How to prototype a history or heritage serious game

1. ‘Gamification & Cultural Heritage’
3 September 2019 workshop
Erik Champion, Curtin University erik.champion@curtin.edu.au twitter
@nzerik

2. Programme 8.30-12.30
1. Introductions for all (10-20 minutes):
YOU: name, research topic, game you liked+why, idea for project?
2. Overview: games, gamification (50-40 minutes) finish 9:30
3. Discussion of technologies, methods + prototyping (20 minutes).
4. Group suggest ideas (10 minutes)
5. Short break/questions (20 minutes)
6. Selection of teams (10 minutes) Finish at 10:30
7. Work on game ideas as prototypes. playtest solutions
OR describe how DH simulations could be gamified (90 minutes)
8. Present prototypes/suggestions in class (30 minutes) finish 12:30

3. Australian Theatre Projectshttps://hunterlivinghistories.com/2018/09/13/victoria-theatre-3d-vr/ Victoria Theatre
Newcastle – 3D Reconstruction Project (also https://hunterlivinghistories.com/glamx/)
also https://researchdata.ands.org.au/cultural-atlas-australia-film-literature/550693

6. Biofeedback
Phillips, P., Hartup, M., and Champion, E. (2009). “A survey of 10 free massive multiplayer online games that may help augment social interaction
and positive mental health.” The ANZ Association of Psychiatry, Psychology And Law (Inc.) Conference, Fremantle,

7. Shown at VSMM2011 conference
Chinese Taoism Touch Screen by Neil Wang and Erik Champion

8. Indigenous Heritage Machinima
‘In game’ footage: Sims 4 machinima -3rd Person-Susannah
Emery Honours Project With Michele Wilson

9. How to use panotours
or hotspot tours in Unity+VR
Panoramic movies-Beat Dawson, Dr Pauline Joseph, EC

10. RUSAILIABAZLAMIT,
PHDSTUDENT, VSMM2017

11. Intern project Agathe Limouzy Toulouse (Collaborative Learning)

12. PhD project Mafkereseb Bekele (MR-Collaborative Learning)

13. Hafizur Rahaman, Erik Champion
Crowd-sourced photogrammetry

14. WHY Digital games??
Pros/Cons
• easy to change, simpler IDEs
• easy to find students +
involve them
• Lower maintenance -online
forums
• active modding community
• inbuilt performance
evaluation
• interaction more intuitive
• Different ways of learning
• fast-moving technology (?)
• less coding flexibility (?)
• looked down upon
• No pro support-not main
market
• artistic artifice OR hist.
accuracy
• evaluating without
disturbing
• genre baggage

15. History through game engines
• Resource management
• Learn social behavior (chat,
observation, mimicry)
• Visualize scale, landscape or
climate
• Depict levels of uncertainty
• Filter, reconfigure,
reconstruct
• Immersion in excitement of
the times
• Select correct objects or
appearance to move about
the ‘world’, trade, advance
social role or period of time
• Decipher codes, language,
avoid traps
• Online walkthrough by
teacher or inhabitant
• Collaborative storytelling (in-
world role-playing, film-
making)

16. 1. communicate cultural significance
2. manage technical change
3. demonstrate archaeological
method & principle
4. convey inhabitants’ viewpoints
5. link scholarly or intangible data
6. help communities convey traditions
Not clear how to

17. Defining Games: engaging
challenge?
• A rule-based formal system with a variable and quantifiable outcome, where
different outcomes are assigned different values, the player exerts effort in order to
influence the outcome, the player feels attached to the outcome, and the
consequences of the activity are optional and negotiable. (Juul 2003, para 15).
• A system in which players engage in an artificial conflict, defined by rules, that
results in a quantifiable outcome. (Salen and Zimmerman, 2004).
– possibility of temporary or permanent tactical resolution without conflict (mimesis,
vertigo, chance?)
– Discounts games that may never have a final outcome (e.g. cricket)
– No mention of the importance of strategy.
– NB Virtual environments have constraints and affordances, games have risks and rewards.
What should virtual heritage have?
• An engaging challenge that offers up armful outcomes to the real world situation of the
participant (Champion, 2006).

18. Example: bust a cup
• Engaging challenge
• Feedback + reward system
• Easy to learn, hard to
master
• It needs 2 players
• Some element of danger
• Anyone can build one
• Games and prototypes
don’t have to be digital https://shakethatbutton.com/bust-a-cup/
Stuff used :
– pieces of wood
– hammers
– locks and chains
– coffee cups
Created by : Brian Shrank & Brian Gabor Jr.

19. Defining Gamification
1. Addition to websites and learning environments of
quantifiable actions, can be ranked and processed (info
stored), immediate & vastly exaggerated feedback &
graphically designed in idiom of games.
2. Game-based rules structures & interfaces by corps “to
manage and control brand-communities and to create
value”, attraction of gamification to business and derision
it has received (Fuchs 2013).
3. Goal in mind the player works to achieve; systematic or
emergent rules; considered a form of play or competition
• Critics! (Bogost 2011; Deterding et al. 2011; Fuchs 2014).

20. “Gamification Is Bullshit” (Ian Bogost)
• BUT http://www.epicwinblog.net/2013/10/can-
we-use-game-mechanics-for.html
1. Games inherently fun, vs
gamification makes (tries to
make) things fun.
2. Games: space, action,
movement, verbs.
3. Gamify: actions are tasks
duties or work.
4. Can’t directly apply game
mechanics to gamification.
Inherent game play and discovery
goes beyond gamification?
University of Trondheim: Renaissance books, hands on
alchemy

21. Games have desirable goals

22. Roger Caillois: forms of play?
challenge modes Engages because you Archaeology Examples Pros/Cons
Competition Agon
(competition /
strategy)
Compete against people,
long-term decision
making
Civilization? All those
build empire games..
-Means to end
+Strategic
+ Engaging
Chance Alea
Handle unpredictability,
humour
Could Spore be an
archaeology game?
-No causality
+ Engaging
Vertigo Ilinx
Mastery of commitment,
mental focus, multi-
tasking
The extreme parkour of
Assassin’s creed?
-Distracts
+Ergodic
appreciation
+ Engaging
Mimicry mimesis
Observation, control and
humour and roleplaying
Maybe if Sims 4 was
used as anthropological
machinima?
-Difficult for
interfaces
+Build empathy
+ Engaging

23. Mechanics: evade definitions
1. Action constrained by gameplay-Sicart 2008
2. ..tools, techniques, and widgets for gamifying a website or application.-
Badgevillle
3. “constructs of rules or methods designed for interaction with the game
state..” Wiki
4. ..any major chunk of gameplay in a video game..” Michael Stout,
5. Fixed and unchanging subsystem-Al Nelson, Quora
6. How you interact with the game dynamic, the generic gameplay methods-
Ryan Allen
7. Methods by which the game moves forward, BGDF
8. describes the game components at level of data representation and
algorithms. (Hunicke et al)

24. 4-5 Types of Mechanics
1. Game progression mechanics (progress the player through the game)
2. Performance mechanics / Rewards and skills mastery mechanics
(encourage player to improve + extend their range of skills and judgement)
3. Narrative mechanics (progress /unfold or bring together apparent story
threads in relation to game play). Are dramatic mechanics a subset?
4. Behavioural and Role assimilation mechanics (mechanics which become
habit through repeated game play, and accustom players to see things in
certain ways)
5. Insight and reversal mechanics (disrupt the in-game or real-world
expectations + presumptions of the player acquired previously or during
game to reveal viewpoint taken for granted, or supplant a view created by
game play.

25. Reversing Game Mechanics
• In Space invaders you
normally shoot down
aliens.
• What if you were an alien
refugee feeling destruction
and tried to land
peacefully on earth?
• Watch video
https://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=oSDd_ytw4T4
Games can reverse stereotypes
e.g. Space Refugees (Zach Whalen)

26. Never alone
Website http://neveralonegame.com/
Trailer https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lM_80zVzwpI
When was the last time a video game told you about a whole other culture? Took you somewhere remote you'd only heard about in passing,
and let the people who've lived there speak to you in a generations-old voice? Never Alone does that all-too-rare thing and does it very well.

27. https://www.polygon.com/2018/9/3/17800798/this-land-is-my-
land-preview-native-american-western-stealth-game
This Land is My Land takes a different view of the Wild West than Red Dead Redemption
This Land is My Land takes a different view of the Wild West than Red Dead Redemption

28. • http://thegamedesignroundtable.com/2018/02/23/189-gaming-the-past-with-
jeremiah-mccall/ audio

29. Serious Games For Prototyping?
“Playing games? It’s a serious way to win community backing for change “
https://theconversation.com/playing-games-its-a-serious-way-to-win-
community-backing-for-change-116171 and https://www.audrc.org/

30. Some persuasive (?) games
• Ian Bogost (2007) defined procedural rhetoric as ‘a practice of using processes persuasively.’
http://bogost.com/books/persuasive_games/
• Description https://ahatter.wordpress.com/serious-video-games/procedurality-and-september-
12/
• Game http://www.newsgaming.com/games/index12.htm download windows version

31. Ian Bogost (2007) defined procedural
rhetoric as ‘a practice of using processes
persuasively.’
1. What is success, defined by whom?
2. Too formalist? Better OR just for serious games?
3. How does PR work with agency, freedom of a player to
choose?
4. Is Rhetoric empty argument? How does PR differ to
Gamification?
5. Traditional rhetoric (speech +writing + oratory) also
spatial? Can sequentially experienced art be PR?
Karnak, Acropolis?
6. Rhetoric depends on memory, does it work for people
with different cognitive load, with different
strategies/game-play, learning modalities?
7. Players often distort or misunderstand the rules!
8. Too similar to gamification?

32. Designing a Game Not A
Walkthrough
• What is the goal? Why try to achieve it?
• Why is it an engaging challenge? Does it involve
competition/mastery, chance, imitation,
controlling vertigo/rush of movement/flight?
• What is the feedback system, affordances and
constraints, rewards and punishments?
• Does it level up/use mechanics to advance?
• How does it offer different strategies, options?
• What is learnt during or after the experience?

33. Designing a Prototype
1. How would your game provide an engaging challenge?
2. What is the core game play?
3. How is the player given feedback and how are they rewarded?
4. How would you create game balance, not too hard or too easy
(unlike most software, games are easy to learn and hard to master)
5. How will mechanics advance the stages or levels of the game?
6. Does your prototype convey the above simply, effectively, in a fun
way?
7. How will your prototype convey the fun AND catch any problems?
8. Will you ask friends or colleagues to test the prototype?

34. Questions to Ask When
Designing
1. What should be experienced & interacted with, as
specifically as possible.
2. Why create a specific experience in a game? (Our
objectives?)
3. Where will it be played? (Environment, imaginative setting?)
4. How to convey the experience of the site, artefact or model?
1. Systems, methods, or findings leading to engaging learning experiences?
2. Reveal what is unknown or debated (how knowledge is established or
contested)?
3. Interpretative systems or to test, demo, pose / test a scholarly argument?
5. When will the player receive suitable feedback?

35. 6 Steps for History+Heritage
1. Determine cultural, historical or archaeological facts and interpretations of the site or model
that are significant, hidden, or otherwise appropriate, engaging or transformative to explore.
2. Consider the environment it will be played in, not just the type of audience, together, alone,
on a bus, in a lecture theatre, at a museum?
3. Design a game rather than a virtual environment: choose a challenge (Caillois’ modes of
game experience or some other theory), and how core game play affects and is affected by
the modality of experience. #2 and #3 also give us an idea of a setting and theme.
4. Define the core gameplay, what does the player typically do? Does the game scale, changing
in effectiveness and complexity over time? Because increasing complexity will help keep the
game interesting.
5. Develop a reward and punishment system; how do the rewards and punishments interact
with the core gameplay and move the game along (i.e. trigger its mechanics)?
6. End meaningfully. What is the end state? How will the game mechanics help us get there?
Does reaching the end state create an intentional specific reflection, knowledge
development, interpretation, experience or other feeling in the player?

36. Cultural
Significance,
Hidden features,
uniqueness
Place/context
Move, Compete,
Chance, Mimic
•Engaging Challenge
What does the
player typically
do?
Core game play
Changes
game state,
Feedback to
player
Mechanics
Reward,
Punishment,
Hierarchical?
Free?
GOALS
Methods; Facts;
Tools; Techniques,
Strategies
Abilities: Spatial
coordination;
Reflexes;
Observations;
Memory; timing.
What is Learnt?

38. Roleplaying a Ludic Waterloo
• https://video.twimg.com/ext_tw_video/84201424319301632
0/pu/vid/1280x720/LpXIOXvAM3o7V5iv.mp4

39. S American roleplaying
https://twitter.com/search?vertical=default&q=%23caaatlanta&src=typd

40. Miguel Escobar, Heritage Interfaces 2016, NUS Singapore
THEMATICinterfaces

41. Workshop 2018

42. You need to challenge and build on each others ideas!
(3 groups from 2018)

43. PROTOTYPING

44. Exercise: Rapid prototyping
(groups)https://www.iamnotmypixels.com/how-to-use-crazy-8s-to-generate-design-ideas/
• Gather together your UX supplies, including A4 paper, markers and sticky dots
• Give each person an A4 sheet of paper and ask them to draw eight boxes on it. Or, for
even more ease, simply use my free downloadable Crazy 8’s template!
• Set a timer for 8 minutes and ask the group to sketch 8 quick ideas each in 8 minutes
• When the timer pings, everyone stops sketching
• At this point (time-dependent) you can either:
– Ask people to present their top three ideas to the group
– Ask people pick their three favourite ideas. Give them 6 more minutes to sketch
out these three ideas further. Then ask them to present them to the group.
• Give everyone 2 sticky dots, vote on their favourite ideas out of the whole group
– NB UX sketching https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oakzPi2urR8
– https://www.tandemseven.com/experience-design/ux-agile-run-product-design-
sprint/
– https://www.uxbooth.com/articles/40-hours-to-prototype/)
https://www.iamnotmypixels.com/how-to-use-crazy-8s-to-
generate-design-ideas/

45. Designing interactions..
• Download and read chapter
10 People and Prototypes
http://www.designingintera
ctions.com/download plus
tribute to Bill Moggridge
(optional)
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=PWkk9sr_GOs
• How prototypes helped
Apple
https://www.cultofmac.com
/488008/jony-ive-book-
excerpt-iphone/

46. Examples in Augmented Reality
• AR prototype with cartoon
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LY
Fk25OQJ_8 (effects: SPARK AR Studio
https://sparkar.facebook.com/ar-
studio/ or AR Creator Cartoon
https://apps.apple.com/au/app/ar-
creator-cartoon/id1374011229) OR
WebXR tutorial
https://codelabs.developers.google.co
m/codelabs/ar-with-webxr/#0
Building an augmented reality (AR)
application using the WebXR Device API

47. Twine: to prototype
games
http://www.sibylmoon.com/twine-as-a-
prototyping-tool/
1. User flows.
2. Code architecture.
3. Branching narratives.
4. Other branching game structures.
https://rmcphersonnarrativedesign.wordpr
ess.com/2015/03/30/to-live-using-twine-
as-a-prototyping-tool/
With sugar cube
https://opensource.com/article/18/2/twin
e-gaming
Explanation, interactive fiction examples
https://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/LizEngl
and/20150313/238709/What_is_Twine_Fo
r_Developers.php
https://www.christytuckerlearning.com/br
anching-scenario-prototype-in-twine/

48. Some twine stories
• Venus Meets Venus by kaleidofish, Twine (2014).
Free
http://ifdb.tads.org/viewgame?id=fbvvkywbvcov
binl
• the uncle who works for nintendo by Michael
Lutz (2014), Twine. Free
http://ifdb.tads.org/viewgame?id=dwgm9le9d8u
h2ibq [https://ztul.itch.io/the-uncle-who-works-
for-nintendo] horror

49. Twine examples
• https://www.mcvuk.com/development/a-guide-to-twine (many examples)
• https://www.mcvuk.com/development/developer-guide-what-is-twine
• http://www.sfwa.org/creating-interactive-fiction-guide-using-twine/
• https://jennaherdman.gitbooks.io/a-digital-humanities-primer-for-english-
students/content/Twine%20Tool%20Tutorial.html
• Twine wiki
• TwineHub
• Free twine hosting http://philome.la/allieisanant/merry-wanderer play free game
http://philome.la/allieisanant/merry-wanderer/play
• https://jennaherdman.gitbooks.io/a-digital-humanities-primer-for-english-
students/content/Digital%20Mapping.html Digital Mapping Tool Tutorial
• https://jennaherdman.gitbooks.io/a-digital-humanities-primer-for-english-
students/content/Twine%20Tool%20Tutorial.html

50. Ink/inkle
https://www.inklestudios.com/blog/ OR https://www.inklestudios.com/inklewriter/
Play demo the intercept https://www.inklestudios.com/ink/theintercept/
Code https://github.com/inkle/the-intercept/blob/master/Assets/Ink/TheIntercept.ink
Heaven’s Vault

51. Storyboarding
https://webdesign.tutsplus.com/articles/storyboarding-vs-prototyping-when-to-use-each--cms-28707

52. • “Storyboards and Sketch Prototypes for Rapid Interface Visualization
– “Describe the task with a series of images, showing the user, the environment, and the
computer.” OR
– “Describe the interface with a series of screen images, indicating the user’s
representation and the computer’s response.” [“what happens next?”]
• Storyboarding vs. Prototyping: When to Use Each
• https://Create Storyboards for your web comics
– What event or user interaction causes which things to animate
– How said things animate
– Why the animation improves the interaction
• How to storyboard your game tools i.e. Canv
Storyboarding tips

53. Storyboard tools
• https://www.canva.com/create/comic-strips/
• https://www.storyboardthat.com/storyboard-
creator free trial
• https://schools.pixton.com/schools/overview
free trial
• https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/top-10-
storyboard-software-of-2016-free-storyboard-
templates/ not all free nb
• https://www.shotprofessional.com/

54. Game card prototypes
• https://streamlinedgaming.com/how-to-make-a-board-game-prototype/
(nanDECK for windows)
• How to design a board or card game: 10 prototyping tips
• http://www.storybench.org/classroom-card-game-teach-digital-
storytelling-skills/ (download cards
http://storybench.org/docs/storydeck.pdf)
• Card editor https://bitbucket.org/mattsinger/card-editor free
(https://www.npmjs.com/package/card-game-generator)
• http://www.CardsAgainstHumanity.com Ask a question from a Black Card,
everyone else answers with funniest White Card. […] download PDF here
• https://www.patreon.com/paperize (beta) download video or Github
• https://boardgamegeek.com/thread/991506/resources-card-game-
makers

55. Using presentation software
• Using Powerpoint to prototype your UI:
• http://boxesandarrows.com/interactive-prototypes-with-
powerpoint/
• https://medium.com/berlin-lean-prototyping/5-tips-to-convert-
your-powerpoint-into-prototyping-tool-e02d96728efe
Apple keynote
• https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2015/08/animating-in-
keynote/
• https://keynotopia.com/guides/
• For iPhone https://webdesign.tutsplus.com/tutorials/how-to-
demo-an-ios-prototype-in-keynote--cms-22279

56. 2D games
• https://www.pcgamer.com/the-secret-history-
of-underdog-game-engine-rpg-maker-and-
how-it-got-its-bad-reputation//
• http://superpowers-html5.com/index.en.html
• https://gdevelop-app.com/
• https://www.defold.com/ 2D games

57. Drawing tool inspiration
• http://www.drawastickm
an.com/
• http://www.crayonphysic
s.com/
• http://42bytes.rocks/two
3d/ two3D is a physics-
based 2D to 3D “drawing”
tool currently in
development-create art in
a quick and intuitive way.
Also destroy it. Set it on
fire.

58. Create Guided WebXR landscape
tours?
https://sketchfab.com/

59. Scan the World
https://www.myminifactory.com/scantheworld

60. Virtual Theater District of Pompeii
http://publicvr.org/html/pro_pompeii.html OR
http://publicvr.org/PompeiiVRML/ OR
http://publicvr.org/images/UnrealPompeiiShots/index.html

61. Draw 3D in VR (TiltVR)
• draw with VR
• Export to Unity from TiltVR/HTC Vive-Oculus
Rebecca Kerr, Curtin https://rebeccaknotebook.wordpress.com/2018/02/16/interactive-creative-explorer/

62. Photogrammetry: free
• https://alicevision.github.io/ tutorials at
https://www.blendernation.com/2018/08/26/how-to-
photoscan-easy-and-free-meshroom-and-blender/
– Meshlab + Sketchfab+ Regard3D (a free and open source
structure-from-motion program.)

63. Other tools
• GIMP
• BLENDER
• INKSCAPE (a professional vector graphics
editor for Windows, Mac OS X and Linux - free
and open source) https://inkscape.org/en/
• https://www.pixelmator.com/pro/ new beta
version

64. Prototype with AR
https://developers.google.com/ar/discover/ https://developer.apple.com/augmented-reality/
•http://argonjs.io/
•Magic book AR
•Apple ARKit or Google ARCore
•Six Top Tools to Build Augmented Reality Mobile Apps

65. Mixed Reality-Mixed Viewpoints
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mafkereseb_Bekele

66. SENSORY urban history?
Bodily Experiences-smell Indirect Biofed Environments
http://www.dead-mens-eyes.org/
Champion and Dekker, Biofeedback and Virtual Environments, IJAC 2011 or.
http://papers.cumincad.org/data/works/att/caadria2011_023.content.pdf
The ARtefactKit - Stu Eve

67. AR VR
• https://skarredghost.com/2018/03/03/create-webvr-
experience-using-unity/
• https://medium.com/@stew_rtsmith/space-rocks-
technical-deep-dive-9bf67fb8a467
• https://www.pcmag.com/feature/362057/how-unity-is-
building-its-future-on-ar-vr-and-ai
• https://aframe.io/ Make WebVR with HTML for Vive, Rift,
Daydream, GearVR, desktop
• Design tool for AR and VR
• Storyboard AR free but windows/HTC Vive only

68. Game prototyping (pro)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9O9Q8OVWrFA see also
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JMjozqJS44M

69. Key Gamification References
Bogost, Ian, Persuasive Games: The Expressive Power of Videogames,
Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2007).
Bogost, I. (2008). The Rhetoric of Video Games. In K. Salen (Ed.), The Ecology of
Games: Connecting Youth, Games, and Learning (pp. 117–140). Cambridge,
MA:: The MIT Press.
Bogost, I. (2008). Unit operations: An approach to videogame criticism: MIT
Press.
King, M. Procedural Rhetoric:Analyzing Video Games. Retrieved 24 March, 2014,
from http://www.dwrl.utexas.edu/old/content/procedural-rhetoric-analyzing-
video-games
Reid, A. (2010, 11 March). post-procedural rhetoric and serious games.
Retrieved from http://alex-reid.net/2010/03/postprocedural-rhetoric-and-
serious-games.html
Thominet, L. (2012). Procedural Rhetoric. Retrieved 24 March, 2014, from
https://sites.google.com/site/composingvideogames/six-levels-of/level-4-
critical-game-studies/procedural-rhetoric
Treanor, M., & Mateas, M. (2009). Newsgames: Procedural rhetoric meets
political cartoons. Digital Games Research Association-DIGRA, 2009.
Sicart, M. (2011). Against Procedurality. Game Studies the international journal
of computer game research, 11(3), online. Retrieved from Gamestudies website:
http://gamestudies.org/1103/articles/sicart_ap
Aiken, S. F., & Talisse, R. B. (2014). Why We Argue (And How We Should): A
Guide to Political Disagreement. New York: Routledge.
Betts, B. W., Bal, J., & Betts, A. W. (2013). Gamification as a tool for increasing
the depth of student understanding using a collaborative e-learning
environment. International Journal of Continuing Engineering Education
and Life Long Learning, 23(3), 213-228.
Bogost, I. (2011). Gamification Is Bullshit. The Atlantic. Retrieved from The
Atlantic website:
http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/08/gamification-is-
bullshit/243338/
Bogost, I. (2011). Gamification is bullshit. Ian Bogost blog, 8, 2011.
Deterding, S., Sicart, M., Nacke, L., O'Hara, K., & Dixon, D. (2011). Gamification.
using game-design elements in non-gaming contexts. Paper presented at the
CHI'11 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems.
Flanagan, M. (2010). Creating Critical Play. In R. Catlow, M. Garrett, & C.
Morgana (Eds.), Artists Re: thinking Games (pp. 49-53). Liverpool: Liverpool
University Press.
Flanagan, M. (2013). Critical Play Radical Game Design. Cambridge MA: The MIT
Press.
Frasca, G. (2003). Simulation versus narrative. The video game theory reader,
221-235.
Fuchs, M. (2014). Gamification as twenty-first-century ideology. Journal of
Gaming & Virtual Worlds, 6(2), 143-157.
Hamari, J., Koivisto, J., & Sarsa, H. (2014). Does Gamification Work?--A
Literature Review of Empirical Studies on Gamification. Paper presented at the
System Sciences (HICSS), 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on.
Shand, J. (2002). Arguing well. London: Routledge.
Shelton, B. E., & Wiley, D. A. (Eds.). (2007). The Design And Use Of Simulation
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70. Questions?