deprivation and crime.
To avoid the development of such no-go areas, government
intervention is often necessary to renovate the fabric texture to
achieve sustainable urban development. Sustainable urban
development as a part of national development as a whole is
achieved only when the entire corpus of the city (both the old
and new textures) are simultaneously taken into account by
planners to promote social justice in the allocation of resources,
so cities can perform equally for all residents. However, classi-
fying problem areas itself is a formidable task, given there are
about 100,000 hectares of urban residential areas in Iran, with
a population of about 12 million people. Governmental invest-
ment cannot meet renovation of the large-scale of timeworn
and old residential units. This issue needs the detailed and com-
prehensive study of new systems and methods for prioritizing of
residential units, which requires modernization.
To help in this herculean task, GIS software and the
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) were used in this study.
GIS is a suitable tool for implementing spatial analysis,
particularly information processing and map production, and
it enables use of the WLC model for integrating and overlaying
maps. The AHP model is particularly expedient for the
analysis of statistical data. This article was written to attempt
to improve the viability level of the fabric texture and to
respond to the following questions:
1. How is prioritization of housing modernization applied in
the fabric texture using physical indicators?
2. What is the role of physical indicators in determining the
exhaustion of old residential units?
3. What is the general condition of housing in the fabric
texture of the city?
Since the physical aspect (appearance) of housing is
indicative and representative of residents’ social and eco-
nomic status, and the income level, occupation (profession)
and social situation of residents is manifest in the physical
parameters such as the size of the residential units, building
quality and building density etc., the authors performed this
research by assuming that it is possible to address housing
modernization priorities by implementing physical analysis
of housing units.
2. International experience of old texture renovating
Urban planning as a modern discipline arose to meet the press-
ing and immediate needs of the populations of bombed-out
cities across the world in the aftermath of World War II.
The prevailing ethos of the postwar period was comprehensive
modernism, which dominated the intellectual landscape in all
fields. A matrix of factors such as mass car ownership and cost
efficiency resulted in the abandonment of the city core and an
exodus to modern housing in the suburbs. What remained of
the old urban core became a vacuum for the poor and disen-
franchised, such as the African-American ‘ghettoes’ of the
US and the ‘deprived inner cities’ of Europe. The lack of
economic potency of the new inhabitants confirmed and accel-
erated the degeneration of the fabric texture. While slower and
later in Iran and other countries of West Asia that did not
undergo Soviet planning, the same general process was
observed.
This only began to be addressed as an urban planning prob-
lem in academia (and not yet in practice) from the 1960s
onward, and that was on the grounds of architectural preserva-
tion rather than socio-economic justice and general develop-
ment. Venture (1960) criticized modern architecture and
urban development as the main cause of the destruction of
the old and the historical textures, and Sidler (1964) compared
the urban development to premeditated murder, indicting
modern urban development by comparing new housing and
existing housing in the old and historical parts of the city’s
using photos and authentic documents. While such critiques
were essentially esthetic, they did halt the tide of the unspoken
abandonment of the city core, and gradually reoriented urban
planning toward a more holistic and coherent approach to
strengthen the values of existing fabric texture. Early efforts
included the modernization and improvement of the fabric tex-
ture in the UK cities of Leicester, York, Bath and Chester,
mainly on the initiative of local town planners and architects,
while a more regulatory response was evoked in other
countries.
In 1962 France adopted the Andre´ Malraux law tried to
prevent the destruction of fabric textures, instituting a classifi-
cation of buildings as those which: (a) certainly should be
refurbished; (b) should be protected; (c) should impose some
changes in performance, form and function; (d) and can be
demolished due to reasonable and analytical reasons. Similar
codes were applied in programs of renovation and improve-
ment in Toronto and Stockholm during the 1970s, and
Bologna and Athens in the 1980s. Likewise, in Iran some mea-
sures were gradually implemented concerning the renovation
of the residential housing and some regulations were adopted,
including:
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3. 1. The implementation of more than 700 repairing projects in
more than 350 historical buildings in the fabric texture.
2. Improvement and modernization project of the Old Zanjan
parish in Tehran.
3. The creation of the Maskan Sazan company of
development and improvement (for involvement in the
urban textures from design to implementation)
4. Article 111 of the municipality (supplementary of the
mentioned rule of 1966) to purchase lands for the modern-
ization and improvement.
5. Modernization Act on Urban Development, adopted in
December 1327 [Iranian].
6. Article 62 of the low of the fourth plan of redevelopment of
the country.
3. Literature review
Since the pioneering efforts of the 1960s and 1970s, a rich and
flourishing field of research has emerged concerning housing
renovation and urban development generally. One major the-
oretical development that has continuously nourished the field
is the AHP model, initially developed by Thomas L. Saaty in
the 1970s and extensively studied and refined since then, with
particular prevalence in group decision making (Saaty and
Peniwati, 2008). This section presents a review of the major
developments in the literature concerning urban fabric redevel-
opment, particularly concerning Iran.
Rajabi et al. (2015) used AHP and GIS to identify pri-
ority areas of old texture case study in Isfahan district 7,
according to the standard criteria such life impermeability
and instability. The results showed that AHP model inte-
grated with GIS is an optimum method to classify urban
textures, and it highlighted the priority of renovating the
old texture of Isfahan district 7. Rashidi et al. (2012) used
AHP to study sustainable development and prioritization to
improve ‘urban effete fabrics’ in Isfahan city to identify and
rank the sustainable development components influencing
on the economic, social and physical improvements and
the condition of access. The obtained results indicated that
economic factors with 0.131 weights have the most effect on
the improvement of effete city fabrics. This article stated
that AHP model is a suitable method upon which to base
final decisions and specify the preferred options among
the different criteria.
GIS and multi-temporal satellite imagers was used by
Ahadnejad Reveshty (2011) to assess and predict changes in
urban land use in Zanjan during the period 1984–2011, partic-
ularly to explain the rate and type of change in land use using
TM sensor satellite imagery of land sat and fuzzy art map
classification method combined with cellular automata and
Markov Chain analysis to forecast human impacts on land
use change until 2020. The results of the study disclosed that
land use in about 44 percent of the total area had changed,
particularly the change of agricultural land, orchards and bare
land to settlements, construction of industrial areas and
highways. This article highlights the necessity of renovation
of Zanjan fabric texture in order to avoid uncontrolled
horizontal growth, the destruction of agricultural land and
escalating pressure upon and costs of municipal services in
the suburbs.
4. Principles of renovation (modernization)
Renovation (modernization) is relatively easy to implement, in
terms of upgrading the urban space, complex or building, but
doing so efficiently and sustainably in terms of relative
physical-spatial erosion caused to urban fabric and efficiency
of use and cost is a more complex affair. Renovation includes
same measures alongside the protection of the old building,
complex or urban space, with up-to-date spatial organization
and optimal performance. In other words, modernization,
namely the revitalization of the building constructions,
operations or processes to remove signs of damage, exhaustion
and destruction, is synonymous with the concept of new
re-construction and re-building. Modernization includes seven
categories of measures: urban revitalization, ‘‘adaptation,
updating”, ‘‘conversion, transformation”, conservation,
renewal, ‘‘restoration” and ‘‘repair”.
5. The necessity and importance of housing renovation in the
fabric texture
Housing planning is a part of the urban planning system, and as
such it should be a dynamic, continuous and rotational process.
It should always be based on social and cultural trends and
inspired social change. A special kind of housing planning
can be successful and efficient that precisely considers the
dimensions and perspectives of all users of the housing area
and urban area. Inattention to the physical dimensions of hous-
ing, whether in the scale of architecture or in the scale of urban
planning, impose great damage and enormous costs for society.
Modernist new cities and large residential blocks and units for
example generally failed to replicate the social fabric of tradi-
tional urban communities in British urban development during
the 1950s–1970s, and were unable to absorb the needy popula-
tion into such housing successfully; despite the underlying
shortcomings in the housing sector (i.e. high demand for
homes), the new founded cities operated very weakly and soon
came to be associated with social deprivation and crime. This
was due to the underlying incompatibility of the architecture
and urban development of the new cities with native architec-
ture and modes of housing recognition and living.
If housing planning does not have enough flexibility to
match and balance the contemporary needs of inhabitants
within the framework of the broader national culture, the best
theoretical projects of urban development and housing (as evi-
denced in modernist projects) will fail. It is possible that
instead of creating new cities and unrestrained horizontal
expansion of housing units in the space, and creating uniform
buildings in the new cities, urban planners should pay greater
attention to the renovation and improvement of residential
units in the existing fabric texture, and create residential units
according to the national culture and in accordance with the
new knowledge and developments by artistic integrating of
modern and traditional architecture. In this way, the waste
of resources and facilities will be prevented. New cities con-
structed on greenfield land squander valuable farmland or nat-
ural habitats and entail massive investment in urban amenities
(e.g. roads, streets, water, sewage, gas and transportation etc.)
that could all be achieved more affordably and with less
impact by careful redevelopment of existing urban fabric.
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4. However, the infrastructural dimensions of housing are
ultimately more straightforward than the social, which are ulti-
mately more important in planning housing in the fabric tex-
ture (e.g. failed modernist settlements were fully equipped
with generally improved infrastructure, but they failed to take
root as living urban communities). The present problems and
issues in the fabric texture of cities, such as accelerating the
destruction of housing, have themselves been driven by a series
of social factors and events that caused the failure of the old
fabric. Historically, residents of cities were generally proud
of their residential ‘parish’ as the core of civic pride and iden-
tity, but today people have little affiliation to such communi-
ties (real or imagined), which makes it easy for them to
disconnect from fabric textures and attach themselves to new
locales. This is both caused by and contributes to low quality,
lack of suitable urban infrastructures and lack of investment in
the fabric texture.
Another people-centered issue is the economic viability of
the fabric – not in terms of urban investment (in infrastructure
etc.), but household aspects of the cost of housing, rent, ameni-
ties and access to employment. Since providing service with
efficiency and advantage equal to zero, such as social protec-
tion of the poor and the needy of the community and prepara-
tion the housing for poor is assigned to the government,
construction and reconstruction of housing for ineffective poor
in the fabric texture would be justified by seeking for social and
cultural goals and social balance creation.
6. Case study area
The fabric texture of Zanjan, which is studied in this research,
was established during the late Qajar period. Based on the
implemented studies, the studied area is bounded by Beesat
Street from the north, Khayyam Beltway from the south,
Azadi Boulevard and Jomhoori Avenue to the east and Sho-
hada and Babaei from the west (Map 1). This area coincides
with parish number 1 of the detailed plan with the exception
of District number 5 (which mostly comprises orchards and
protected lands). Based on the estimation made in 2004,
35,311 people inhabit the study area. Saadi and Emam streets
divide the study area into four areas. In the study there are
11,805 blocks with different functions/uses, 53.3% of which
have a residential function, 27.7% have a business function,
and 9.2% have mixed residential-business function (Map 2).
Data from the block functions show that buildings aged
20–30 years old comprise 43% of all buildings, and buildings
less than 5 years old comprise only 4.8% of all buildings
(Table 1). The skeletons of the buildings mainly comprise
unstable materials. Brick and iron skeletons are used in 46%
of buildings, and 37.3% of them are formed from brick and
wood (Table 2). The population density in the study area is
117 persons per hectare, which is a high number compared
with other areas.
Housing units of the texture are classified into different
groups according to their area. Buildings of 100–200 m2
com-
prise 41.6%, and those with less than 100 m2
account for
22.8%. Only 3% of buildings are larger than 1000 m2
(Table 3).
The data for the following tables are derived from field data
and primary results of the detailed revision plan of Zanjan city.
The only significantly aged architecture (early modern) is
from the Safavid period, including a caravansary, laundry,
finance mansion, central mosque, Abasgholi Khan Mosque,
the home of Tofighi and the school of Ahriati. The fabric
texture of Zanjan is divided into two parishes with different
economic features and social situations: they are Eshagheh
Bash and Youkhari Bash. The access road network is based
on a special hierarchy. It begins with a dead-end standoff that
connects narrow residential units to each other and terminates
in wider alleys. The intersection of the alleys forms the center
of the parish, which contains of the elements such as mosques,
other religious centers, retail shops and squares (Meshkini, 2007).
7. Methodology
Since the purpose of this study is to provide a method for pri-
ority of housing renovation in the fabric texture of Iranian
Map 1 Location of case study.
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5. cities, the statistical population comprises all of the fabric tex-
tures of national cities; among them, the fabric texture of the
Zanjan city was selected as a case study for this paper, based
on a systematic approach of applied research. The data were
collected based on the library method and use of statistical
and map sources such as statistical blocks of the Zanjan city,
applied map of the lands and detailed plan approved in
Zanjan. The basic steps of the research are as follows.
7.1. First step
Preparation of attribute table of Zanjan fabric textures base
map, based on the Zanjan statistical block data in Arc map
environment (Fig. 1).
Map 2 Land use map of Zanjan fabric texture.
Table 1 Age of the buildings in the fabric texture of the
Zanjan (excluding commercial spaces).
Sum Percentage 100
Number 8333
50+
Percentage 15.8
Number 1318
30–50 Percentage 14.7
Number 1222
20–30 Percentage 44
Number 3674
10–20 Percentage 14
Number 1171
5–10 Percentage 6.4
Number 532
5À Percentage 5
Number 416
Table 2 Building floors in the fabric texture of Zanjan.
Sum Percentage 100
Number 11106
6+
floors Percentage 0.06
Number 7
5 floors Percentage 0.2
Number 22
4 Percentage 0.7
Number 76
3 Percentage 2.9
Number 321
2 Percentage 18.5
Number 2061
1 Percentage 77.6
Number 8619
Table 3 Classification of residential units in fabric texture of
Zanjan (m2
).
Sum Percentage 100
Number 6297
1000+
Percentage 0.35
Number 19
500–1000 Percentage 2.5
Number 161
400–500 Percentage 3
Number 191
300–400 Percentage 8
Number 498
200–300 Percentage 21.8
Number 1373
100–200 Percentage 41.6
Number 2621
0–100 Percentage 22.8
Number 1434
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6. 7.2. Second step
Preparation of the thematic maps based on the required attri-
butes according to the Category of Arc GIS software (maps of
building age, quality, structure type, density, and floors
number).
7.3. Third stage
Allocation of the preliminary weight to the layers according to
the expert opinions in the Arc GIS software environment; divi-
sion of the layers into five classes and weight of 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9
(Table 4).
7.4. Fourth stage
Converting all polygon-based vector format layers to raster
format, because the AHP model in Idrisi Silva software is per-
formed on the raster layer, and overlaying of layers to make
the final map is possible by this format (the value field for this
conversion is AHP weight, with cell size equal to 7.2) (Fig. 2).
7.5. Fifth step
Entering of all Raster layer into the Idrisi software environ-
ment, and performing the analysis steps of the AHP model
using the weight tool. At this stage, the relative importance
of each criterion in proportion to its importance in the process
of modernization priorities will be determined according to the
expert opinions, and based on the relative importance of each
of the indicators in the weighting matrix the weights will be
entered. Idrisi is considered as important software to process
the Raster image. This software has the ability to perform mul-
tiple criteria and analysis to represent results as maps, tables or
graphs. For example, AHP model is one of the Idrisi tools that
automatically calculates the final weight of each criterion and
consistency ratio in order to know whether the calculated
weight is reliable or not (Table 6).
7.6. Sixth step
Estimation of the agreement consistency ratio. At this stage it
will be determined whether the comparison made between the
criteria is compatible. This step includes the following phases:
1. Determination of the vector of sum of the weight by multi-
plying the first criterion in the first column of the original
pair wise comparison, then multiplying the second criterion
in the second column; the third criterion in the third col-
umn of the original matrix and so on, until multiplying of
seventh criterion in the seventh column of the original
matrix and finally summing the amounts in the rows
(Table 4; Zabardast, 2001).
Figure 1 Preparation of attribute table in Arc map.
Table 4 Random index.
n 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
RI 1.59 1.57 1.56 1.48 1.51 1.49 1.45 1.41 1.32 1.24 1.12 0.9 0.58 0
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7. 2. Determination of the consistency vector by means of divi-
sion of the vector of the total weight on the index (criterion)
weights determined previously. After calculating the com-
promise vector, we need to calculate the values of two
terms: (k), which is equal to the average of the consistency
vector, and consistency index (CI), which is obtained from
the following formula (Saaty, 1980):
CI ¼
k À n
n À 1
Likewise, the consistency ratio (CR) can be calculated by
the following (Saaty, 1980):
CR ¼
CI
RI
where RI is a random index which obtains for different
values of the criteria number (n) shown in Table 5. CR is
designed such that if CR 0.1 P, it shows the consistency-
able level.
7.7. Seventh Step
Integration of the maps in the Arc GIS software environment
based on the calculated weight of the Idrisi software. Then
obtained maps are reclassified using the Reclassify order. After
reclassification, the resulting map will be a map of the housing
renovation prioritized in the fabric texture (Map 3).
8. AHP model analysis
As explained previously, this research evaluates the residential
units of the Zanjan fabric texture in order to prioritize the mod-
ernization and improvement. For this, purpose the basic map
of the Zanjan fabric texture was prepared. Since our research
operations were implementing only on the residential units, in
order to omit other functions such as commercial, religious
and health etc., other functions were omitted from the research
process through the ‘‘category” of the GIS software. After
preparation of the required layers such as the quality, the life-
time of the building and types of materials etc., the weight
was allocated according to expert opinions (Table 5), then the
layers were converted into grid format and ASC in the ARC
VIEW software environment. Finally, in the Idrisi software
environment, the expert opinions and AHP was used to allocate
weighting (Table 6). To determine the accuracy of AHP weights
(prepared based on the expert opinions) and to regard the con-
sistency in the adjudications, the consistency ratio was esti-
mated using the following:
CI ¼
k À n
n À 1
¼
7:25 À 7
7 À 1
¼ 0:041 CR ¼
CI
RI
¼
0:041
1:19
¼ 0:02
Figure 2 Raster format of building density.
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8. Since the consistency ratio is less than 1.0, the weights were
accurate and had the necessary scientific accuracy. In the next
step, using the calculated weights is integrated in the Idrisi
software environment using the WLC model and weights of
AHP of the layers (Map 3).
9. Results
The final map (Map 3) revealed that 2018 residential units
(17.86%) belong to the first priority for renovation; 9118
(77.24%) belong to the second; 553 (4.68%) belong to the
Table 5 Weight of the sub-criteria based on AHP.
Indicators AHP weight 9 7 5 3 1
Age of the building blocks (yrs) <5 *
5–10 *
10–30 *
30–50 *
50+ *
Material of the block skeletons Concrete *
Metal *
Brick & iron *
Brick &wood *
Brick & mud *
Building density of the blocks 0–40 *
40–80 *
80–160 *
160–320 *
320+ *
Quality of the building blocks Under construction *
Newly constructed *
For repair *
Maintainable *
For destruction and ruin *
Number of floors 0 *
1 *
2 *
3 *
4+ *
Blocks separation (block size) 0–100 *
100–200 *
200–300 *
300–400 *
400+ *
Occupation area of the block 0–100 *
100–200 *
200–250 *
T0 500 *
500+ *
Table 6 Matrix of pair-wise comparison of the evaluation criteria.
Criteria Skeleton
material
Lifetime of the
building block
Building
quality
Floor
number
Occupation area
of the building
Building
density
Block
separation
Unmoral
weight
Final
weight
Skeleton material 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 7.225 0.458
Lifetime of the
building block
0.11 1 2 2 3 3 4 2.163 0.176
Building quality 0.11 0.50 1 2 2 3 3 1.568 0.099
Floor number 0.11 0.50 0.50 1 2 2 2 1.231 0.085
Occupation area
of the building
0.11 0.33 0.50 0.50 1 2 2 1 0.074
Building density 0.11 0.33 0.33 0.50 0.50 1 2 0.803 0.063
Block separation 0.11 0.25 0.33 0.50 0.50 0.50 1 0.625 0.045
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9. Map 3 Final map of the housing renovation priority in the fabric texture using the AHP model and GIS.
SelecƟon of the indicators
DeterminaƟon of the indicator weights
according to the building quality value
Geographical informaƟon system
(GIS)
PreparaƟon of pair wise comparison matrix of
the indicators according to AHP model
CalculaƟon of the weight of the
criterion (W1…… W10)
CalculaƟon of the consensus ratio (CR < 0.1
Making final map (using rater weighted
overlay method)
Figure 3 Process of the research implementation using AHP model and Arc GIS program.
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10. third; 12 (0.17%) belong to the fourth; and three units (0.2%)
belong to the fifth. It can be seen that the vast majority of the
residential units belong to the second class, which reflects the
events of recent decades, including migration from the fabric
texture and lack of interest in modernization among the resi-
dents. The buildings located in the third category are units ren-
ovated or constructed in recent years that do not generally
need modernization or improvement.
By studding the data distribution it can be seen that most of
the residential units are away from the normal limit; that is, the
majority of the data pertains to the first and second groups.
This is indicative of the high deterioration of the residential
units in the fabric texture, which need urgent renovation activ-
ities. Likewise, placement of very few and insignificant propor-
tions of units in the fourth and fifth groups is due to the lack of
the renovation and repairing (of the residential units) activities
due to the social and economic conditions. This fact indicates
that government intervention in building renovation issues is
essential (See Fig. 3).
10. Discussion and conclusion
This research can help the custodians (authorities) and city
managers (such as housing foundations) to modernize residen-
tial units and allocate funds in this sector associated with social
justice, creating circumstances whereby residents can benefit
from governmental support based on equality and in accor-
dance with the economic needs of residents, which means that
the individuals and the families that are living in smaller, more
dilapidated and nonstandard houses must be targeted for more
planning and intervention.
Conflict of interest
None.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their gratitude to all those
who helped in this research.
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10 S. Foroughi, M.A. Rasol
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Please cite this article in press as: Foroughi, S., Rasol, M.A., , Housing renovation priority in the fabric texture of the city using the analytic hierarchy model (AHP)
and geographic information system (GIS): A case study of Zanjan City, Iran, Egypt. J. Remote Sensing Space Sci. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2016.05.001