Gene cloning allows scientists to produce multiple copies of a gene or DNA segment. The process involves using restriction enzymes to cut DNA into fragments, which are then combined with a bacterial plasmid. This recombinant DNA is inserted into bacterial cells via transformation. The bacteria are then cultured to generate clones containing many copies of the gene of interest. DNA cloning has many applications, including producing proteins for research and modifying organisms.
Gene cloning involves inserting DNA fragments from one source into plasmids or bacteria. This allows for the production of multiple copies of the gene. Restriction enzymes and DNA ligase are used to cut and paste DNA fragments into plasmids. The plasmids are then inserted into bacteria which replicate, producing many copies of the gene. Libraries of cloned DNA fragments can be stored in bacteria or plasmids. The library can be screened to identify clones containing genes of interest using probes complementary to the target gene. Expressed genes can be studied by producing their protein products in bacterial or eukaryotic cells.
This document provides an overview of DNA cloning and recombinant DNA technology. It discusses how restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA into fragments that can be combined in vitro to form recombinant DNA molecules. Gene cloning involves inserting foreign DNA into a plasmid vector, which is then introduced into bacteria. The bacteria replicate the recombinant plasmid, producing multiple copies of the gene of interest. Libraries of cloned DNA fragments can be stored in bacteria or plasmids. Clones carrying a gene of interest can be identified by screening the library with a complementary DNA probe. Cloned genes can be expressed in bacterial or eukaryotic cells to produce the encoded protein.
1) Gene cloning involves inserting foreign DNA into a plasmid, which is then inserted into bacterial cells. The bacterial cells rapidly replicate the recombinant plasmid, producing multiple copies of the gene of interest.
2) Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sites, producing sticky ends that allow insertion of the foreign DNA fragment into the plasmid. DNA ligase seals the recombinant DNA molecule.
3) The recombinant plasmids are inserted into bacteria, which are then cultured to produce clones containing many copies of the cloned gene, allowing mass production of that gene or its protein product.
1) The document describes techniques for cloning DNA fragments, including using restriction enzymes to cut DNA into fragments and recombining fragments into plasmids, which are then inserted into bacterial cells.
2) The cloned DNA fragments can be used to create libraries that allow screening for genes of interest. Once identified, the gene can be isolated and studied.
3) DNA technology allows researchers to analyze genes through techniques like PCR, gel electrophoresis, and Southern blotting to compare sequences, locate expression, and determine function.
The document discusses DNA technology and gene cloning. It describes how the human genome was sequenced by 2003 through advances in DNA technology including the invention of recombinant DNA methods. Gene cloning allows scientists to prepare multiple identical copies of a specific gene or DNA segment. This involves inserting the gene into a bacterial plasmid, which is then put into bacterial cells to produce clones containing the gene of interest. Restriction enzymes and DNA ligase are used to create recombinant DNA by cutting DNA into fragments that can be recombined. The polymerase chain reaction can amplify a specific DNA sequence in vitro. Gel electrophoresis and Southern blotting allow researchers to analyze and compare DNA restriction fragments.
1) Gene cloning involves inserting foreign DNA into plasmids which are then inserted into bacterial cells. The bacterial cells rapidly multiply, producing multiple copies of the gene of interest.
2) Restriction enzymes and DNA ligase are used to cut and join DNA fragments to create recombinant DNA. Probes are used to screen libraries and identify clones containing genes of interest.
3) Cloned genes can be expressed in bacterial or eukaryotic cells to produce large quantities of the gene's protein product. This allows researchers to study protein function.
1) Gene cloning involves inserting foreign DNA into a plasmid vector, transforming bacteria with the recombinant plasmid, and allowing the bacteria to replicate, producing multiple copies of the gene of interest.
2) Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA at specific sites, producing sticky ends that allow insertion of the gene into the plasmid.
3) Transformed bacteria containing the recombinant plasmid are selected by growing on antibiotic-containing media, with the antibiotic resistance gene on the plasmid allowing only those bacteria to survive.
This document summarizes DNA technology concepts from a biology textbook chapter. It discusses:
1) Advances in DNA sequencing techniques have allowed researchers to sequence the genomes of extinct species like Neanderthals and woolly mammoths. Next-generation sequencing is faster and less expensive than previous methods.
2) DNA cloning and sequencing are useful tools that have applications in fields like agriculture, criminal law, and medical research. DNA cloning involves inserting a DNA fragment into a plasmid vector, which is then replicated in bacteria to produce multiple copies of the fragment.
3) DNA sequencing determines the order of nucleotides in a gene or genome. The Sanger method uses DNA polymerase and dideoxynucleotides to generate
Gene cloning involves inserting DNA fragments from one source into plasmids or bacteria. This allows for the production of multiple copies of the gene. Restriction enzymes and DNA ligase are used to cut and paste DNA fragments into plasmids. The plasmids are then inserted into bacteria which replicate, producing many copies of the gene. Libraries of cloned DNA fragments can be stored in bacteria or plasmids. The library can be screened to identify clones containing genes of interest using probes complementary to the target gene. Expressed genes can be studied by producing their protein products in bacterial or eukaryotic cells.
This document provides an overview of DNA cloning and recombinant DNA technology. It discusses how restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA into fragments that can be combined in vitro to form recombinant DNA molecules. Gene cloning involves inserting foreign DNA into a plasmid vector, which is then introduced into bacteria. The bacteria replicate the recombinant plasmid, producing multiple copies of the gene of interest. Libraries of cloned DNA fragments can be stored in bacteria or plasmids. Clones carrying a gene of interest can be identified by screening the library with a complementary DNA probe. Cloned genes can be expressed in bacterial or eukaryotic cells to produce the encoded protein.
1) Gene cloning involves inserting foreign DNA into a plasmid, which is then inserted into bacterial cells. The bacterial cells rapidly replicate the recombinant plasmid, producing multiple copies of the gene of interest.
2) Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sites, producing sticky ends that allow insertion of the foreign DNA fragment into the plasmid. DNA ligase seals the recombinant DNA molecule.
3) The recombinant plasmids are inserted into bacteria, which are then cultured to produce clones containing many copies of the cloned gene, allowing mass production of that gene or its protein product.
1) The document describes techniques for cloning DNA fragments, including using restriction enzymes to cut DNA into fragments and recombining fragments into plasmids, which are then inserted into bacterial cells.
2) The cloned DNA fragments can be used to create libraries that allow screening for genes of interest. Once identified, the gene can be isolated and studied.
3) DNA technology allows researchers to analyze genes through techniques like PCR, gel electrophoresis, and Southern blotting to compare sequences, locate expression, and determine function.
The document discusses DNA technology and gene cloning. It describes how the human genome was sequenced by 2003 through advances in DNA technology including the invention of recombinant DNA methods. Gene cloning allows scientists to prepare multiple identical copies of a specific gene or DNA segment. This involves inserting the gene into a bacterial plasmid, which is then put into bacterial cells to produce clones containing the gene of interest. Restriction enzymes and DNA ligase are used to create recombinant DNA by cutting DNA into fragments that can be recombined. The polymerase chain reaction can amplify a specific DNA sequence in vitro. Gel electrophoresis and Southern blotting allow researchers to analyze and compare DNA restriction fragments.
1) Gene cloning involves inserting foreign DNA into plasmids which are then inserted into bacterial cells. The bacterial cells rapidly multiply, producing multiple copies of the gene of interest.
2) Restriction enzymes and DNA ligase are used to cut and join DNA fragments to create recombinant DNA. Probes are used to screen libraries and identify clones containing genes of interest.
3) Cloned genes can be expressed in bacterial or eukaryotic cells to produce large quantities of the gene's protein product. This allows researchers to study protein function.
1) Gene cloning involves inserting foreign DNA into a plasmid vector, transforming bacteria with the recombinant plasmid, and allowing the bacteria to replicate, producing multiple copies of the gene of interest.
2) Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA at specific sites, producing sticky ends that allow insertion of the gene into the plasmid.
3) Transformed bacteria containing the recombinant plasmid are selected by growing on antibiotic-containing media, with the antibiotic resistance gene on the plasmid allowing only those bacteria to survive.
This document summarizes DNA technology concepts from a biology textbook chapter. It discusses:
1) Advances in DNA sequencing techniques have allowed researchers to sequence the genomes of extinct species like Neanderthals and woolly mammoths. Next-generation sequencing is faster and less expensive than previous methods.
2) DNA cloning and sequencing are useful tools that have applications in fields like agriculture, criminal law, and medical research. DNA cloning involves inserting a DNA fragment into a plasmid vector, which is then replicated in bacteria to produce multiple copies of the fragment.
3) DNA sequencing determines the order of nucleotides in a gene or genome. The Sanger method uses DNA polymerase and dideoxynucleotides to generate
This document discusses various methods and tools for gene cloning, including:
- Plasmids as cloning vectors, with examples like pUC19, which contains features like antibiotic resistance markers and multiple cloning sites.
- Host cells used for cloning vectors, including E. coli, yeast, and other prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
- Shuttle vectors that can replicate in multiple host organisms, and expression vectors that control gene expression.
- Bacteriophage lambda and modified lambda phages like Charon that can be used as cloning vectors for larger DNA fragments.
- Additional tools for cloning genes into vectors, expressing genes, and transferring vectors between prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts
The procedure involves placing a foreign gene into bacterial cells using restriction enzymes and vectors. The modified bacteria are then grown to produce clones. Key aspects of gene cloning include restriction endonucleases to cut DNA, vectors to allow DNA replication, and probes to identify specific clones. DNA ligase is used to join cut DNA fragments.
The document discusses DNA, RNA, and the processes of transcription and translation. It explains that DNA and RNA are polymers made up of nucleotides. During transcription, DNA is copied into RNA. During translation, the RNA code is used to assemble amino acids into proteins according to the genetic code stored in DNA.
The document summarizes key concepts about the structure and function of DNA and genes. It describes experiments that showed DNA is the genetic material, including Griffith's transformation experiment and the Hershey-Chase experiment. It explains that DNA is made of nucleotides, has a double helix structure, and replicates semiconservatively. The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein is summarized, including transcription, RNA processing, the genetic code, translation, and protein synthesis.
Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating genes, often by adding a gene from another species to an organism's genome. This is done through recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology, which combines DNA sequences artificially. A key part of the process is using restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites, then inserting the cut DNA fragment into a vector like a plasmid for replication in a host cell. The engineered DNA is then introduced into host cells, and cells containing the new DNA are identified and isolated through markers on the vector.
This document discusses various enzymes and vectors used in genetic engineering. It describes DNA ligase and T4 DNA ligase, which are used to join DNA fragments. Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences and are used for tasks like DNA sequencing and cloning. Vectors like plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), and bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) are used to transfer foreign DNA. The document also discusses DNA polymerases, nucleases, and other enzymes that modify DNA, and how they are applied in genetic engineering techniques.
The document discusses genetic engineering techniques used to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It describes how restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sites, allowing DNA fragments from different sources to be spliced together to form recombinant DNA. This recombinant DNA can then be inserted into organisms using techniques like bacterial transfection to produce GMOs with novel traits. It provides examples of genes spliced into crops to make them pest-resistant and discusses debates around the safety and regulation of genetically modified foods.
Recombinant DNA technology allows DNA from different sources to be combined through molecular biology techniques. DNA segments are recombined outside of living cells and can then enter a host cell and replicate. This technology was developed in 1973 and allows genes to be transferred between organisms. Recombinant DNA is made through various methods like transformation, phage introduction, or non-bacterial transformation which insert DNA into vectors that are then taken up by host cells. This technology is used to produce human proteins like insulin in bacteria for medical purposes. Safety issues involve ensuring recombinant DNA does not escape the laboratory.
This document provides an overview of DNA cloning including:
1. The basic steps in DNA cloning including isolation of vector and gene source DNA, insertion into the vector, and introduction into cells.
2. Uses of polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzymes in cloning.
3. Applications of cloning such as recombinant protein production, genetically modified organisms, DNA fingerprinting, and gene therapy.
This document discusses recombinant DNA technology and its applications. It begins with an introduction to recombinant DNA technology and its history. It then describes the tools and enzymes used, including restriction enzymes, DNA ligase, reverse transcriptase, and DNA polymerase. Various vectors like bacterial plasmids and bacteriophages are also discussed. The document outlines several applications such as monoclonal antibody production, disease diagnosis, DNA fingerprinting, environmental uses, gene therapy, and xenotransplantation. In summary, the document provides an overview of the key concepts, techniques, and uses of recombinant DNA technology.
Recombinant DNA technology involves isolating DNA from different species, cutting it with restriction enzymes, and splicing the pieces together to form recombinant molecules. These molecules are multiplied in bacteria or yeast cells. Key steps include extracting DNA, cutting it with restriction enzymes, inserting a gene of interest into a plasmid, transforming bacteria with the plasmid, and using antibiotics to select bacteria containing the recombinant DNA. This allows mass production of human genes for applications like gene therapy and production of therapeutic proteins.
CONFERENCE 5-Techniques in Genetic Engineering.pptDicksonDaniel7
This document describes genetic engineering techniques such as selective breeding, recombinant DNA, PCR, and transgenic organisms. It explains how recombinant DNA technology uses restriction enzymes and DNA ligases to insert DNA fragments into cloning vectors, which are then inserted into host bacteria for replication. This allows mass production of useful proteins like insulin. The document also discusses how Agrobacterium tumefaciens and its Ti plasmid are widely used vectors to introduce foreign DNA into plant cells and genomes. In summary, the document outlines genetic engineering methods and how they have been applied to biotechnology and agriculture.
This document provides an overview of DNA cloning. It begins by defining cloning as making identical copies of DNA, genes, or cells. The basic steps of DNA cloning are described, including using a source DNA, vector, restriction enzymes to cut DNA, ligation to join DNA fragments, transformation of host bacteria, and selection of recombinant clones. Common vectors like plasmids are discussed along with selection techniques like blue-white screening. The document emphasizes that the goal is to generate multiple copies of the cloned insert DNA. Examples are given of important medical and agricultural applications of cloning genes.
Describe the application of DNA profiling in paternity tests and forensic investigations
Analyze DNA profiles to draw conclusions about paternity tests and forensic investigations.
Recombinant DNA technology allows DNA from different species to be isolated, cut with restriction enzymes, and spliced together to form new recombinant molecules. This involves extracting DNA, cutting it with restriction enzymes to form manageable fragments, inserting fragments into vectors like plasmids, introducing the recombinant vectors into host cells, and amplifying the DNA. Vectors often contain antibiotic resistance genes to select for host cells containing the recombinant DNA. This process allows scientists to isolate and multiply specific genes for study and modification.
The document provides an overview of DNA technology and biotechnology. It discusses how DNA cloning allows scientists to make multiple copies of genes and study their structure, expression, and function. Key techniques described include recombinant DNA, restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis, and DNA sequencing. Applications mentioned include genetic engineering of plants, microorganisms, and animals for research, agriculture, medicine, forensics, and environmental cleanup.
Biotechnology refers to the use of living organisms or their components to develop products and processes. It has applications in fields like agriculture, medicine, and industry. Modern biotechnology techniques include genetic engineering and aseptic techniques. Genetic engineering involves altering genetic material through techniques like recombinant DNA, gene transfer into host organisms, and gene cloning. It allows scientists to modify organisms for useful purposes. Restriction enzymes, vectors, DNA polymerase and ligase are important tools used in genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology.
This document discusses DNA replication in AP Biology. It explains that DNA must copy itself before cells divide so each new cell has the full genetic information. The semi-conservative model of replication is described, in which each new DNA strand is half from the original template strand. Key enzymes involved in replication are also outlined, including helicase, primase, DNA polymerase III, DNA polymerase I, and ligase. The process of replication occurs via unwinding of the DNA double helix, addition of RNA primers, synthesis of new DNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction, replacement of RNA with DNA, and joining of DNA fragments.
Recombinant DNA technology uses restriction enzymes and DNA ligase to cut and join DNA fragments from different sources to construct recombinant DNA molecules. This technique was discovered in the 1970s and has since been used to develop transgenic plants with improved traits like higher yield, increased stress and pest resistance, and the ability to produce valuable pharmaceuticals. Some key applications include producing human insulin and anemia treatments, developing herbicide and insect resistant crop varieties, and engineering disease resistance in plants. Recombinant DNA technology is now widely used in agriculture and has contributed to over 70% of foods in supermarkets coming from genetically modified crops.
DNA cloning allows for the reproduction of DNA fragments. It involves inserting a fragment of interest into a vector, such as a plasmid, and introducing them into a host cell. The vector carries the DNA fragment into the host cell and allows for its amplification. The key steps are cutting the DNA fragment and vector with restriction enzymes, ligating them together, transforming the ligation product into host cells, and selecting for recombinant clones. Colonies containing the insert DNA can be identified through blue/white screening which detects functional LacZ genes.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
This document discusses various methods and tools for gene cloning, including:
- Plasmids as cloning vectors, with examples like pUC19, which contains features like antibiotic resistance markers and multiple cloning sites.
- Host cells used for cloning vectors, including E. coli, yeast, and other prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
- Shuttle vectors that can replicate in multiple host organisms, and expression vectors that control gene expression.
- Bacteriophage lambda and modified lambda phages like Charon that can be used as cloning vectors for larger DNA fragments.
- Additional tools for cloning genes into vectors, expressing genes, and transferring vectors between prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts
The procedure involves placing a foreign gene into bacterial cells using restriction enzymes and vectors. The modified bacteria are then grown to produce clones. Key aspects of gene cloning include restriction endonucleases to cut DNA, vectors to allow DNA replication, and probes to identify specific clones. DNA ligase is used to join cut DNA fragments.
The document discusses DNA, RNA, and the processes of transcription and translation. It explains that DNA and RNA are polymers made up of nucleotides. During transcription, DNA is copied into RNA. During translation, the RNA code is used to assemble amino acids into proteins according to the genetic code stored in DNA.
The document summarizes key concepts about the structure and function of DNA and genes. It describes experiments that showed DNA is the genetic material, including Griffith's transformation experiment and the Hershey-Chase experiment. It explains that DNA is made of nucleotides, has a double helix structure, and replicates semiconservatively. The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein is summarized, including transcription, RNA processing, the genetic code, translation, and protein synthesis.
Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating genes, often by adding a gene from another species to an organism's genome. This is done through recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology, which combines DNA sequences artificially. A key part of the process is using restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites, then inserting the cut DNA fragment into a vector like a plasmid for replication in a host cell. The engineered DNA is then introduced into host cells, and cells containing the new DNA are identified and isolated through markers on the vector.
This document discusses various enzymes and vectors used in genetic engineering. It describes DNA ligase and T4 DNA ligase, which are used to join DNA fragments. Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences and are used for tasks like DNA sequencing and cloning. Vectors like plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), and bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) are used to transfer foreign DNA. The document also discusses DNA polymerases, nucleases, and other enzymes that modify DNA, and how they are applied in genetic engineering techniques.
The document discusses genetic engineering techniques used to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It describes how restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sites, allowing DNA fragments from different sources to be spliced together to form recombinant DNA. This recombinant DNA can then be inserted into organisms using techniques like bacterial transfection to produce GMOs with novel traits. It provides examples of genes spliced into crops to make them pest-resistant and discusses debates around the safety and regulation of genetically modified foods.
Recombinant DNA technology allows DNA from different sources to be combined through molecular biology techniques. DNA segments are recombined outside of living cells and can then enter a host cell and replicate. This technology was developed in 1973 and allows genes to be transferred between organisms. Recombinant DNA is made through various methods like transformation, phage introduction, or non-bacterial transformation which insert DNA into vectors that are then taken up by host cells. This technology is used to produce human proteins like insulin in bacteria for medical purposes. Safety issues involve ensuring recombinant DNA does not escape the laboratory.
This document provides an overview of DNA cloning including:
1. The basic steps in DNA cloning including isolation of vector and gene source DNA, insertion into the vector, and introduction into cells.
2. Uses of polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzymes in cloning.
3. Applications of cloning such as recombinant protein production, genetically modified organisms, DNA fingerprinting, and gene therapy.
This document discusses recombinant DNA technology and its applications. It begins with an introduction to recombinant DNA technology and its history. It then describes the tools and enzymes used, including restriction enzymes, DNA ligase, reverse transcriptase, and DNA polymerase. Various vectors like bacterial plasmids and bacteriophages are also discussed. The document outlines several applications such as monoclonal antibody production, disease diagnosis, DNA fingerprinting, environmental uses, gene therapy, and xenotransplantation. In summary, the document provides an overview of the key concepts, techniques, and uses of recombinant DNA technology.
Recombinant DNA technology involves isolating DNA from different species, cutting it with restriction enzymes, and splicing the pieces together to form recombinant molecules. These molecules are multiplied in bacteria or yeast cells. Key steps include extracting DNA, cutting it with restriction enzymes, inserting a gene of interest into a plasmid, transforming bacteria with the plasmid, and using antibiotics to select bacteria containing the recombinant DNA. This allows mass production of human genes for applications like gene therapy and production of therapeutic proteins.
CONFERENCE 5-Techniques in Genetic Engineering.pptDicksonDaniel7
This document describes genetic engineering techniques such as selective breeding, recombinant DNA, PCR, and transgenic organisms. It explains how recombinant DNA technology uses restriction enzymes and DNA ligases to insert DNA fragments into cloning vectors, which are then inserted into host bacteria for replication. This allows mass production of useful proteins like insulin. The document also discusses how Agrobacterium tumefaciens and its Ti plasmid are widely used vectors to introduce foreign DNA into plant cells and genomes. In summary, the document outlines genetic engineering methods and how they have been applied to biotechnology and agriculture.
This document provides an overview of DNA cloning. It begins by defining cloning as making identical copies of DNA, genes, or cells. The basic steps of DNA cloning are described, including using a source DNA, vector, restriction enzymes to cut DNA, ligation to join DNA fragments, transformation of host bacteria, and selection of recombinant clones. Common vectors like plasmids are discussed along with selection techniques like blue-white screening. The document emphasizes that the goal is to generate multiple copies of the cloned insert DNA. Examples are given of important medical and agricultural applications of cloning genes.
Describe the application of DNA profiling in paternity tests and forensic investigations
Analyze DNA profiles to draw conclusions about paternity tests and forensic investigations.
Recombinant DNA technology allows DNA from different species to be isolated, cut with restriction enzymes, and spliced together to form new recombinant molecules. This involves extracting DNA, cutting it with restriction enzymes to form manageable fragments, inserting fragments into vectors like plasmids, introducing the recombinant vectors into host cells, and amplifying the DNA. Vectors often contain antibiotic resistance genes to select for host cells containing the recombinant DNA. This process allows scientists to isolate and multiply specific genes for study and modification.
The document provides an overview of DNA technology and biotechnology. It discusses how DNA cloning allows scientists to make multiple copies of genes and study their structure, expression, and function. Key techniques described include recombinant DNA, restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis, and DNA sequencing. Applications mentioned include genetic engineering of plants, microorganisms, and animals for research, agriculture, medicine, forensics, and environmental cleanup.
Biotechnology refers to the use of living organisms or their components to develop products and processes. It has applications in fields like agriculture, medicine, and industry. Modern biotechnology techniques include genetic engineering and aseptic techniques. Genetic engineering involves altering genetic material through techniques like recombinant DNA, gene transfer into host organisms, and gene cloning. It allows scientists to modify organisms for useful purposes. Restriction enzymes, vectors, DNA polymerase and ligase are important tools used in genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology.
This document discusses DNA replication in AP Biology. It explains that DNA must copy itself before cells divide so each new cell has the full genetic information. The semi-conservative model of replication is described, in which each new DNA strand is half from the original template strand. Key enzymes involved in replication are also outlined, including helicase, primase, DNA polymerase III, DNA polymerase I, and ligase. The process of replication occurs via unwinding of the DNA double helix, addition of RNA primers, synthesis of new DNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction, replacement of RNA with DNA, and joining of DNA fragments.
Recombinant DNA technology uses restriction enzymes and DNA ligase to cut and join DNA fragments from different sources to construct recombinant DNA molecules. This technique was discovered in the 1970s and has since been used to develop transgenic plants with improved traits like higher yield, increased stress and pest resistance, and the ability to produce valuable pharmaceuticals. Some key applications include producing human insulin and anemia treatments, developing herbicide and insect resistant crop varieties, and engineering disease resistance in plants. Recombinant DNA technology is now widely used in agriculture and has contributed to over 70% of foods in supermarkets coming from genetically modified crops.
DNA cloning allows for the reproduction of DNA fragments. It involves inserting a fragment of interest into a vector, such as a plasmid, and introducing them into a host cell. The vector carries the DNA fragment into the host cell and allows for its amplification. The key steps are cutting the DNA fragment and vector with restriction enzymes, ligating them together, transforming the ligation product into host cells, and selecting for recombinant clones. Colonies containing the insert DNA can be identified through blue/white screening which detects functional LacZ genes.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
8. Figure 20.2
Bacterium
Bacterial
chromosome
Plasmid
2
1
3
4
Gene inserted into
plasmid
Cell containing gene
of interest
Recombinant
DNA (plasmid)
Gene of
interest
Plasmid put into
bacterial cell
DNA of
chromosome
(“foreign” DNA)
Recombinant
bacterium
Host cell grown in culture to
form a clone of cells containing
the “cloned” gene of interest
Gene of
interest
Protein expressed from
gene of interest
Protein harvested
Copies of gene
Basic research
and various
applications
Basic
research
on protein
Basic
research
on gene
Gene for pest
resistance inserted
into plants
Gene used to alter
bacteria for cleaning
up toxic waste
Protein dissolves
blood clots in heart
attack therapy
Human growth
hormone treats
stunted growth
9. Figure 20.2a
Bacterium
Bacterial
chromosome
Plasmid
2
1 Gene inserted into
plasmid
Cell containing
gene of interest
Recombinant
DNA (plasmid)
Gene of
interest
Plasmid put into
bacterial cell
DNA of
chromosome
(“foreign” DNA)
Recombinant
bacterium
10. Figure 20.2b
Host cell grown in
culture to form a clone
of cells containing the
“cloned” gene of interest
Gene of
interest
Protein expressed from
gene of interest
Protein harvested
Copies of gene
Basic research
and various
applications
3
4
Basic
research
on protein
Basic
research
on gene
Gene for pest
resistance inserted
into plants
Gene used to alter
bacteria for cleaning
up toxic waste
Protein dissolves
blood clots in heart
attack therapy
Human growth
hormone treats
stunted growth
13. Figure 20.3-1
Restriction enzyme
cuts sugar-phosphate
backbones.
Restriction site
DNA
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
Sticky
end
GAATTC
CTTAAG
14. Figure 20.3-2
One possible combination
DNA fragment added
from another molecule
cut by same enzyme.
Base pairing occurs.
Restriction enzyme
cuts sugar-phosphate
backbones.
Restriction site
DNA
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
1
Sticky
end
GAATTC
CTTAAG
G
G
G
G
AATT C
AATT C
C TTAA C TTAA
15. Figure 20.3-3
Recombinant DNA molecule
One possible combination
DNA ligase
seals strands
DNA fragment added
from another molecule
cut by same enzyme.
Base pairing occurs.
Restriction enzyme
cuts sugar-phosphate
backbones.
Restriction site
DNA
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
1
Sticky
end
GAATTC
CTTAAG
G
G
G
G
AATT C
AATT C
C TTAA C TTAA
25. Figure 20.5
Foreign genome
Cut with restriction enzymes into either
small
fragments
large
fragments
or
Recombinant
plasmids
Plasmid
clone
(a) Plasmid library
(b) BAC clone
Bacterial artificial
chromosome (BAC)
Large
insert
with
many
genes
(c) Storing genome libraries
30. Figure 20.6-2
DNA in
nucleus
mRNAs in
cytoplasm
mRNA
Reverse
transcriptase Poly-A tail
DNA
strand
Primer
5
5
3
3
A A A A A A
T T T T T
31. Figure 20.6-3
DNA in
nucleus
mRNAs in
cytoplasm
mRNA
Reverse
transcriptase Poly-A tail
DNA
strand
Primer
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
A A A A A A
A A A A A A
T T T T T
T T T T T
32. Figure 20.6-4
DNA in
nucleus
mRNAs in
cytoplasm
mRNA
Reverse
transcriptase Poly-A tail
DNA
strand
Primer
DNA
polymerase
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
A A A A A A
A A A A A A
T T T T T
T T T T T
33. Figure 20.6-5
DNA in
nucleus
mRNAs in
cytoplasm
mRNA
Reverse
transcriptase Poly-A tail
DNA
strand
Primer
DNA
polymerase
cDNA
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
A A A A A A
A A A A A A
T T T T T
T T T T T
37. Figure 20.7
Radioactively
labeled probe
molecules Gene of
interest
Probe
DNA
Single-
stranded
DNA from
cell
Film
Location of
DNA with the
complementary
sequence
Nylon
membrane
Nylon membrane
Multiwell plates
holding library
clones
TECHNIQUE 5
5
3
3
GAGTAGTGGCCG
CTCATCACCGGC
51. Figure 20.9
Mixture of
DNA mol-
ecules of
different
sizes
Power
source
Power
source
Longer
molecules
Cathode Anode
Wells
Gel
Shorter
molecules
TECHNIQUE
RESULTS
1
2
52. Figure 20.9a
Mixture of
DNA mol-
ecules of
different
sizes
Power
source
Power
source
Longer
molecules
Cathode Anode
Wells
Gel
Shorter
molecules
TECHNIQUE
2
1
56. Figure 20.10
Normal -globin allele
Sickle-cell mutant -globin allele
Large
fragment
Normal
allele
Sickle-cell
allele
201 bp
175 bp
376 bp
(a) DdeI restriction sites in normal and
sickle-cell alleles of the -globin gene
(b)Electrophoresis of restriction
fragments from normal and
sickle-cell alleles
201 bp
175 bp
376 bp
Large fragment
Large fragment
DdeI DdeI DdeI DdeI
DdeI DdeI DdeI
57. Figure 20.10a
Normal -globin allele
Sickle-cell mutant -globin allele
(a) DdeI restriction sites in normal and
sickle-cell alleles of the -globin gene
201 bp
175 bp
376 bp
Large fragment
Large fragment
DdeI DdeI DdeI DdeI
DdeI DdeI DdeI
60. Figure 20.11
DNA restriction enzyme
3
2
1
4
TECHNIQUE
I Normal
-globin
allele
II Sickle-cell
allele
III Heterozygote
Restriction
fragments
Nitrocellulose
membrane (blot)
Heavy
weight
Gel
Sponge
Alkaline
solution Paper
towels
II
I III
II
I III II
I III
Preparation of
restriction fragments
Gel electrophoresis DNA transfer (blotting)
Radioactively labeled
probe for -globin
gene
Nitrocellulose blot
Probe base-pairs
with fragments
Fragment from
sickle-cell
-globin allele
Fragment from
normal - globin
allele
Film
over
blot
Hybridization with labeled probe Probe detection
5
62. Figure 20.12
DNA
(template strand)
TECHNIQUE
5
3
C
C
C
C
T
T
T
G
G
A
A
A
A
G
T
T
T
DNA
polymerase
Primer
5
3
P P P
OH
G
dATP
dCTP
dTTP
dGTP
Deoxyribonucleotides Dideoxyribonucleotides
(fluorescently tagged)
P P P
H
G
ddATP
ddCTP
ddTTP
ddGTP
5
3
C
C
C
C
T
T
T
G
G
A
A
A
A
DNA (template
strand)
Labeled strands
Shortest Longest
5
3
ddC
ddG
ddA
ddA
ddA
ddG
ddG
ddT
ddC
G
T
T
T
G
T
T
T
C
G
T
T
T
C
T T
G
G
T
T
T
C
T
G
A
G
T
T
T
C
T
G
A
A
G
T
T
T
C
T
G
A
A
G
G
T
T
T
C
T
G
A
A
G
T
G
T
T
T
C
T
G
A
A
G
T
C
G
T
T
T
C
T
G
A
A
G
T
C
A
Direction
of movement
of strands
Longest labeled strand
Detector
Laser
Shortest labeled strand
RESULTS
Last nucleotide
of longest
labeled strand
Last nucleotide
of shortest
labeled strand
G
G
G
A
A
A
C
C
T
63. Figure 20.12a
DNA
(template strand)
TECHNIQUE
Primer Deoxyribonucleotides Dideoxyribonucleotides
(fluorescently tagged)
DNA
polymerase
5
5
3
3
OH H
G
G
dATP
dCTP
dTTP
dGTP
P P P P P P
ddATP
ddCTP
ddTTP
ddGTP
T
T
T
G
G
G
C
C
C
C
T
T
T
A
A
A
A
64. Figure 20.12b
DNA (template
strand)
Labeled strands
Shortest Longest
Direction
of movement
of strands
Longest labeled strand
Detector
Laser
Shortest labeled strand
TECHNIQUE (continued)
5
3
G
G
C
C
C
C
T
T
T
A
A
A
A
T
T
T
G
ddC
ddC
ddG
ddG
ddG
ddA
ddA
ddA
ddT
3
5
T
T
T
G
C
T
T
T
G
C
G
T
T
T
G
C
G
A
T
T
T
G
C
G
A
A
T
T
T
G
C
G
A
A
G
T
T
T
C
G
A
A
G
T
T
T
T
C
G
A
A
G
T
C
A
T
T
T
C
G
A
A
G
T
C
G G G
65. Figure 20.12c
RESULTS
Last nucleotide
of longest
labeled strand
Last nucleotide
of shortest
labeled strand
G
G
G
A
A
A
C
C
T
Direction
of movement
of strands
Longest labeled strand
Detector
Laser
Shortest labeled strand
74. Isolate mRNA.
2
1
3
4
TECHNIQUE
Make cDNA by reverse
transcription, using
fluorescently labeled
nucleotides.
Apply the cDNA mixture to a
microarray, a different gene
in each spot. The cDNA hybridizes
with any complementary DNA on
the microarray.
Rinse off excess cDNA; scan microarray
for fluorescence. Each fluorescent spot
(yellow) represents a gene expressed
in the tissue sample.
Tissue sample
mRNA molecules
Labeled cDNA molecules
(single strands)
DNA fragments
representing a
specific gene
DNA microarray
DNA microarray
with 2,400
human genes
Figure 20.15
82. Figure 20.17
Cross
section of
carrot root
2-mg
fragments
Fragments were
cultured in nu-
trient medium;
stirring caused
single cells to
shear off into
the liquid.
Single cells
free in
suspension
began to
divide.
Embryonic
plant developed
from a cultured
single cell.
Plantlet was
cultured on
agar medium.
Later it was
planted in soil.
Adult
plant
88. 4
5
6
RESULTS
Grown in culture
Implanted in uterus
of a third sheep
Embryonic
development
Nucleus from
mammary cell
Early embryo
Surrogate
mother
Lamb (“Dolly”) genetically
identical to mammary cell donor
Figure 20.19b
95. Figure 20.22
Remove skin cells
from patient. 2
1
3
4
Reprogram skin cells
so the cells become
induced pluripotent
stem (iPS) cells.
Patient with
damaged heart
tissue or other
disease
Return cells to
patient, where
they can repair
damaged tissue.
Treat iPS cells so
that they differentiate
into a specific
cell type.
100. Figure 20.23
Cloned gene
2
1
3
4
Retrovirus
capsid
Bone
marrow
cell from
patient
Viral RNA
Bone
marrow
Insert RNA version of normal allele
into retrovirus.
Let retrovirus infect bone marrow cells
that have been removed from the
patient and cultured.
Viral DNA carrying the normal
allele inserts into chromosome.
Inject engineered
cells into patient.
110. Figure 20.25
This photo shows
Washington just before
his release in 2001,
after 17 years in prison.
(a)
(b)These and other STR data exonerated Washington
and led Tinsley to plead guilty to the murder.
Semen on victim
Earl Washington
Kenneth Tinsley
17,19
16,18
17,19
13,16
14,15
13,16
12,12
11,12
12,12
Source of
sample
STR
marker 1
STR
marker 2
STR
marker 3
111. Figure 20.25a
This photo shows
Washington just before
his release in 2001,
after 17 years in prison.
(a)
115. Figure 20.26
Plant with new trait
RESULTS
TECHNIQUE
Ti
plasmid
Site where
restriction
enzyme cuts
DNA with
the gene
of interest
Recombinant
Ti plasmid
T DNA
Agrobacterium tumefaciens