This document presents the 2018 guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension from the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension. It was developed by a task force of experts and provides an updated definition of hypertension, classifications of blood pressure, prevalence and risks associated with elevated blood pressure, as well as guidelines for blood pressure measurement, evaluation of hypertension-mediated organ damage, and treatment strategies. The guidelines emphasize the importance of assessing total cardiovascular risk and refining risk based on the presence of organ damage in hypertensive patients.
This document discusses hypertension and classifications of blood pressure. It then summarizes various categories of antihypertensive agents including their mechanisms of action, examples of medications, therapeutic uses, and side effects. Nursing implications are provided around monitoring blood pressure during therapy, ensuring proper administration of medications, and lifestyle education to support treatment.
Anti-hypertensive agent and Recent developementsnamanjain727
1.To study chemistry, SAR, mechanism of action, side effects, therapeutic uses of various anti-hypertensive drugs.
2.To emphasize on the newer current upcoming drugs for the treatment of hypertension.
This document outlines information about the anticoagulant drug warfarin. It discusses that warfarin was discovered after cows ate spoiled clover and died of hemorrhaging. Warfarin works by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase, preventing vitamin K from being reduced to its active form and inhibiting coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X. It has a nearly 100% oral bioavailability and is highly protein bound. Warfarin is used to prevent thromboembolic disorders and is monitored through prothrombin time and INR levels. It can cause bleeding and interacts with many other drugs through pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms. Overdose is managed by stopping the drug and administer
Drugs affecting the endocrine system presentationAamir Hussain
This document discusses anti-thyroid and parathyroid drugs. It provides information on drug classes that affect the thyroid and parathyroid glands, including thioamides, anion inhibitors, beta blockers, calcitonin, etidronate, and calcifediol. It also outlines nursing assessments, diagnoses, and care plans related to administering these medications and monitoring for effectiveness and adverse reactions.
Comparative effectives of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin II receptor blockers added to standard medical therapy for treating patients with stable ischemic heart disease and preserved left ventricular systolic function.
ACE inhibitors were originally synthesized from compounds found in pit viper venom. They work by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, lowering blood pressure. Landmark trials showed that ACE inhibitors reduce mortality and hospitalization in heart failure and hypertension. They are now first-line treatment for these conditions as well as post-MI and diabetic kidney disease due to their cardiovascular and renal protective effects. However, trials in low risk patients like PEACE and IMAGINE found no additional benefit of ACE inhibitors beyond standard therapy.
This document discusses hypertension and classifications of blood pressure. It then summarizes various categories of antihypertensive agents including their mechanisms of action, examples of medications, therapeutic uses, and side effects. Nursing implications are provided around monitoring blood pressure during therapy, ensuring proper administration of medications, and lifestyle education to support treatment.
Anti-hypertensive agent and Recent developementsnamanjain727
1.To study chemistry, SAR, mechanism of action, side effects, therapeutic uses of various anti-hypertensive drugs.
2.To emphasize on the newer current upcoming drugs for the treatment of hypertension.
This document outlines information about the anticoagulant drug warfarin. It discusses that warfarin was discovered after cows ate spoiled clover and died of hemorrhaging. Warfarin works by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase, preventing vitamin K from being reduced to its active form and inhibiting coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X. It has a nearly 100% oral bioavailability and is highly protein bound. Warfarin is used to prevent thromboembolic disorders and is monitored through prothrombin time and INR levels. It can cause bleeding and interacts with many other drugs through pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms. Overdose is managed by stopping the drug and administer
Drugs affecting the endocrine system presentationAamir Hussain
This document discusses anti-thyroid and parathyroid drugs. It provides information on drug classes that affect the thyroid and parathyroid glands, including thioamides, anion inhibitors, beta blockers, calcitonin, etidronate, and calcifediol. It also outlines nursing assessments, diagnoses, and care plans related to administering these medications and monitoring for effectiveness and adverse reactions.
Comparative effectives of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin II receptor blockers added to standard medical therapy for treating patients with stable ischemic heart disease and preserved left ventricular systolic function.
ACE inhibitors were originally synthesized from compounds found in pit viper venom. They work by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, lowering blood pressure. Landmark trials showed that ACE inhibitors reduce mortality and hospitalization in heart failure and hypertension. They are now first-line treatment for these conditions as well as post-MI and diabetic kidney disease due to their cardiovascular and renal protective effects. However, trials in low risk patients like PEACE and IMAGINE found no additional benefit of ACE inhibitors beyond standard therapy.
1) Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are a class of drugs that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by selectively blocking the angiotensin II type 1 receptor.
2) Losartan was the first ARB developed and approved for clinical use in 1995. Since then, several other ARBs have been approved to treat hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy, and stroke.
3) ARBs are as effective as ACE inhibitors at lowering blood pressure and preventing cardiovascular events with fewer side effects like cough. They are considered a first-line treatment for hypertension by European guidelines.
Dental management of Patients taking oral anti-coagulants and AspirinJignesh Patel
This document discusses the management of patients on anticoagulant therapy who require dental treatment. It provides guidelines on assessing coagulation status using INR, determining bleeding risk of dental procedures, and managing hemostasis. For procedures with low bleeding risk and INR in the therapeutic range of 2-4, dentistry can proceed with local hemostatic measures. Higher risk procedures require consultation and adjusting anticoagulation therapy to reduce bleeding complications. Post-operative care involves rest, avoiding suction and trauma to the socket to promote clotting.
Drugs used for the treatment of HypertensionPravin Prasad
This document discusses drugs used to treat hypertension. It classifies antihypertensive drugs into diuretics, sympathoplegics, direct vasodilators, and agents that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Specific drugs discussed include furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, amlodipine, captopril, and losartan. Their mechanisms of action, uses, and potential adverse effects are explained. The document emphasizes that blood pressure can be controlled through multiple pathways and drug classes.
Beta-blockers in cardiovascular diseasesKunal Mahajan
This document discusses beta blockers and their use in cardiovascular diseases. It begins with a brief history of beta blockers and their development. It then discusses the classification of beta blockers and their selectivity for beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. Various beta blockers such as bisoprolol, atenolol, and metoprolol are compared in terms of their selectivity, pharmacokinetic properties, and clinical indications. Studies are summarized that show bisoprolol provides greater 24-hour blood pressure control and greater nighttime blood pressure reduction compared to atenolol. The document concludes by stating bisoprolol is highly beta-1 selective, has once-daily dosing and proven benefits in heart failure.
This document provides information about the drug irbesartan, including its trade names, dosage forms, pharmacological mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, indications and usage, interactions, side effects, contraindications, and storage. Irbesartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used to treat hypertension. It is well absorbed orally and highly protein bound. Common side effects include diarrhea, heartburn, dizziness and fatigue. Irbesartan has few drug interactions and may be taken with or without food.
Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfari...Khairunnisa Zamri
This document summarizes a meta-analysis comparing the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban) to warfarin for preventing stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. The analysis pooled data from four randomized controlled trials involving over 100,000 patients. It found that the new oral anticoagulants were as effective or more effective than warfarin at reducing strokes and systemic embolisms, with similar or lower rates of major bleeding. However, they were associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding compared to warfarin. The analysis concluded that the new oral anticoagulants provide an improved
1. The document discusses guidelines and strategies for the prevention, treatment, and control of hypertension.
2. It outlines 4 stages of intervention for hypertension: preventive, primary, secondary, and resistant hypertension. Treatment approaches differ depending on the stage.
3. The challenges of controlling hypertension include special patient populations, factors influencing drug choice, and issues related to resistant hypertension when blood pressure remains high despite treatment with 3 drug classes.
Chlorthalidone has been shown to be more effective at lowering blood pressure than hydrochlorothiazide, especially at night, due to its longer half-life. Evidence from large clinical trials also indicates that chlorthalidone reduces cardiovascular outcomes more than hydrochlorothiazide when used for hypertension. As a result, clinical guidelines now recommend chlorthalidone as the first-line thiazide-type diuretic for treating hypertension.
Telmisartan is a new angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) that has several potential advantages over other ARBs. It has the strongest binding affinity to the AT1 receptor compared to other ARBs. This may provide stronger and longer-lasting blood pressure lowering effects. Telmisartan also has partial agonist effects on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, which can improve insulin resistance and exert anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects in the vasculature. Studies in animals and cells suggest Telmisartan may have insulin sensitizing effects and protect against diabetic complications by blocking upregulation of VEGF and AGE-RAGE protein expression in the retina. While more randomized clinical trials
Role of beta blockers in the management of cardiovascular diseasesPHAM HUU THAI
Beta-blockers play an important role in the management of cardiovascular diseases by reducing sympathetic nervous system activation, balancing myocardial oxygen supply and demand, increasing the threshold for ventricular fibrillation during ischemia, and reducing myocardial oxygen consumption. They are indicated for hypertension, ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, and other conditions. Studies show beta-blockers reduce mortality and cardiovascular events in heart failure and post-myocardial infarction more than other drug classes.
Direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) directly bind to and inhibit thrombin. Older DTIs like hirudin, lepirudin, and desirudin are peptides that bind irreversibly or reversibly to thrombin's active site and exosite I. They are used to treat heparin-induced thrombocytopenia but require coagulation monitoring. Bivalirudin binds reversibly and is used in angioplasty with less bleeding risk. Argatroban is a smaller DTI used in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Ximelagatran was an oral prodrug but was withdrawn due to rare liver toxicity.
Antiplatelets and anticoagulation in AMISCGH ED CME
1) Aspirin, P2Y12 inhibitors (ticagrelor, prasugrel, clopidogrel), and heparin are used to treat acute myocardial infarction. Aspirin and P2Y12 inhibitors prevent platelet aggregation while heparin inhibits thrombin.
2) Clinical trials have shown that aspirin reduces mortality and reinfarction rates compared to placebo. P2Y12 inhibitors like ticagrelor and prasugrel are more effective than clopidogrel but increase bleeding risk.
3) Fibrinolytics like tenecteplase can be used when primary PCI is not available within 120 minutes to reperfuse the infarcted area through
This presentation summarizes key information about the drug amlodipine. It introduces amlodipine as a medication used to treat high blood pressure and coronary artery disease. The presentation outlines amlodipine's pharmacology as a calcium channel blocker, recommended dosages, dosage forms, contraindications, adverse effects, and drug-drug interactions. It also discusses amlodipine's pregnancy category, effects on breastfeeding, and important counseling points for patients.
This document discusses drug therapy considerations in the elderly population. Key points include:
- Physiological changes that occur with aging impact drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion requiring dosage adjustments.
- Polypharmacy is common due to multiple diseases and increases risk of drug interactions.
- Adverse drug reactions are more frequent in the elderly. Drugs should be started at low doses and titrated carefully.
- Drug selection should consider potential side effects, dosage forms that are easy to take, and affordability. Close monitoring for side effects is important.
This document discusses the care of patients on anticoagulant medications. It describes different types of anticoagulants including heparin, low molecular weight heparins, and warfarin. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, indications, dosing, administration, monitoring, advantages and disadvantages of these drugs. The document also outlines important nursing considerations when caring for patients taking anticoagulants such as monitoring for bleeding, dietary restrictions, medication compliance, and patient education.
1. Warfarin is a commonly used oral anticoagulant that is rapidly absorbed and has a high bioavailability but also a long half-life of 36-42 hours.
2. Warfarin is dosed once daily and monitored through PT and INR measurements to maintain therapeutic levels for different conditions.
3. Overdose of warfarin can be managed by withholding the drug and administering vitamin K or fresh frozen plasma depending on the severity of elevation of PT and INR.
This document provides guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes developed by the Task Force on acute coronary syndromes of the European Society of Cardiology. It includes recommendations on triage, diagnosis using tools like electrocardiograms and biomarkers, treatment strategies involving invasive or non-invasive options, antithrombotic therapy, and in-hospital management. The guidelines were developed by a task force with members from various European countries and medical associations, and were reviewed by additional experts in cardiology.
This document provides guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes developed by the Task Force on acute coronary syndromes of the European Society of Cardiology. It was authored by over 50 international experts and reviewed by over 40 additional experts. The guidelines cover definitions, epidemiology, triage, diagnosis using electrocardiograms and biomarkers, treatment including antithrombotic therapy, revascularization, and secondary prevention. It represents the latest evidence-based recommendations for clinicians on the management of acute coronary syndromes.
1) Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are a class of drugs that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by selectively blocking the angiotensin II type 1 receptor.
2) Losartan was the first ARB developed and approved for clinical use in 1995. Since then, several other ARBs have been approved to treat hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy, and stroke.
3) ARBs are as effective as ACE inhibitors at lowering blood pressure and preventing cardiovascular events with fewer side effects like cough. They are considered a first-line treatment for hypertension by European guidelines.
Dental management of Patients taking oral anti-coagulants and AspirinJignesh Patel
This document discusses the management of patients on anticoagulant therapy who require dental treatment. It provides guidelines on assessing coagulation status using INR, determining bleeding risk of dental procedures, and managing hemostasis. For procedures with low bleeding risk and INR in the therapeutic range of 2-4, dentistry can proceed with local hemostatic measures. Higher risk procedures require consultation and adjusting anticoagulation therapy to reduce bleeding complications. Post-operative care involves rest, avoiding suction and trauma to the socket to promote clotting.
Drugs used for the treatment of HypertensionPravin Prasad
This document discusses drugs used to treat hypertension. It classifies antihypertensive drugs into diuretics, sympathoplegics, direct vasodilators, and agents that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Specific drugs discussed include furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, amlodipine, captopril, and losartan. Their mechanisms of action, uses, and potential adverse effects are explained. The document emphasizes that blood pressure can be controlled through multiple pathways and drug classes.
Beta-blockers in cardiovascular diseasesKunal Mahajan
This document discusses beta blockers and their use in cardiovascular diseases. It begins with a brief history of beta blockers and their development. It then discusses the classification of beta blockers and their selectivity for beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. Various beta blockers such as bisoprolol, atenolol, and metoprolol are compared in terms of their selectivity, pharmacokinetic properties, and clinical indications. Studies are summarized that show bisoprolol provides greater 24-hour blood pressure control and greater nighttime blood pressure reduction compared to atenolol. The document concludes by stating bisoprolol is highly beta-1 selective, has once-daily dosing and proven benefits in heart failure.
This document provides information about the drug irbesartan, including its trade names, dosage forms, pharmacological mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, indications and usage, interactions, side effects, contraindications, and storage. Irbesartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used to treat hypertension. It is well absorbed orally and highly protein bound. Common side effects include diarrhea, heartburn, dizziness and fatigue. Irbesartan has few drug interactions and may be taken with or without food.
Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfari...Khairunnisa Zamri
This document summarizes a meta-analysis comparing the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban) to warfarin for preventing stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. The analysis pooled data from four randomized controlled trials involving over 100,000 patients. It found that the new oral anticoagulants were as effective or more effective than warfarin at reducing strokes and systemic embolisms, with similar or lower rates of major bleeding. However, they were associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding compared to warfarin. The analysis concluded that the new oral anticoagulants provide an improved
1. The document discusses guidelines and strategies for the prevention, treatment, and control of hypertension.
2. It outlines 4 stages of intervention for hypertension: preventive, primary, secondary, and resistant hypertension. Treatment approaches differ depending on the stage.
3. The challenges of controlling hypertension include special patient populations, factors influencing drug choice, and issues related to resistant hypertension when blood pressure remains high despite treatment with 3 drug classes.
Chlorthalidone has been shown to be more effective at lowering blood pressure than hydrochlorothiazide, especially at night, due to its longer half-life. Evidence from large clinical trials also indicates that chlorthalidone reduces cardiovascular outcomes more than hydrochlorothiazide when used for hypertension. As a result, clinical guidelines now recommend chlorthalidone as the first-line thiazide-type diuretic for treating hypertension.
Telmisartan is a new angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) that has several potential advantages over other ARBs. It has the strongest binding affinity to the AT1 receptor compared to other ARBs. This may provide stronger and longer-lasting blood pressure lowering effects. Telmisartan also has partial agonist effects on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, which can improve insulin resistance and exert anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects in the vasculature. Studies in animals and cells suggest Telmisartan may have insulin sensitizing effects and protect against diabetic complications by blocking upregulation of VEGF and AGE-RAGE protein expression in the retina. While more randomized clinical trials
Role of beta blockers in the management of cardiovascular diseasesPHAM HUU THAI
Beta-blockers play an important role in the management of cardiovascular diseases by reducing sympathetic nervous system activation, balancing myocardial oxygen supply and demand, increasing the threshold for ventricular fibrillation during ischemia, and reducing myocardial oxygen consumption. They are indicated for hypertension, ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, and other conditions. Studies show beta-blockers reduce mortality and cardiovascular events in heart failure and post-myocardial infarction more than other drug classes.
Direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) directly bind to and inhibit thrombin. Older DTIs like hirudin, lepirudin, and desirudin are peptides that bind irreversibly or reversibly to thrombin's active site and exosite I. They are used to treat heparin-induced thrombocytopenia but require coagulation monitoring. Bivalirudin binds reversibly and is used in angioplasty with less bleeding risk. Argatroban is a smaller DTI used in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Ximelagatran was an oral prodrug but was withdrawn due to rare liver toxicity.
Antiplatelets and anticoagulation in AMISCGH ED CME
1) Aspirin, P2Y12 inhibitors (ticagrelor, prasugrel, clopidogrel), and heparin are used to treat acute myocardial infarction. Aspirin and P2Y12 inhibitors prevent platelet aggregation while heparin inhibits thrombin.
2) Clinical trials have shown that aspirin reduces mortality and reinfarction rates compared to placebo. P2Y12 inhibitors like ticagrelor and prasugrel are more effective than clopidogrel but increase bleeding risk.
3) Fibrinolytics like tenecteplase can be used when primary PCI is not available within 120 minutes to reperfuse the infarcted area through
This presentation summarizes key information about the drug amlodipine. It introduces amlodipine as a medication used to treat high blood pressure and coronary artery disease. The presentation outlines amlodipine's pharmacology as a calcium channel blocker, recommended dosages, dosage forms, contraindications, adverse effects, and drug-drug interactions. It also discusses amlodipine's pregnancy category, effects on breastfeeding, and important counseling points for patients.
This document discusses drug therapy considerations in the elderly population. Key points include:
- Physiological changes that occur with aging impact drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion requiring dosage adjustments.
- Polypharmacy is common due to multiple diseases and increases risk of drug interactions.
- Adverse drug reactions are more frequent in the elderly. Drugs should be started at low doses and titrated carefully.
- Drug selection should consider potential side effects, dosage forms that are easy to take, and affordability. Close monitoring for side effects is important.
This document discusses the care of patients on anticoagulant medications. It describes different types of anticoagulants including heparin, low molecular weight heparins, and warfarin. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, indications, dosing, administration, monitoring, advantages and disadvantages of these drugs. The document also outlines important nursing considerations when caring for patients taking anticoagulants such as monitoring for bleeding, dietary restrictions, medication compliance, and patient education.
1. Warfarin is a commonly used oral anticoagulant that is rapidly absorbed and has a high bioavailability but also a long half-life of 36-42 hours.
2. Warfarin is dosed once daily and monitored through PT and INR measurements to maintain therapeutic levels for different conditions.
3. Overdose of warfarin can be managed by withholding the drug and administering vitamin K or fresh frozen plasma depending on the severity of elevation of PT and INR.
This document provides guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes developed by the Task Force on acute coronary syndromes of the European Society of Cardiology. It includes recommendations on triage, diagnosis using tools like electrocardiograms and biomarkers, treatment strategies involving invasive or non-invasive options, antithrombotic therapy, and in-hospital management. The guidelines were developed by a task force with members from various European countries and medical associations, and were reviewed by additional experts in cardiology.
This document provides guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes developed by the Task Force on acute coronary syndromes of the European Society of Cardiology. It was authored by over 50 international experts and reviewed by over 40 additional experts. The guidelines cover definitions, epidemiology, triage, diagnosis using electrocardiograms and biomarkers, treatment including antithrombotic therapy, revascularization, and secondary prevention. It represents the latest evidence-based recommendations for clinicians on the management of acute coronary syndromes.
The guidelines provide recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. They were developed by the Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and European Respiratory Society, and endorsed by several other societies. The guidelines include information on the pathology, pathobiology, screening, and quality of life measurements related to various forms of pulmonary hypertension.
Guía de manejo de la Esc 2023 en síndrome coronario agudoKarlaGonzlez356645
This document provides guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes developed by the Task Force on acute coronary syndromes of the European Society of Cardiology. It was authored by over 50 international experts and reviewed by over 40 additional experts. The guidelines cover definitions, epidemiology, diagnosis using tools like electrocardiograms and biomarkers, treatment strategies including reperfusion therapies and antithrombotic medications, and long-term management of patients with acute coronary syndromes. The guidelines represent the latest evidence and expert consensus on best practices for triage, diagnosis and treatment of patients experiencing acute coronary syndromes.
This document provides guidelines for office and out-of-office blood pressure measurement from the 2021 European Society of Hypertension. It recommends using validated automated devices for accuracy and discusses aspects of measurement including white-coat hypertension, masked hypertension, and blood pressure variability. Office blood pressure remains important but can be misleading, so out-of-office methods like ambulatory blood pressure monitoring or home monitoring are recommended when possible to confirm diagnoses and treatment decisions. Standardized measurement techniques aim to improve precision and properly diagnose and manage hypertension.
2018 esc esh guidelines for the management of arterial hypertensionVinh Pham Nguyen
This document provides guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Society of Hypertension (ESH) for the management of arterial hypertension. It was developed by a task force that reviewed the scientific evidence and medical knowledge available.
The guidelines include updated definitions and classifications of hypertension. They recommend methods for blood pressure measurement in both clinical and daily settings. Guidelines are provided for evaluating hypertension-related organ damage, assessing total cardiovascular risk, and initiating treatment. Lifestyle modifications and drug therapies are discussed as options for lowering blood pressure.
The task force comprised international experts in cardiology and hypertension. They aimed to provide evidence-based recommendations on evaluating and managing hypertensive patients to reduce health risks and improve outcomes
2018 esc esh guidelines for the managementgisa_legal
This document provides guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Society of Hypertension (ESH) for the management of arterial hypertension. It was developed by a task force that reviewed evidence and provided recommendations. Key changes from previous guidelines include lower thresholds for treatment initiation and more emphasis on out-of-office blood pressure measurements. The guidelines cover definitions of hypertension, prevalence, risk assessment, blood pressure measurement methods, evaluation of organ damage, treatment initiation thresholds, lifestyle and pharmacological therapy options, and secondary hypertension.
2015 esc ers guidelines for the diagnosis hpgisa_legal
The document provides guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension published by the European Society of Cardiology and European Respiratory Society in 2015. It was developed by a task force of experts and provides classifications, definitions, diagnostic criteria and algorithms, and recommendations for treatment. The guidelines cover pulmonary arterial hypertension and other types of pulmonary hypertension, addressing epidemiology, evaluation of severity, drug and combination therapies, transplantation, and more.
2015 esc ers guidelines for the diagnosis hpgisa_legal
The document provides guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension published by the European Society of Cardiology and European Respiratory Society in 2015. It was developed by a task force of experts and provides classifications, definitions, diagnostic criteria and algorithms, and recommendations for treatment. The guidelines cover pulmonary arterial hypertension and other types of pulmonary hypertension, addressing epidemiology, evaluation of severity, drug and combination therapies, transplantation, and more.
The document discusses guidelines from the 2015 ESC on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases. It provides an overview of key sections and recommendations from the guidelines. The sections discussed include epidemiology of pericardial diseases, aetiology of pericardial diseases, acute pericarditis, and recurrent pericarditis. It emphasizes the need to gather more specific epidemiological data from different geographical areas to better understand differing aetiologies. It also notes that the most frequent cause of pericarditis (idiopathy) is not fully understood and warrants further examination.
This document provides guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes developed by the Task Force on acute coronary syndromes of the European Society of Cardiology. It includes 3 key points:
1. The guidelines cover definitions, epidemiology, triage, diagnosis, initial treatment, antithrombotic therapy, invasive strategies, complications and special patient groups for managing acute coronary syndromes.
2. Diagnosis involves the electrocardiogram, high-sensitivity cardiac troponins, imaging modalities and differential diagnosis. Rapid troponin algorithms can rule in or rule out acute myocardial infarction.
3. Management depends on risk stratification and involves antithrombotic therapies, revascularization through percutaneous coronary
The document summarizes the new 2015 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases. It discusses epidemiological data on pericarditis which shows it accounts for 0.1% of hospital admissions. More data is needed from different geographical areas. It also discusses the aetiology of pericardial diseases which can be infectious, non-infectious, autoimmune, neoplastic, traumatic or iatrogenic. Acute pericarditis is discussed along with recommendations for diagnosis and treatment including use of aspirin, NSAIDs, colchicine or corticosteroids. Recurrent pericarditis is also covered.
The document provides guidelines for the management of hypertension from the 2020 International Society of Hypertension. It begins by defining its scope and purpose in providing worldwide guidelines tailored for both low and high resource settings. It then discusses definitions of hypertension, recommendations for blood pressure measurement, diagnostic evaluations, treatment approaches, and specific circumstances. The guidelines are intended to standardize hypertension care globally and address the needs of all clinical settings.
2018 ESC ESH Guidelines For The Management Of Arterial HypertensionAndrea Porter
The document summarizes the 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. It was published by the European Society of Cardiology and European Society of Hypertension Task Force, which included experts from various European countries. The guidelines provide an updated definition of hypertension, classification of blood pressure, assessment of cardiovascular risk, and recommendations for blood pressure measurement and the management of hypertension through lifestyle interventions and drug therapies.
The document presents guidelines from the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) for the management of arterial hypertension from 2013. It was authored by a task force of experts and reviews members from both societies. The guidelines provide recommendations on the definition and classification of hypertension, assessment of total cardiovascular risk, diagnostic evaluation including blood pressure measurement techniques and search for organ damage, and treatment approach including when to initiate antihypertensive drug treatment.
This document provides guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology and European Association for the Study of Diabetes on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. It was created by a task force of experts in both cardiology and diabetology. The guidelines aim to improve management of patients with diabetes or pre-diabetes and reduce their cardiovascular risk through a joint diabetology-cardiology approach. They include definitions of diabetes and pre-diabetes, recommendations for screening and risk assessment, guidelines on treatment and management of comorbid conditions, and review of current evidence on pathophysiology and health economics.
2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guide...Angela Fonseca Latino
This document provides an overview and summary of the 2020 International Society of Hypertension (ISH) Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines. It begins with an introduction stating the purpose and motivation for developing worldwide guidelines. It describes the guideline development process, including the composition of the guidelines committee. The document then provides definitions of hypertension based on blood pressure readings and classifications of blood pressure levels. It outlines recommendations for diagnosing hypertension through office blood pressure measurements and details proper measurement techniques. The summary highlights the key goals and approaches of the 2020 ISH Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines.
This document provides guidelines for the management of hypertension from the International Society of Hypertension (ISH). It aims to provide evidence-based recommendations that are practical for both low and high resource settings.
The guidelines were developed by extracting evidence from recently published guidelines and tailoring them to be concise and easy to use globally. They define hypertension as a blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg based on office measurements. The guidelines recommend lifestyle modifications and pharmacological treatment for confirmed hypertension. They also provide guidance on diagnostic tests, risk factors, target organ damage, comorbidities and special circumstances like pregnancy. The goal is to reduce the global burden of raised blood pressure through practical standards of care.
Newest 2020 ISH global hypertension practice guidelinesChanRyan4
This document provides an introduction and table of contents for guidelines on the management of hypertension. It aims to provide evidence-based recommendations tailored for both high and low resource settings. The guidelines were developed by extracting content from recently published extensively reviewed guidelines. It recognizes that optimal care may not always be possible, so essential standards of care are provided that recognize limitations in clinical evidence and resources. The motivation for developing these guidelines is the large global burden of raised blood pressure, with awareness, treatment and control rates especially low in low- and middle-income countries.
This document provides guidelines for the management of hypertension from the International Society of Hypertension (ISH). It aims to extract evidence-based recommendations from major guidelines and tailor them for both high and low resource settings. Section 1 introduces the context and purpose of the guidelines, which is to reduce the global burden of raised blood pressure. It notes that while over 1 billion people have hypertension, rates of awareness, treatment and control remain low, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The guidelines thus seek to provide practical, globally-applicable recommendations to improve hypertension management worldwide.
Similar to 2018 esc esh_guidelines_for_the_management_of.2 (1) (20)
Cor pulmonale, also known as pulmonary heart disease, is a type of heart disease where the right side of the heart enlarges and fails over time due to high blood pressure in the lungs or pulmonary hypertension. It is usually caused by lung diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that result in low oxygen levels and resistance within the pulmonary arteries of the lungs. The enlarged right ventricle must work harder to pump blood into the lungs, causing it to thicken and eventually fail if left untreated.
Peptic ulcers develop in the lining of the stomach or small intestine. Common causes are infection by H. pylori bacteria and use of pain medications like ibuprofen. Symptoms include stomach pain that is worse when the stomach is empty. Diagnosis involves tests to detect H. pylori infection and endoscopy to view the digestive tract. Treatment eliminates the bacteria with antibiotics if present, reduces acid production, and promotes healing with proton pump inhibitors or acid blockers. Preventive measures include careful use of pain medications and protecting against infections.
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that can be acute or chronic. It occurs when digestive enzymes in the pancreas are activated and damage pancreatic cells. Common causes include alcoholism, gallstones, certain medications, abdominal injuries, and genetic factors. Symptoms vary but often include abdominal pain that worsens with eating as well as nausea and vomiting. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging scans, and endoscopy. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, treating underlying causes, and managing complications. To prevent pancreatitis, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and following a low-fat diet can help reduce risk.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder defined by abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits. The causes are unclear but may involve stress, infection, or brain-gut interactions. Symptoms include abdominal pain, gas, bloating, and diarrhea or constipation. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, and tests rule out other conditions. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, and stress relief. Medications may help control symptoms but no single treatment works for everyone with this common disorder.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) describes disorders that involve chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The exact cause is unknown but is likely related to malfunctions of the immune system. Symptoms vary in severity from mild to severe and include diarrhea, abdominal pain, bleeding, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves blood tests, endoscopy, imaging, and ruling out other potential causes. Treatment aims to reduce inflammation and includes anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants, antibiotics, and surgery in some cases.
Helicobacter pylori is a type of bacteria that infects the stomach and is the most common cause of gastritis and peptic ulcers worldwide. Infection is very common and increases with age. H. pylori bacteria can be transmitted through direct contact with infected feces or vomit, or through contaminated food or water. While most infected people never show symptoms, potential symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests of the blood, breath, or stool to detect H. pylori. Treatment consists of antibiotics along with medication to reduce stomach acid in order to kill the bacteria and allow the stomach lining to heal.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid returns up into the esophagus and causes irritation. It is common for people to experience acid reflux occasionally, but GERD is when it occurs at least twice a week or more severely once a week. Risk factors include obesity, pregnancy, smoking, and certain medications. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, coughing, and sore throat. Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms, but tests like endoscopy or pH monitoring can be done. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like losing weight, avoiding foods and drinks that trigger symptoms, and medications to reduce acid production. Surgery may be an option for severe cases that do not improve with other treatments.
Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestines that is usually caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites. Common symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. While generally self-limiting, gastroenteritis can cause dehydration, which is more common and dangerous in infants and young children. Oral rehydration solutions are the recommended treatment for mild to moderate dehydration. Prevention involves proper food handling and drinking clean water, especially when traveling.
1. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are rare tumors that can develop in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract and can be cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign). Risk factors include inherited genetic mutations and rare genetic syndromes.
2. Symptoms of GIST tumors include blood in stool or vomit, abdominal pain, fatigue, difficulty swallowing, and feeling full after eating small amounts of food. Diagnosis involves physical exams, CT scans, MRI scans, endoscopic ultrasounds, and biopsies of suspicious tissue.
3. Treatment depends on the stage and location of the tumor and may involve surgical resection as the only potentially curative treatment
1. Gastritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach that is usually caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or excessive alcohol or drug use. It can be acute or chronic.
2. Common causes include H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, alcohol, bile reflux, autoimmune disorders, and stress. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and black stools from bleeding.
3. Diagnosis involves blood tests, endoscopy, and stool tests. Treatment focuses on eliminating the cause, using antacids or other drugs to reduce stomach acid, and antibiotics to treat H. pylori infection. Preventing overuse of NSAIDs and limiting alcohol and sp
1. Esophageal motor disorders are alterations in the peristaltic activity of the esophageal body and/or functioning of the sphincters. There are primary motor disorders that affect the esophageal body and lower esophageal sphincter including achalasia, diffuse esophageal spasm, and hypercontractile disorders.
2. The etiology of spastic motor disorders is divided into primary and secondary causes. The primary causes include diffuse esophageal spasm, nutcracker esophagus, and hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter. The pathophysiology involves alterations in nitric oxide synthesis and degradation affecting normal peristalsis.
3. Symptoms include chest pain, dysphagia
Dyspepsia, also known as indigestion, refers to discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen that is often caused by eating. Common symptoms include pain, swelling, heartburn, and nausea. While the specific cause is unknown in most cases, potential causes include stress, medications like aspirin, Helicobacter pylori bacteria, smoking, alcohol, spicy or greasy foods, and large meal sizes. Diagnosis involves tests like abdominal ultrasounds and endoscopies of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. Treatment focuses on diet changes, antibiotics to eliminate H. pylori if present, and medications to reduce acid like omeprazole. Prevention includes relaxing after
This document discusses diseases of the rectum and anus. It begins with definitions and explains that these diseases are commonly seen in primary care. It describes some of the main diseases including their causes, symptoms, and risk factors. Some of the diseases covered include hemorrhoids, anal fissures, abscesses, and anal cancer. The document discusses how these diseases are diagnosed, often through examination with an anoscope or sigmoidoscope. It also outlines treatments for some conditions like surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy for anal cancer. Lastly, it discusses some ways to prevent diseases like avoiding risk factors, screening high risk patients, and vaccinations to prevent HPV infections.
The document discusses diseases of the mouth cavity. It defines the mouth and its functions, and describes common mouth problems like cold sores, canker sores, and infections. Diagnosis involves examination by a dentist, and treatment depends on the specific problem but may include cleaning, surgery, or maintenance visits. Prevention strategies include avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol, eating fruits and vegetables, protecting lips from sun, and regular dental exams.
The document discusses digestive hemorrhage, also known as gastrointestinal bleeding. It defines high and low hemorrhages based on their origin in the digestive tract. Some common causes of digestive hemorrhage include anal fissures, hemorrhoids, ulcers, and cancers of the digestive system. Symptoms include vomiting blood or black tarry stools. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, imaging tests, or surgery depending on the location of bleeding. Treatment focuses on stabilization, determining the cause through endoscopy, and addressing the specific condition causing the hemorrhage. Prevention strategies target those with risk factors like ulcers, cirrhosis, or who take anti-inflammatory drugs.
1. Diarrhea is defined as more frequent bowel movements with soft and liquid stools. It is usually caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, certain foods, medications, and other digestive disorders.
2. Symptoms of diarrhea include soft, watery stools, abdominal cramps, pain, fever, blood in stool, swelling, and urgency. It can cause dehydration, especially in children.
3. Doctors may perform blood tests, stool analysis, and imaging tests to diagnose the cause. Treatment depends on the cause but often involves replacing fluids and electrolytes, antibiotics if bacteria is involved, and managing any underlying conditions.
Constipation is defined as having less than three bowel movements per week or hard stools that are difficult to pass. Common causes include low-fiber diets, lack of physical activity, certain medications, and ignoring the urge to have a bowel movement. Diagnosis involves physical exams, blood tests, and imaging tests of the colon and rectum. Treatment begins with lifestyle changes like increasing fiber intake and exercise. If those don't help, doctors may prescribe laxatives, stool softeners, or suppositories to relieve constipation symptoms.
Sleep apnea is a potentially serious sleep disorder where breathing stops and starts repeatedly during sleep. There are three main types - obstructive, central, and complex. Risk factors include being overweight, having a narrow throat, and certain facial structures. Symptoms include loud snoring, waking with shortness of breath, and daytime sleepiness. Diagnosis involves a physical exam and polysomnogram sleep test. Treatment options include lifestyle changes, CPAP devices, dental devices, and sometimes surgery. Losing weight and avoiding alcohol can help prevent sleep apnea.
1. Pulmonary tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which usually affects the lungs. It spreads through the air when people who are sick with TB cough, sneeze or speak.
2. Symptoms include a persistent cough lasting more than two weeks, coughing up blood, weight loss, fever, night sweats and fatigue. Diagnosis involves physical exams, chest x-rays, sputum tests and tuberculosis skin tests.
3. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen administered by a tuberculosis specialist to prevent drug resistance. Patients are advised to rest at home and cover their mouth when coughing to prevent spreading the disease until treatment has reduced their contagious
1. Pulmonary embolism is caused by a blood clot in the lung, usually formed in the deep veins of the lower limbs. It is a leading cause of preventable death in hospitalized patients.
2. Symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pain, increased heart rate, coughing up blood, and fainting. Diagnosis involves assessing risk factors and test like D-dimer and CT scan.
3. Treatment involves anticoagulant drugs to dissolve clots initially by injection and then orally for 3-6 months. Prevention focuses on continuing anticoagulants, lifestyle changes like exercise and diet, wearing compression stockings, and early movement after surgery.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.