86% of World’sEnergy Produced by Fossil Fuels
1%
35%
26%
25%
6%
6%
Source: EIA 2004 Data
* Other (1.4%) Includes geothermal, solar, wind
Petroleum
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear
Hydro
7.
U.S. Electricity ProductionCosts
1995-2011, In 2011 cents per kilowatt-hour
Production Costs = Operations and Maintenance Costs + Fuel Costs. Production costs do not include indirect costs and are based on FERC
Form 1 filings submitted by regulated utilities. Production costs are modeled for utilities that are not regulated.
Source: Ventyx Velocity Suite
Updated: 5/12
間接使用聚光太陽能熱發電
use parabolicmirrors to focus sunlight into a concentrated beam,
use heat to boil water
use steam to generate electric power.
Use tanks of molten salt to store solar energy so that it can
continue generating electricity even when sun isn't shining.
20.
Oil Rig ExplodesOff Louisiana Coast; 11
Missing and presumed dead
IT SUNK
Leaking 200,000 to 4 million gallons/day
Coal Ash IsMore Radioactive than Nuclear Waste
1978 McBride at Oak Ridge National Lab. Studied
uranium and thorium content of fly ash from
coal-fired power plants in Tennessee and Alabama.
Radiation exposure comparison between coal plants,
BWRs and PWRs.
Estimated radiation doses ingested by people living
near coal plants were equal to or higher than doses for
people living around nuclear facilities.
Radiation level: fly ash 5.8 pCi/g, bottom ash 3.5-4.6
pCi/g
全數位化控制的優點– 使操作更容易和更安全
Morereliable, accurate, stable, and easier to calibrate.
Perform self-diagnostics to aid in maintenance.
Much more fault-tolerant than analog control systems and
can be designed to continue to operate with one or more
failures.
Present information depicting state of plant to operators
through a live graphical user interface.
Accept logical commands from a touch-screen or mouse-
driven interface, and make it relatively easy to set up
complex control strategies quickly and accurately.
Enable much improved alarm management.
41
#4 Why are energy prices on the rise?
One word: Demand.
Worldwide. And, yes, that’s Beijing.
More people, in more countries, are demanding more fuel in order to reach their own economic aspirations …
Huge countries – China, India – are shifting into high gear. They discovered the power of economic freedom and the effects are being felt worldwide.
… and with the added competition for fuel, prices have climbed dramatically.