This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel smart parking system using IoT technology to address issues with conventional parking methods. The proposed system uses RFID, ultrasonic sensors, and GPS to identify vehicles, detect available spots, and determine parking fees based on distance and time. It allows users to reserve spots through a mobile app. Simulation results found the smart parking method reduces fuel use, travel time/distance, and greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional methods. The system provides real-time parking information and availability to users through an iOS mobile app integrated with cloud services.
Right now economy, the number of vehicle user’s increments exponentially requesting all the more parking spots. Inescapable nearness of advanced cell urges users to lean toward mobile application based arrangements. The development of IoT has cleared the path for the incorporation of cell phones, remote correspondence advancements, and portable applications. internet of Things IoT assumes an indispensable job in interfacing the encompassing ecological things to the system and made simple to get to those un internet things from any remote area. Its unavoidable for the individuals to refresh with the developing technology. Also, for the most part, individuals are confronting issues on leaving vehicles in leaving spaces in a city. Lately, the idea of shrewd urban communities has picked up grind prevalence. On account of the development of the Internet of things savvy city currently is by all accounts attainable. Predictable endeavors are being made in the field of IoT so as to augment the efficiency and unwavering quality of the urban framework. Issues, for example, traffic clog, a restricted vehicle leaving offices and street security are being tended to by IoT. Right now, present an IoT based cloud incorporated shrewd stopping framework. The proposed Intelligent Parking framework comprises of an on location sending of an IoT module that is utilized to screen and signalize the condition of accessibility of each single parking spot. A versatile application is likewise given that permits an end client to check the accessibility of parking spots and book a stopping space as needs are. The paper likewise depicts an elevated level perspective on framework engineering. Towards the end, the paper talks about the working of the framework in the type of a utilization case that demonstrates the rightness of the proposed model. Abhinav Anand Singh "Intelligent Parking System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30452.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/30452/intelligent-parking-system/abhinav-anand-singh
Nowadays the congestion of traffic level increases with the increasing population rapidly. With respect to
the amount of population country, the utilization of personal vehicles also increased. Most of the folks choose personal
vehicles than public transportation. Enter his/her details to the application, and enter the location where he/she wants to
reach time-consuming to find parking space in most metropolitan areas, commercial areas, especially during the rush
hours. It is often costly in almost every big city in all over the world to find a proper and secure parking space. The
proposed project is a smart parking system that delivers information to people finding a parking space online booking. It
reduce unnecessary time consuming for searching the problem of parking space in parking areas. Hence, the website is
provided by this project-based system where users can view various parking areas and choose the space from obtainable
slots. Keywords:
Right now economy, the number of vehicle user’s increments exponentially requesting all the more parking spots. Inescapable nearness of advanced cell urges users to lean toward mobile application based arrangements. The development of IoT has cleared the path for the incorporation of cell phones, remote correspondence advancements, and portable applications. internet of Things IoT assumes an indispensable job in interfacing the encompassing ecological things to the system and made simple to get to those un internet things from any remote area. Its unavoidable for the individuals to refresh with the developing technology. Also, for the most part, individuals are confronting issues on leaving vehicles in leaving spaces in a city. Lately, the idea of shrewd urban communities has picked up grind prevalence. On account of the development of the Internet of things savvy city currently is by all accounts attainable. Predictable endeavors are being made in the field of IoT so as to augment the efficiency and unwavering quality of the urban framework. Issues, for example, traffic clog, a restricted vehicle leaving offices and street security are being tended to by IoT. Right now, present an IoT based cloud incorporated shrewd stopping framework. The proposed Intelligent Parking framework comprises of an on location sending of an IoT module that is utilized to screen and signalize the condition of accessibility of each single parking spot. A versatile application is likewise given that permits an end client to check the accessibility of parking spots and book a stopping space as needs are. The paper likewise depicts an elevated level perspective on framework engineering. Towards the end, the paper talks about the working of the framework in the type of a utilization case that demonstrates the rightness of the proposed model. Abhinav Anand Singh "Intelligent Parking System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30452.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/30452/intelligent-parking-system/abhinav-anand-singh
Nowadays the congestion of traffic level increases with the increasing population rapidly. With respect to
the amount of population country, the utilization of personal vehicles also increased. Most of the folks choose personal
vehicles than public transportation. Enter his/her details to the application, and enter the location where he/she wants to
reach time-consuming to find parking space in most metropolitan areas, commercial areas, especially during the rush
hours. It is often costly in almost every big city in all over the world to find a proper and secure parking space. The
proposed project is a smart parking system that delivers information to people finding a parking space online booking. It
reduce unnecessary time consuming for searching the problem of parking space in parking areas. Hence, the website is
provided by this project-based system where users can view various parking areas and choose the space from obtainable
slots. Keywords:
An Overview of Parking Slot Detection Techniquesijtsrd
The aim of this study is to design and implement an automatic parking system to increase parking usability and safety and to collect parking fees for vehicles without having to use a magnetic card. A clever car park system can work with fewer human connections and does not need a magnetic card. There is also a parking assistance system that can advise and guide the user to the correct car park. In order to detect the number plates for the parking and payment system, the system used image processing. In general, the systems use pre programmed controls to ensure that at least one person is involved in the parking system and control access to restricted areas. Ashu Yadav | Kirti Bhatia | Rohini Sharma "An Overview of Parking Slot Detection Techniques" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46321.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/realtime-computing/46321/an-overview-of-parking-slot-detection-techniques/ashu-yadav
A study of remotely booking slot for vehicle using Internet of Things IJECEIAES
Internet Of Things (IoT) is a continually growing area which aids us to unite diverse objects. The proposed system exhibits the universal notion of utilizing cloud-based intellectual automotive car parking facilities in smart cities as a notable implementation of the IoT. The RFID technology is used in this system along with suitable IoT protocols to evade human interference, which reduces the cost. Information is bartered using readers and tags. Open Service Gateways can be effectively used for this module. This system established on the consequence of IoT and the purposes are solving the chaos, bewilderment, and extensive backlogs in parking spaces. The proposed work aims to solve these problems and offer car drivers a hassle-free and instantaneous car parking experience. A Raspberry Pi would act as a mini-computer in our system. A suitable smallest path methodology would be cast-off to obtain the shortest distance between the user and every car park in the system. Hence, the pausing time of the user is decreased. This work furthermore includes the practice of remotely booking of a slot with the collaboration of android application exercising smartphones for the communication between the Smart Parking system and the user.
Smart Car Parking system using GSM Technologydbpublications
In this paper, we present PGS, a Parking Guidance System based on wireless sensor network(WSN) which guides a driver to an available parking lot. The system consists of a WSN based VDS (vehicle detection sub-system) and a management subsystem. The WSN based VDS gathers information on the availability of each parking lot and the management sub-system processes the information and refines them and guides the driver to the available parking lot by controlling a VMS (Variable Messaging System). The paper describes the overall system architecture of PGS from the hardware platform to the application software in the view point of a WSN. We implemented the WSN based VDS of PGS and experimented on the system with several kinds of cars.
With growing, Car parking increases with the number of car users. With the increased use of smartphones and their applications, users prefer mobile phone-based solutions. This paper proposes the Smart Parking Management System (SPMS) that depends on Arduino parts, Android applications, and based on IoT. This gave the client the ability to check available parking spaces and reserve a parking spot. IR sensors are utilized to know if a car park space is allowed. Its area data are transmitted using the WI-FI module to the server and are recovered by the mobile application which offers many options attractively and with no cost to users and lets the user check reservation details. With IoT technology, the smart parking system can be connected wirelessly to easily track available locations.
With growing, Car parking increases with the number of car users. With the increased use of smartphones
and their applications, users prefer mobile phone-based solutions. This paper proposes the Smart Parking
Management System (SPMS) that depends on Arduino parts, Android applications, and based on IoT. This
gave the client the ability to check available parking spaces and reserve a parking spot. IR sensors are
utilized to know if a car park space is allowed. Its area data are transmitted using the WI-FI module to the
server and are recovered by the mobile application which offers many options attractively and with no cost
to users and lets the user check reservation details. With IoT technology, the smart parking system can be
connected wirelessly to easily track available locations.
With growing, Car parking increases with the number of car users. With the increased use of smartphones and their applications, users prefer mobile phone-based solutions. This paper proposes the Smart Parking Management System (SPMS) that depends on Arduino parts, Android applications, and based on IoT. This gave the client the ability to check available parking spaces and reserve a parking spot. IR sensors are utilized to know if a car park space is allowed. Its area data are transmitted using the WI-FI module to the server and are recovered by the mobile application which offers many options attractively and with no cost to users and lets the user check reservation details. With IoT technology, the smart parking system can be connected wirelessly to easily track available locations.
Conceptualization of IoT Powered Parking SystemIJERA Editor
In the present world, traffic congestion caused by vehicle is a frustrating problem and it has been growing exponentially. Car parking problem is one of the major contributor for this traffic congestion especially in urban cities. Currently the manual method where in the driver finds the parking area by luck and in most cases it leads to failure, if the driver is in a city with high vehicle density. As an alternative for this we proposed “IOT POWERED PARKING SYSTEM”. It mainly aims on deduction of time in finding the parking slots and also it avoids the unnecessary travelling through filled parking slots in a parking area. Thus by decreasing the fuel consumption which in turn reduces carbon elimination in our atmosphere.
In this study, machine learning is examined in relation to commercial machine learning's resilience to the COVID-19 pandemic-related crisis. Two approaches are used to assess the pandemic's impact on machine learning risk, as well as a method to prioritize sectors according to the crisis's potential negative consequences. I conducted the study to determine Santander machine learning's resilience. The data mining area offers prospects for COVID-19's future. A total of 13 machine learning demos were selected for its organization. The Hellweg strategy and the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) technique were utilized as direct request strategies. Parametric assessment of machine learning versatility in business was based on capital sufficiency, liquidity proportion, market benefits, and share in an arrangement of openings with a perceived disability, and affectability of machine learning's credit portfolio to monetary hazard. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, these enterprises were ranked according to their threat. Based on the findings of the research, machine learning worked the best for the pandemic. Meanwhile, machine learning suffered the most during the downturn. It can be seen, for example, in conversations about the impact of the pandemic on developing business sector soundness and managing financial framework solidity risk.
Agriculture has since become a major source of livelihood for Nigerians. It also accounts for over 85% of the total food consumed within her borders. The sector has maintained improved productivity and profitability via a concerted effort to address critical issues such as an unorganized regulatory system, lack of food safety data, no standards in agricultural produce, non-adaptation to precision farming, and non-harmony via inventory trace supports. This study proposes blockchain-based trace-support in a continued effort to ensure food quality, consumer safety, and trading of food assets. It uses the radio frequency identification (RFID) sensor to register and track livestocks, farms/farmers, and abattoir processes as well as provisions a databank to trace livestock data. Results show the model adequately perform about 1,101 transactions per seconds with a response time of 0.21 s for queries and 0.28 s for https pages respectively for 2,500 users. Also, it yields a slightly longer time of 0.32 s for queries and 0.38 s for https pages respectively with an increased 5,000 users via the world-state as stored in the blockchain’s hyper-fabric ledger. Overall, the framework can directly query and retrieve data without it traversing the whole ledger. This, in turn, improves the efficiency and effectiveness of the traceability system.
An Overview of Parking Slot Detection Techniquesijtsrd
The aim of this study is to design and implement an automatic parking system to increase parking usability and safety and to collect parking fees for vehicles without having to use a magnetic card. A clever car park system can work with fewer human connections and does not need a magnetic card. There is also a parking assistance system that can advise and guide the user to the correct car park. In order to detect the number plates for the parking and payment system, the system used image processing. In general, the systems use pre programmed controls to ensure that at least one person is involved in the parking system and control access to restricted areas. Ashu Yadav | Kirti Bhatia | Rohini Sharma "An Overview of Parking Slot Detection Techniques" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46321.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/realtime-computing/46321/an-overview-of-parking-slot-detection-techniques/ashu-yadav
A study of remotely booking slot for vehicle using Internet of Things IJECEIAES
Internet Of Things (IoT) is a continually growing area which aids us to unite diverse objects. The proposed system exhibits the universal notion of utilizing cloud-based intellectual automotive car parking facilities in smart cities as a notable implementation of the IoT. The RFID technology is used in this system along with suitable IoT protocols to evade human interference, which reduces the cost. Information is bartered using readers and tags. Open Service Gateways can be effectively used for this module. This system established on the consequence of IoT and the purposes are solving the chaos, bewilderment, and extensive backlogs in parking spaces. The proposed work aims to solve these problems and offer car drivers a hassle-free and instantaneous car parking experience. A Raspberry Pi would act as a mini-computer in our system. A suitable smallest path methodology would be cast-off to obtain the shortest distance between the user and every car park in the system. Hence, the pausing time of the user is decreased. This work furthermore includes the practice of remotely booking of a slot with the collaboration of android application exercising smartphones for the communication between the Smart Parking system and the user.
Smart Car Parking system using GSM Technologydbpublications
In this paper, we present PGS, a Parking Guidance System based on wireless sensor network(WSN) which guides a driver to an available parking lot. The system consists of a WSN based VDS (vehicle detection sub-system) and a management subsystem. The WSN based VDS gathers information on the availability of each parking lot and the management sub-system processes the information and refines them and guides the driver to the available parking lot by controlling a VMS (Variable Messaging System). The paper describes the overall system architecture of PGS from the hardware platform to the application software in the view point of a WSN. We implemented the WSN based VDS of PGS and experimented on the system with several kinds of cars.
With growing, Car parking increases with the number of car users. With the increased use of smartphones and their applications, users prefer mobile phone-based solutions. This paper proposes the Smart Parking Management System (SPMS) that depends on Arduino parts, Android applications, and based on IoT. This gave the client the ability to check available parking spaces and reserve a parking spot. IR sensors are utilized to know if a car park space is allowed. Its area data are transmitted using the WI-FI module to the server and are recovered by the mobile application which offers many options attractively and with no cost to users and lets the user check reservation details. With IoT technology, the smart parking system can be connected wirelessly to easily track available locations.
With growing, Car parking increases with the number of car users. With the increased use of smartphones
and their applications, users prefer mobile phone-based solutions. This paper proposes the Smart Parking
Management System (SPMS) that depends on Arduino parts, Android applications, and based on IoT. This
gave the client the ability to check available parking spaces and reserve a parking spot. IR sensors are
utilized to know if a car park space is allowed. Its area data are transmitted using the WI-FI module to the
server and are recovered by the mobile application which offers many options attractively and with no cost
to users and lets the user check reservation details. With IoT technology, the smart parking system can be
connected wirelessly to easily track available locations.
With growing, Car parking increases with the number of car users. With the increased use of smartphones and their applications, users prefer mobile phone-based solutions. This paper proposes the Smart Parking Management System (SPMS) that depends on Arduino parts, Android applications, and based on IoT. This gave the client the ability to check available parking spaces and reserve a parking spot. IR sensors are utilized to know if a car park space is allowed. Its area data are transmitted using the WI-FI module to the server and are recovered by the mobile application which offers many options attractively and with no cost to users and lets the user check reservation details. With IoT technology, the smart parking system can be connected wirelessly to easily track available locations.
Conceptualization of IoT Powered Parking SystemIJERA Editor
In the present world, traffic congestion caused by vehicle is a frustrating problem and it has been growing exponentially. Car parking problem is one of the major contributor for this traffic congestion especially in urban cities. Currently the manual method where in the driver finds the parking area by luck and in most cases it leads to failure, if the driver is in a city with high vehicle density. As an alternative for this we proposed “IOT POWERED PARKING SYSTEM”. It mainly aims on deduction of time in finding the parking slots and also it avoids the unnecessary travelling through filled parking slots in a parking area. Thus by decreasing the fuel consumption which in turn reduces carbon elimination in our atmosphere.
In this study, machine learning is examined in relation to commercial machine learning's resilience to the COVID-19 pandemic-related crisis. Two approaches are used to assess the pandemic's impact on machine learning risk, as well as a method to prioritize sectors according to the crisis's potential negative consequences. I conducted the study to determine Santander machine learning's resilience. The data mining area offers prospects for COVID-19's future. A total of 13 machine learning demos were selected for its organization. The Hellweg strategy and the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) technique were utilized as direct request strategies. Parametric assessment of machine learning versatility in business was based on capital sufficiency, liquidity proportion, market benefits, and share in an arrangement of openings with a perceived disability, and affectability of machine learning's credit portfolio to monetary hazard. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, these enterprises were ranked according to their threat. Based on the findings of the research, machine learning worked the best for the pandemic. Meanwhile, machine learning suffered the most during the downturn. It can be seen, for example, in conversations about the impact of the pandemic on developing business sector soundness and managing financial framework solidity risk.
Agriculture has since become a major source of livelihood for Nigerians. It also accounts for over 85% of the total food consumed within her borders. The sector has maintained improved productivity and profitability via a concerted effort to address critical issues such as an unorganized regulatory system, lack of food safety data, no standards in agricultural produce, non-adaptation to precision farming, and non-harmony via inventory trace supports. This study proposes blockchain-based trace-support in a continued effort to ensure food quality, consumer safety, and trading of food assets. It uses the radio frequency identification (RFID) sensor to register and track livestocks, farms/farmers, and abattoir processes as well as provisions a databank to trace livestock data. Results show the model adequately perform about 1,101 transactions per seconds with a response time of 0.21 s for queries and 0.28 s for https pages respectively for 2,500 users. Also, it yields a slightly longer time of 0.32 s for queries and 0.38 s for https pages respectively with an increased 5,000 users via the world-state as stored in the blockchain’s hyper-fabric ledger. Overall, the framework can directly query and retrieve data without it traversing the whole ledger. This, in turn, improves the efficiency and effectiveness of the traceability system.
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common causes of blindness. The necessity for a robust and automated DR screening system for regular examination has long been recognized in order to identify DR at an early stage. In this paper, an embedded DR diagnosis system based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) has been proposed to assess the proper stage of DR. We coupled the power of CNN with transfer learning to design our model based on state-of-the-art architecture. We preprocessed the input data, which is color fundus photography, to reduce undesirable noise in the image. After training many models on the dataset, we chose the adopted ResNet50 because it produced the best results, with a 92.90% accuracy. Extensive experiments and comparisons with other research work show that the proposed method is effective. Furthermore, the CNN model has been implemented on an embedded target to be a part of a medical instrument diagnostic system. We have accelerated our model inference on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) using Xilinx tools. Results have confirmed that a customized FPGA system on chip (SoC) with hardware accelerators is a promising target for our DR detection model with high performance and low power consumption.
As many countries experience the emergence of new waves of Covid-19, many governments around the world have reminded their citizens of the need for an engaging intervention that could improve compliance with Covid-19 safe behaviors using the media general public or social media. In the face of the serious threat of Covid-19, immunity issues are currently the subject of various research and studies. A promising approach is to use video game culture to educate and train citizens to healthily adopt eating habits to strengthen the immune system. The objective of this study is to develop a prototype of a serious game (SG) on how to strengthen the immune defenses in order to be able to fight a coronavirus infection and to constitute an antivirus barrier. After defining the learning objectives by interviewing the stakeholders, we searched the scientific literature to establish the relevant theoretical bases. The learning contents have been validated by biology teachers. The learning mechanisms were then determined based on the learning objectives. The obtained experimental results show that 92% of the participants in the study have appreciated the quality of the scenario and the way in which the concept of interaction between the different game elements was presented.
The need for automated speech recognition has expanded as a result of significant industrial expansion for a variety of automation and humanmachine interface applications. The speech impairment brought on by communication disorders, neurogenic speech disorders, or psychological speech disorders limits the performance of different artificial intelligencebased systems. The dysarthric condition is a neurogenic speech disease that restricts the capacity of the human voice to articulate. This article presents a comprehensive survey of the recent advances in the automatic dysarthric speech recognition (DSR) using machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) paradigms. It focuses on the methodology, database, evaluation metrics, and major findings from the study of previous approaches. From the literature survey it provides the gaps between exiting work and previous work on DSR and provides the future direction for improvement of DSR. The performance of the various machine and DL schemes is evaluated for the DSR on UASpeech dataset based on accuracy, precision, recall, and F1- score. It is observed that the DL based DSR schems outperforms the ML based DSR schemes.
The router is a network device that is used to connect subnetwork and packet-switched networking by directing the data packets to the intended IP addresses. It succeeds the traffic between different systems and allows several devices to share the internet connection. The router is applicable for the effective commutation in system on chip (SoC) modules for network on chip (NoC) communication. The research paper emphasizes the design of the two dimensional (2D) router hardware chip in the Xilinx integrated system environment (ISE) 14.7 software and further logic verification using the data packets transmitted from all input/output ports. The design evaluation is done based on the pre-synthesis device utilization summary relating to different field programmable gate array (FPGA) boards such as Spartan-3E (XC3S500E), Spartan-6 (XC6SLX45), Virtex-4 (XC4VFX12), Virtex-5 (XC5VSX50T), and Virtex-7 (XC7VX550T). The 64-bit data logic is verified on the different ports of the router configuration in the Xilinx and Modelsim waveform simulator. The Virtex-7 has proven the fast-switching speed and optimal hardware parameters in comparison to other FPGAs.
In this work, an internet of things (IoT) sensing and monitoring box has been developed. The proposed low-cost system is a portable device for smart buildings to measure vibrations, monitor, and control noise caused by the industrial machines. We will present an instrument and a method to measure the vibration and tilt of a mechanical system (air conditioner). The primary goal is to create a signal acquisition and monitoring system that is both userfriendly and affordable, while also delivering exceptional precision. The key concept is centered around acquiring and processing signals through the Raspberry Pi. We will use for the first time as an application, which does not exist before, a conversion method to control and monitor remotely the noise generated by the machines. Once the noise reaches a high value or the air conditioner is too much tilted, the system sends an alert in the form of an email. We will use the Python language to acquire and process the signal and send the alerts. The proposed approach is straightforward to implement, and the obtained results demonstrate a high level of accuracy that is consistent with the existing literature.
The use of a convolutional neural network (CNN) to analyze and classify electroencephalogram (EEG) signals has recently attracted the interest of researchers to identify epileptic seizures. This success has come with an enormous increase in the computational complexity and memory requirements of CNNs. For the sake of boosting the performance of CNN inference, several hardware accelerators have been proposed. The high performance and flexibility of the field programmable gate array (FPGA) make it an efficient accelerator for CNNs. Nevertheless, for resource-limited platforms, the deployment of CNN models poses significant challenges. For an ease of CNN implementation on such platforms, several tools and frameworks have been made available by the research community along with different optimization techniques. In this paper, we proposed an FPGA implementation for an automatic seizure detection approach using two CNN models, namely VGG-16 and ResNet-50. To reduce the model size and computation cost, we exploited two optimization approaches: pruning and quantization. Furthermore, we presented the results and discussed the advantages and limitations of two implementation alternatives for the inference acceleration of quantized CNNs on Zynq-7000: an advanced RISC machine (ARM) software implementation-based ARM, NN, software development kit (SDK) and a software/hardware implementation-based deep learning processor unit (DPU) accelerator and DNNDK toolkit.
A number of benefits have been reported for computer-based assessments over traditional paper-based exams, both in terms of IT support for question development, reduced distribution and test administration costs, and automated support. Possible for the ranking. However, existing computerized assessment systems do not provide all kinds of questions, namely open questions that require writing solutions. To overcome the challenges of the existing, the objective of this work is to achieve an intelligent evaluation system (IES) responding to the problems identified, and which adapts to the different types of questions, especially open-ended questions of which the answer requires sentence writing or programming.
Convolutional neural networks (CNN) trained using deep learning (DL) have advanced dramatically in recent years. Researchers from a variety of fields have been motivated by the success of CNNs in computer vision to develop better CNN models for use in other visually-rich settings. Successes in image classification and research have been achieved in a wide variety of domains throughout the past year. Among the many popularized image classification techniques, the detection of plant leaf diseases has received extensive research. As a result of the nature of the procedure, image quality is often degraded and distortions are introduced during the capturing of the image. In this study, we look into how various CNN models are affected by distortions. Corn-maze leaf photos from the 4,188-image corn or maize leaf Dataset (split into four categories) are under consideration. To evaluate how well they handle noise and blur, researchers have deployed pre-trained deep CNN models like visual geometry group (VGG), InceptionV3, ResNet50, and EfficientNetB0. Classification accuracy and metrics like as recall and f1-score are used to evaluate CNN performance.
In this research, we present a low phase noise (PN) and wide tuning range 175 GHz inductors and capacitors (LC) voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) based on a differential Colpitts oscillator that was designed using a 0.13 μm bipolar complementary metal oxide semiconductor (BiCMOS) and simulated. The square of the tank Q-factor and the square of the oscillation amplitude were both maximized to reduce PN. With an extensive examination of parasitic, mathematical analysis of load impedances, and implementation of differential design, the PN was reduced, and the output power was enhanced. Using a supply voltage of 1.6 V, the VCO consumes 41.9 mA, resulting in a total power usage of 67 mW to prevent undesirable PN deterioration, an inter-stage LC filter at the VCO-buffer interface increases the swing at the buffer input. To make a better output, a buffer is used to isolate the load from the VCO core. In addition, the VCO has a high linearity and the overall, the VCO presented in this study demonstrates excellent performance and has the potential to be used in a wide range of applications that require a high-performance, low-power VCO.
Diseases in edible and industrial plants remains a major concern, affecting producers and consumers. The problem is further exacerbated as there are different species of plants with a wide variety of diseases that reduce the effectiveness of certain pesticides while increasing our risk of illness. A timely, accurate and automated detection of diseases can be beneficial. Our work focuses on evaluating deep learning (DL) approaches using transfer learning to automatically detect diseases in plants. To enhance the capabilities of our approach, we compiled a novel image dataset containing 87,570 records encompassing 32 different plants and 74 types of diseases. The dataset consists of leaf images from both laboratory setups and cultivation fields, making it more representative. To the best of our knowledge, no such datasets have been used for DL models. Four pretrained computer vision models, namely VGG-16, VGG-19, ResNet-50, and ResNet-101 were evaluated on our dataset. Our experiments demonstrate that both VGG-16 and VGG-19 models proved more efficient, yielding an accuracy of approximately 86% and a f1-score of 87%, as compared to ResNet-50 and ResNet-101. ResNet-50 attains an accuracy and a f1-score of 46.9% and 45.6%, respectively, while ResNet-101 reaches an accuracy of 40.7% and a f1-score of 26.9%.
In this proposed work, we identified the significant research issues on lung cancer risk factors. Capturing and defining symptoms at an early stage is one of the most difficult phases for patients. Based on the history of patients records, we reviewed a number of current research studies on lung cancer and its various stages. We identified that lung cancer is one of the significant research issues in predicting the early stages of cancer disease. This research aimed to develop a model that can detect lung cancer with a remarkably high level of accuracy using the deep learning approach (convolution neural network). This method considers and resolves significant gaps in previous studies. We compare the accuracy levels and loss values of our model with VGG16, InceptionV3, and Resnet50. We found that our model achieved an accuracy of 94% and a minimum loss of 0.1%. Hence physicians can use our convolution neural network models for predicting lung cancer risk factors in the real world. Moreover, this investigation reveals that squamous cell carcinoma, normal, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma are the most significant risk factors. In addition, the remaining attributes are also crucial for achieving the best performance.
Wirelessly based security applications have exploded as a result of modern technology. To build and/or implement security access control systems, many types of wireless communication technologies have been deployed. quick response (QR code) is a contactless technology that is extensively utilised in a variety of sectors, including access control, library book tracking, supply chains, and tollgate systems, among others. This paper combines QR code technology with Arduino and Python to construct an automated QR code-based access management system. After detecting a QR code, the QR scanner at the entry collects and compares the user's unique identifier (UID) with the UID recorded in the system. The results show that this system is capable of granting or denying access to a protected environment in a timely, effective, and reliable way. Security systems can protect physical and intellectual property by preventing unauthorized persons from entering the area. Many door locks, such as mechanical and electrical locks, were created to meet basic security needs but it also helps to create a data files structure of the authorized persons.
Localization is a critical concern in many wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. Furthermore, correct information regarding the geographic placements of nodes (sensors) is critical for making the collected data valuable and relevant. Because of their benefits, such as simplicity and acceptable accuracy, the based connectivity algorithms attempt to localize multi-hop WSN. However, due to environmental factors, the precision of localisation may be rather low. This publication describes an extreme learning machine (ELM) technique for minimizing localization error in range-free WSN. In this paper, we propose a Cascade-ELM to increase localization accuracy in range-free WSNs. We tested the proposed approaches in a variety of multi-hop WSN scenarios. Our research focused on an isotropic and irregular environment. The simulation results show that the proposed Cascade-ELM algorithm considerably improves localization accuracy when compared to previous algorithms derived from smart computing approaches. When compared to previous work, isotropic environments show improved localization results.
The study evaluated interference in a dense heterogeneous network using third-generation universal mobile telecommunication systems (UMTS) and fourth-generation long term evolution (LTE) networks LTE. The UMTs/LTE heterogeneous network determines the level of interference when the two communication systems coexist and how to improve the network by migrating from UMTs to LTE, which has a faster download speed and larger capacity. Techno lite 8 on third generation (3G) and Infinix Pro 6 on fourth generation (4G) were used to measure network the received signal strength (RSS) during site investigation. UE interference was detected and traced using a spectrum analyzer. UMTS and LTE path loss exponents are 2.6 and 3.2. Shannon's capacity theorem calculated LTE and UMTS capacity. When signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) was used as a quality of service (QoS) indicator, MATLAB channel capacity plots did not match Shannon's due to neighboring interference. UMTS had an R2 of 0.54 and LTE 0.57 for the Shannon channel capacity equation. Adjacent channel interference (ACI) user devices reduce network capacity, lowering QoS for other customers.
The course activity log is where a learning management system (LMS) like Moodle keeps track of the various learning activities. The instructor may directly examine the log or use more complex method such as data mining to conduct a quicker and more in-depth examination of the student's behaviors. Most previous studies on analyzing this log data rely on predictive analysis. Instead of predictive analysis, this study investigates cluster analysis and association analysis. Cluster analysis based on k-means++ is utilized to organize students into groups, given their engagement in the learning course module. Association analysis based on apriori is utilized to extract the relationships between various student activities. A dashboard presentation of the findings is provided to facilitate clearer comprehension. Based on the analysis findings, it can be concluded that the structure of the student cluster is medium. In contrast, the association between student activities is positively correlated and well-balanced. The subjective review of the dashboard reveals that the visualization is already sufficient, but there are some recommendations for making it even better.
The software-defined network (SDN) controller adds and removes the contents of the flow table through secure channels to determine how packets are processed and how the flow table is managed. The controller pays attention to network intelligence and becomes the middle part, where the network manages the transfer data of the aircraft delivered via the OpenFlow (OF) switch. To this end, the controller provides an interface for managing, controlling, and managing this switch flow table. Run tests to calculate controller throughput and latency levels and test using the cbance tool, which can test transmission control protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol (UDP) protocols. The tests are run by forcing the controller to run at maximum without any additional settings (default settings) in order to use the correct information about the controller’s capabilities. Because of this need, you need to test the performance of your controller. In this study, the tests were run on three popular controllers. Test results show that flowed controllers are more stable than open network operating dystem (ONOS) and open daylight (ODL) controllers in managing switch and host loads.
This study examined the influence of electronic government (e-government) implementation for the Ministry of Transport on fulfilling Saudi vision 2030 by transforming the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) into a logistics center linking three continents. Saudi vision 2030 aims to cut transportation costs by improving infrastructure, shorten importing and exporting times by streamlining and automating operations, and increase supply chain transparency through sector reform. Implementing e-government would improve government services and engagement through information and communication technology (ICT). This article focuses on four primary areas: i) making KSA a logistics center; ii) increasing the chance of living throughout the Kingdom; and iii) promoting long-term financial sustainability. The study is founded on the idea that logistics is a crucial component for competitive advantage and transportation (by land, sea, or air) is a logistical sub-process for Saudi enterprises that benefit from transport networks similar to the best in the world. The Kingdom's strategic location at the junction of three continents gives its transport sector a geographical competitive advantage that provides access to important emerging markets and critical sea lanes. Despite the optimistic future of the transport and logistics industries in KSA, some important hurdles must be overcome.
Chronic disease (CD) such as kidney disease and causes severe challenging issues to the people all around the world. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are considered in this paper. Predicting the diseases in earlier stage, gives better preventive measures to the people. Healthcare domain leads to tremendous cost savings and improved health status of the society. The main objective of this paper is to develop an algorithm to predict CKD occurrence using machine learning (ML) technique. The commonly used classification algorithms namely logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), conditional random forest (CRF), and recurrent neural networks (RNN) are considered to predict the disease at an earlier stage. The proposed algorithm in this paper uses medical code data to predict disease at an earlier stage.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
1. International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT)
Vol. 12, No. 1, April 2023, pp. 72~78
ISSN: 2252-8776, DOI: 10.11591/ijict.v12i1.pp72-78 72
Journal homepage: http://ijict.iaescore.com
Smart parking for smart cities: a novel approach to reducing
frivolous parking zone determination
Atiqur Rahman1
, Ali Md Liton2
1
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
2
Chongqing Key Lab of Mobile Communications Technology, Information and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University of
Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jun 11, 2022
Revised Jul 23, 2022
Accepted Aug 16, 2022
Internet of things (IoT) infrastructures are rapidly expanding, which will
lead to an unanticipated rise in demand for smart cities. The concept of a
"smart city" has recently gained traction in urban planning circles. An IoT-
based smart parking system is the focus of this article, and it allows a
motorist to locate a car park and an available parking space in an indoor
metropolis, all from the comfort of their own vehicle. Additional efforts are
made to reduce the time spent defining parking zones. Reduced fuel use
helps to cut down on pollution, as well as avoid needless travel through
congested parking lots, which can help to reduce unlawful parking and
alleviate traffic congestion in the city we all live in. These innovations
include automobile particular identification via radio frequency
identification (RFID) tags, unoccupied slot detection through the use of
ultrasonic sensors, and cost calculating based largely on parking duration.
The technology we've used is unique in that it runs on separate parts of the
system for the hardware and the software.
Keywords:
Internet of things
Radio frequency identification
Smart parking
Tangent linearization
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Atiqur Rahman
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Chittagong
Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh
Email: atiqcse09@cu.ac.bd
1. INTRODUCTION
In the previous two years, the concept of smart capitals has grown fast. Nonetheless, one of the
obvious issues that residents in smart cities encounter is a shortage of car parking facilities as well as traffic
management [1]. In recent years, research has cast-off car-to-car as well as car-to-infrastructure interaction
using a range of Wi-Fi web technologies such as radio frequency identification (RFID), Zigbee, Wi-Fi mesh
net, and the internet. This work aimed to provide data for practically nearby car park places as well as to
indicate a booking in advance utilizing adopted devices such as mobile phones or tablet computers. Similarly,
while booking a parking space, the facilities utilize the identity of each automobile. The cutting-edge smart
parking system, on the other hand, no longer provides a standard best response in identifying a convenient
parking spot, does not fix the pain of load balancing, does not offer financial advantage, and does not sketch
for vehicle-refusal provision [2].
To address the aforementioned challenges and capitalize on the significant increase in ICT
infrastructures, internet of things (IoT) knowledge has erupted in a variety of age-related sectors, including
automatic car parking system (ACPS) technology. The current study suggests and develops a high-quality
cloud-focused smart car parking system (SCPS) based mostly on IoT technology [3]. Every car blockage is
created as an IoT network by our system, and the data, which includes the vehicle's GPS position, the
separation between vehicle parking zones, and the number of permissible spaces in-vehicle parking zones, is
2. Int J Inf & Commun Technol ISSN: 2252-8776
Smart parking for smart cities: a novel approach to reducing frivolous parking zone … (Atiqur Rahman)
73
sent to the cloud data edge. We employed a geolocation service to determine the cost of a parking request
based on distance and time, and this price is often up to date and accessible at all times via the autos in the
configuration [4]. The system is built on a number of ground-breaking innovations and is capable of
displaying and controlling vehicle zones via screen design. A typical automotive zone may be defined in the
system by labeling any green as such [5].
This research also includes a system model with Wi-Fi entry in an absolute somatic calculating
policy focused on Raspberry Pi4 and consuming a smartphone that provides communication and the user
interface for each device and the vehicles to validate the possibility of the proposed system. There are various
advantages to using automated parking with a booking policy for both the parking user and the parking
management (i.e. owners). Operators may reserve their parking places ahead of time using our iPhone
operating system (iOS) application, which was built for this purpose. In contrast to the conventional parking
direction and info (PDI) approach, a parking reservation system offers significant advantages [6].
Availability of parking spaces is constantly displayed in the iOS app. Parking vendors benefit from
the most efficient use of infrastructure as a result. A revolutionary smart parking booking structure design
based on the misuse of interval setting up codes is recommended in this study. The scheduler (park regulating
design) agrees whether it is able to accept a project and deliver it to particular ways or dispose of it after a list
of parking requests has been agreed upon as a collection of desired time spans (expressed as beginning and
ending times).
2. METHOD
Above the many years, our republic has been technologically advanced radically; today we are in
this republic that we have a lot of well-furnished highways, industrial buildings, and a growing quantity of
vehicles [7]. When parking these vehicles in parking areas we practice the guided system of parking
(Figure 1). Utmost of the instances are unforeseen and absence restraint due to this, humans able to park their
vehicles somewhere they prefer to, which forms a disorder, as humans fix no longer observe the precise nod
peak of the spell. Because of this, massive traffic congestion in that location. While parking in and rescuing
automobiles due to malpractice automobiles can catch depression via jerking with every difference as there is
a short of enough space. This clues to advice, competitions amongst individuals that sometimes creates
massive traffic jams. This is additionally financial damage, as we need to restore our broken automobile
besides additionally; automobiles devour more fuel whilst parking now and then. Traffic congestion is a
difficulty at this time as it destroys our valuable spell. Due to this anarchy in parking, our precious spell is
lost. It troubles the undergraduates, workers, and accidental patients to a notable level [8].
Figure 1. Present car parking system
3. ISSN: 2252-8776
Int J Inf & Commun Technol, Vol. 12, No. 1, April 2023: 72-78
74
It additionally reasons financial harm to industrial areas like malls, amusement grids, as humans stay
extra probably not to go to these locations due to this parking threat [9]. As we are proceeding with time, the
guided automobile parking scheme in industrial areas is growing a difficulty that is initiating consumption of
time and some financial damages as well. Hence, we want an answer that is able to overwhelm these
difficulties. At this point, we are presenting novel smart parking system (Figure 2) as an answer to these
difficulties as properly as an alternative to the guide auto parking structures in industrial areas [10]. The
method not only keeps time and currency, but also it can also additionally get cash by using costing for
parking places.
Figure 2. Novel smart parking system
The ordinary or guided car parking method is in all places in our republic however, this method is
full of difficulties [11]–[14]. The difficulties are as follows:
− We can realize that in lots of malls, clinics large road traffic jams before the parking. The, parking
shield breaks the whole car then offers a charge slice, this forms a traffic bottleneck.
− It is hard as well as time ingesting to discover the parking place, which charges greater gasoline, and
loss time.
− Safety hassle is unique to some other trouble in guided automobile parking, humans can come into a
parking spot as well as their grabbing, and theft can take place.
− In the guided parking method, some shield wants to be employed for the entire business, it is expensive
too.
4. Int J Inf & Commun Technol ISSN: 2252-8776
Smart parking for smart cities: a novel approach to reducing frivolous parking zone … (Atiqur Rahman)
75
In this paper, an iOS based smart parking system algorithm below are proposed.
Inputs: Distance, Time, Parking Spot, Operational Code,
Outputs: Upon satisfying the condition, entry to a parking spot.
1. System Starts {
2. ArrayList<LatLng> smart_car_parking_loc;
3. smart_car_parking_loc = new ArrayList();
4. smart_car_parking_loc_n = new ArrayList();
5. smart_car_parking_loc.add (new LatLng(lat, long));
6. smart_car_parking_loc_n.add (new LatLng (......, ……));
7. ShowUserCurrentLocation () {
a. googleMap.SetLocationEnabled = 1;
b. LocationManager loc = (LocationManager) getSystemService (Loc_Service);
c. String Service_Provider = LocationManager.GetBestProvider (services, 1);
d. Location loc=LocationManager.GetLastKnownLocation(Service_Provider);
e. if (loc != null)
i. long double lat = loc.getLatitude();
ii. long double long = loc.getLongitude();
iii. MarkerOptions opt=new MarkerOptions ().setTitle( “My Present
Position”).setMarker(lat,long)
iv. googleMap.addMarker (opt);
v. return lat, long;
f. end if
g. Void ButtonPress ()
ShowUserCurrentLocation (lat, long);
8. SearchForSmartCarParkingLot (){
9. If (D = = minimumOfD (smart_car_parking_loc1, smart_car_parking_loc_n)) {ArrayList
smart_car_parking_loc = SetLocation (lat, long)
10. if ( P != 0){
Print “adjacent smart parking found”
11. end if
12. else {
Print “Effective parking spots not found. Examining for a second-best location”
13. Repeat;
14. end else
15. void AdvancedBookParking(){
a. if (P != 0){
b. show_Route (lat, long){
Print “Parking reserved for fifteen minutes”
c. T- -;
d. P--;
e. D = UserCurrentLocation (lat, long) – Smart_Car_Parking_Loc (lat, long);
f. end if
16. D- -;
17. POPUP Msg: This is your 4-digit code “yyyy”, satisfy the drive to your terminus before
time goes off;
18. if (D != zero && T == zero){
cancel_Route ();
19. While (D = = 0){
Print“please press your 4-digit code”
a. if (app code == h/w generated code) {
b. Gate.Open ();
c. end if
d. else{
e. Gate.Access_Denied ();
f. end else
20. end while
21. Remove_Keycode (code){
code = null;
22. Exit
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. The equation for data examination
In this examination, we have thought about the analysis of gasoline redeemable, time securing, and
greenhouse gas (GHG) outflow decrease. This examination has been finished thinking about the data from
our proposed model.
3.1.1. Gasoline redeemable
The gasoline redeemable each day for a computerized vehicle parking system determined utilizing
the accompanying condition:
5. ISSN: 2252-8776
Int J Inf & Commun Technol, Vol. 12, No. 1, April 2023: 72-78
76
𝐹𝑅 = 𝑃𝑄𝐷𝑇𝑟𝑠 (1)
where,
FR = fuel rate;
P = complete number of a vehicle parked and rescued in one day;
Q = quickness of vehicle parking plate;
DT = regular distance covered;
r = gasoline utilized per unit detachment;
s = regular time to park and rescue a car (in seconds).
Putting every value in (1), we can calculate the fuel cost for our designed prototype.
3.1.2. Time securing
Time devoured into a park and recover a vehicle is determine by the following (2) and (3):
𝑄𝑆 = 𝑄𝑀 – 𝑄 (2)
𝑄 = (𝐷𝐸 ∗ 𝑟) + (𝐷𝐿 ∗ 𝑟) + 𝑟𝑙 (3)
where,
QS = time kept by automated smart car parking method;
Q = time paid for automated smart car parking method;
QM = time paid for guided car parking;
DE = detachment of slot from the entry;
DL = detachment of slot from leaving;
r = time to move per unit detachment;
rl = regular time passed at leaving door.
By collecting every value and putting it (1) and (2) we can easily calculate the timesaving value for
our proposed prototype.
3.1.3. GHG radiation
The saving of GHG radiation rate is determine by the succeeding mathematics:
𝐺𝑅𝑄 = 𝑇𝑄 ∗ 𝑇𝑅 (3)
where,
GRQ = low radiation of GHG;
TQ = time secured;
TR = degree of GHG radiation per unit time.
By collecting every value and putting it into (1), we can easily calculate the GHG radiation value for
our proposed prototype.
3.2. Data examination
Having the mathematics’ it is not difficult to compute savings and gas redeemable. Here just the
model has been thought of it is an estimated figuring. Table 1 summarize all the data, which was found
considering our proposed prototype results.
Table 1. Data analysis of our simulation results
Element Existing parking method Smart parking method
Rate per square feet (taka) 1,500 1,800
Place required per slot (in feet) 16/9 16/9
Repairs cost per month (tk) 90,000 30,000
Worker required at the car parks 9 3
Gasoline paid-out per 60 minutes per 100 km (in ltr) 3 2
Regular distance covered by a vehicle to park in or park out (in kilometer) 49.08 44.12
Gasoline redeemable per vehicle to park in or park out (in ltr) 0.277 0.027
Total gasoline redeemable per day
Regular time required to park in or park out a vehicle (in min) 9 1.2
Regular time to delay in a line (in min) 2.4 4.8
Time secured (in min) 1 4
Over-all GHG radiation per km (in ppm) 140 55
Over-all GHG radiation per 60 minutes (in ppm) 50 30
6. Int J Inf & Commun Technol ISSN: 2252-8776
Smart parking for smart cities: a novel approach to reducing frivolous parking zone … (Atiqur Rahman)
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Now from the tabular value, it is plainly shows that our system will be progressively more effective
like need less gasoline redeemable per day, less greenhouse gas radiation, and less distance travelled to find
a desired spot. Then the other existing system where the existing system was manual based or some other
online systems. Figure 3 graphically shows the comparative analysis based on the tabular value of Table 1.
Figure 3. Performance comparison with existing system
4. CONCLUSION
The simplicity of use of smart parking methods is now a challenge. Since the beginning of
technologically modern cities, the number of automobiles has grown, and people are suffering more and
more as they try to deal with their cars in a parking IoT. This scenario of parking crises gives birth to creative
outcomes using IoT to handle car-parking systems. This research focuses on the issue of automobile parking
throughout an isolated city and proposes an IoT-based secondary cellular application system. The proposed
study result gives real-time information on a smart vehicle parking lot and is compatible with the iOS mobile
application, allowing users to reserve a parking space from a distance. Based on the simulation findings, we
can infer that this research reduces the outcomes in all sectors, such as gasoline redeem-ability, time security,
and GHG outflow reduction, when compared to other current systems.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to convey our heartfelt gratitude towards our guide, Professor Dr. Yun Li for his
constant guidance, encouraging help and inspiring words. We are thankful to the School of Information and
Communications Engineering for their support.
REFERENCES
[1] B. K. Gandhi and M. K. Rao, “A prototype for IoT based car parking management system for smart cities,” Indian Journal of
Science and Technology, vol. 9, no. 17, May 2016, doi: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i17/92973.
[2] V. Hans, P. S. Sethi, and J. Kinra, “An approach to IoT based car parking and reservation system on cloud,” in 2015 International
Conference on Green Computing and Internet of Things (ICGCIoT), Oct. 2015, pp. 352–354, doi:
10.1109/ICGCIoT.2015.7380487.
[3] B. SR, “Automatic smart parking system using internet of things (IoT),” International Journal of Scientific and Research
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Dr. Atiqur Rahman received the B.Sc. (hon’s) and M.S (Engg.) diploma from
the University of Chittagong (CU), Bangladesh and Ph.D. degrees from Chongqing University
of Posts and Telecommunications (CQUPT) in 2006, 2008 and 2021, respectively. He is
currently an Associate Professor in Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CU.
His current research interests include wireless communication theory and technology, wireless
mesh networks, and internet of things. He can be contacted at email: atiqcse09@cu.ac.bd.
Mr. Ali Md Liton received his Bachelor of Science (B.Sc) degree from the
Department of EEE at, (Adust), Dhaka Bangladesh and Master of Engineering degree from the
Department of Information and Communications Engineering at Chongqing University of
Posts and Telecommunications (CQUPT), Chongqing, China. He is now conducting his Ph.D.
research works under the Huawei scholarship program at Chongqing University of Posts and
Telecommunications (CQUPT), Chongqing, China. His current research interest lies in the
field of edge computing based IoT systems, wireless communication network PLC, and LoRa.
He can be contacted at email: liton00799@yahoo.com.