20140613 JKE 316E_extra topic on Index Numbers
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What is the uses of index numbers? What is the differences between Paasche and Laspeyres Index? What is the differences between price index and quantity index?
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Index number
This document discusses index numbers, which are specialized averages used to measure changes in phenomena over time or location. It defines an index number and lists its key characteristics, uses, and problems in construction. The document then classifies index number methods into price, quantity, value, and special purpose indexes. It describes unweighted and weighted index number construction, including the Laspeyres, Paasche, Bowley, and Fisher methods for weighted indexes. Specific formulas are provided for simple aggregative, simple average of price relatives, and weighted aggregative index numbers.
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Matched pair designs
Matched pair designs involve experiments with only two treatment conditions where repeated measurements are taken not from the same subjects but from similar subjects that are matched based on key attributes. This is a type of repeated measures design where very similar subjects are paired together to reduce variability between subjects and focus the analysis on the treatment effect.
Correlation ppt...
The document discusses correlation analysis and different types of correlation. It defines correlation as the linear association between two random variables. There are three main types of correlation:
1) Positive vs negative vs no correlation based on the relationship between two variables as one increases or decreases.
2) Linear vs non-linear correlation based on the shape of the relationship when plotted on a graph.
3) Simple vs multiple vs partial correlation based on the number of variables.
The document also discusses methods for studying correlation including scatter plots, Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation r, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. It provides interpretations of the correlation coefficient r and coefficient of determination r2.
Scatter diagram and control chart
Scatter diagrams are used to identify relationships between two variables by plotting them on a graph. They show the direction, strength, and form of the relationship. Control charts are used to monitor processes and identify sources of variation. There are two main types: attribute control charts for pass/fail data and variable control charts for measurable characteristics. They use limits to determine whether a process is in statistical control. Examples of each type of chart are provided to illustrate their components and interpretation.
Index numbers
This document discusses index numbers and basic statistics. It begins by defining index numbers as devices that measure changes in variables over time or space. It notes that index numbers are specialized averages. The document then discusses different types of index numbers, methods for constructing them, advantages and disadvantages, and problems related to index numbers. It provides examples of calculating Fisher's ideal index number. In the end, it lists some required readings and resources for further learning about index numbers and basic statistics.
Index Number (Business Statistics Tutorial )
Business Statistics Tutorial
Mahmudul Hasan Nakib
Founder President (Inventive Point)
BBA , MBA (Finance), AUB, SEU
CMA, ICMAB(Studying)
Multidimensional scaling & Conjoint Analysis
The document discusses multidimensional scaling (MDS) and conjoint analysis, which are techniques used in marketing research. MDS is used to identify dimensions that objects are perceived by and position objects with respect to those dimensions. Conjoint analysis determines the relative importance of product attributes based on how consumers make trade-off judgments between different attribute combinations. Both techniques provide insights to help with product positioning and development.
Recommended
Index number
This document discusses index numbers, which are specialized averages used to measure changes in phenomena over time or location. It defines an index number and lists its key characteristics, uses, and problems in construction. The document then classifies index number methods into price, quantity, value, and special purpose indexes. It describes unweighted and weighted index number construction, including the Laspeyres, Paasche, Bowley, and Fisher methods for weighted indexes. Specific formulas are provided for simple aggregative, simple average of price relatives, and weighted aggregative index numbers.
Maths Higher worksheets
£57.60
VAT at 20%
Item
Price
T-shirt
£12.99
Shorts
£19.99
Socks
£4.99
VAT is 20%
Without a calculator,
please, for question 1.
Working must be shown
Clip 52 Percentage of an Amount without a Calculator
Working must be shown
Without a calculator,
please, for question 3.
Working must be shown
Without a calculator,
please, for question 1.
Working must be shown
Clip 51 Find a Percentage with a Calculator
Matched pair designs
Matched pair designs involve experiments with only two treatment conditions where repeated measurements are taken not from the same subjects but from similar subjects that are matched based on key attributes. This is a type of repeated measures design where very similar subjects are paired together to reduce variability between subjects and focus the analysis on the treatment effect.
Correlation ppt...
The document discusses correlation analysis and different types of correlation. It defines correlation as the linear association between two random variables. There are three main types of correlation:
1) Positive vs negative vs no correlation based on the relationship between two variables as one increases or decreases.
2) Linear vs non-linear correlation based on the shape of the relationship when plotted on a graph.
3) Simple vs multiple vs partial correlation based on the number of variables.
The document also discusses methods for studying correlation including scatter plots, Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation r, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. It provides interpretations of the correlation coefficient r and coefficient of determination r2.
Scatter diagram and control chart
Scatter diagrams are used to identify relationships between two variables by plotting them on a graph. They show the direction, strength, and form of the relationship. Control charts are used to monitor processes and identify sources of variation. There are two main types: attribute control charts for pass/fail data and variable control charts for measurable characteristics. They use limits to determine whether a process is in statistical control. Examples of each type of chart are provided to illustrate their components and interpretation.
Index numbers
This document discusses index numbers and basic statistics. It begins by defining index numbers as devices that measure changes in variables over time or space. It notes that index numbers are specialized averages. The document then discusses different types of index numbers, methods for constructing them, advantages and disadvantages, and problems related to index numbers. It provides examples of calculating Fisher's ideal index number. In the end, it lists some required readings and resources for further learning about index numbers and basic statistics.
Index Number (Business Statistics Tutorial )
Business Statistics Tutorial
Mahmudul Hasan Nakib
Founder President (Inventive Point)
BBA , MBA (Finance), AUB, SEU
CMA, ICMAB(Studying)
Multidimensional scaling & Conjoint Analysis
The document discusses multidimensional scaling (MDS) and conjoint analysis, which are techniques used in marketing research. MDS is used to identify dimensions that objects are perceived by and position objects with respect to those dimensions. Conjoint analysis determines the relative importance of product attributes based on how consumers make trade-off judgments between different attribute combinations. Both techniques provide insights to help with product positioning and development.
Manova ppt
MANOVA is an extension of ANOVA that allows for multiple dependent variables. It tests whether multiple means of two or more groups differ. With MANOVA, we can compute relationships between independent variables, dependent variables, and between dependent and independent variables. Some advantages of MANOVA over separate ANOVAs include a better chance of discovering important factors and protecting against Type I errors. MANOVA assumes random sampling, normal distribution, linearity, homogeneity of variances, and multivariate normality. It splits the total scatter matrix into a between groups scatter matrix and within groups scatter matrix to calculate an F value similar to ANOVA.
Three sector model
The three sector model shows the circular flow of income and expenditure between households, firms, and the government. Households receive income from firms and purchase goods and services. Firms produce goods/services and purchase inputs from households. The government collects taxes from households and firms, and spends on goods/services. Leakages like savings and taxes reduce household/firm income, while injections like investment and government spending add income into the circular flow. The economy is stable if injections equal leakages, contracting if leakages exceed injections, and expanding if injections exceed leakages. The government can impact the economy through taxing and spending policies.
Quantitative analysis
This document summarizes quantitative data analysis techniques for summarizing data from samples and generalizing to populations. It discusses variables, simple and effect statistics, statistical models, and precision of estimates. Key points covered include describing data distribution through plots and statistics, common effect statistics for different variable types and models, ensuring model fit, and interpreting precision, significance, and probability to generalize from samples.
Obj. 8 Classifying Angles and Pairs of Angles
The student will be able to (I can):
Correctly name an angle
Classify angles as acute, right, or obtuse
Identify
linear pairs
vertical angles
complementary angles
supplementary angles
and set up and solve equations.
Reasons for current inflationary situation in india &
This document discusses inflation in India and measures taken by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to address it. It outlines several factors contributing to rising demand and constrained supply that are causing inflation. The current inflation rate in India is noted to be 11.24% in November 2013. The RBI uses monetary policy tools like adjusting policy rates, cash reserve ratios, and open market operations to regulate money supply and stabilize prices. In its most recent measures, the RBI increased its repo rate by 0.25% while lowering its marginal standing facility rate by the same amount.
Mann Whitney U Test
The Mann-Whitney U test is a nonparametric statistical test used to compare two independent groups when the dependent variable is either ordinal or continuous, but not normally distributed. It works by ranking all the observations from both groups together and comparing the sums of the ranks between the two groups. The student conducted traffic counts before and after a new retail development to test if there was a significant difference using the Mann-Whitney U test, calculating U values for each group and comparing them to the critical value at a 0.05 significance level. The test revealed a significant difference, suggesting the development impacted local traffic flows.
Spss data analysis for univariate, bivariate and multivariate statistics by d...
This chapter provides an overview of statistical principles and modeling. The goals of statistical modeling are to describe sample data and make inferences about the underlying population. Inferential statistics are used to estimate population parameters based on sample statistics. Statistical tests indicate if observed effects in a sample could plausibly occur by chance or suggest an effect in the population. The appropriate statistical model depends on the type of data, such as using t-tests and ANOVA for mean differences or correlation/regression for relationships between continuous variables. Overall, statistical analysis involves sampling data, applying a model, and evaluating model fit and inferences that can be made about the population.
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it helps u to understand why we study econometrics when im coming to know these application of econometrics my concepts are clear
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This document discusses the methodology of econometrics. It involves 8 steps: 1) stating an economic theory, 2) specifying a mathematical model, 3) specifying an econometric model, 4) obtaining data, 5) estimating parameters, 6) hypothesis testing, 7) forecasting, and 8) using the model for policy purposes. An example is provided to estimate a model that relates GDP to receipts based on data from 1990-2009. The model finds GDP increases with receipts, supporting the initial economic theory.
Index number
This document discusses various types of index numbers used to measure changes in economic variables over time. It defines index numbers and describes their key characteristics and uses. It also covers different classification and construction methods of index numbers, including simple, weighted, value and chain index numbers. Examples are provided to illustrate the calculation of Laspeyres, Paasche, Fisher ideal and chain index numbers.
The Sign Test
The sign test is used to compare two populations (A and B) by examining pairs of observations from each population. The number of times population A exceeds population B (X) is the test statistic. Under the null hypothesis, the two populations are identical and the probability of A exceeding B is 0.5.
To perform the sign test: (1) assign "+" if A>B, "-" if A<B, discard if equal; (2) count remaining pairs (n) and times the less frequent sign occurs (r); (3) compare r to critical values - if r is below the critical value, reject the null hypothesis that the two populations are identical.
The example tests if there is a
Index Number
- Index numbers measure relative changes in variables like prices, quantities, values over time from a base period. They are used to frame policies, reveal trends, and for deflating purposes.
- There are different methods for constructing index numbers, including simple aggregate methods, simple average of relatives methods, and weighted index numbers that assign weights.
- Common weighted indexes include the Laspeyres method which uses base period weights, the Paasche method which uses current period weights, and the Fisher Ideal Index which takes the geometric mean of the Laspeyres and Paasche.
Trend analysis and time Series Analysis
Trend analysis uses historical data to predict future movements in stocks. It assumes past performance can indicate future performance when accounting for sector trends, market conditions, and competition. Trend analysis calculates percentage changes over periods of two years or more to identify trends and make short-term, intermediate, and long-term projections. Financial analysts use trend analysis to assess a company's financial health and future performance by examining past performance and current conditions.
Measurementand scaling-10
measurement and scaling is an important tool of research. by following the right and suitable scale will provide an appropriate result of research.this slide show will additionally provide the statistical testing for research measurement and scale.
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This document contains information about various topics in economics. It defines economics, econometrics, microeconomics, and macroeconomics. It also discusses analytical approaches like Keynesian economics and supply-side economics. Key topics covered include demand and supply analysis, market failures, analytical tools like regression analysis, and areas of applied microeconomics like labor economics and financial economics.
Economic growth
This document discusses economic growth. It defines economic growth as increases in national output over time, often measured by GDP. Potential economic growth is the growth in an economy's productive potential, while actual economic growth is the extent to which an economy grows to its potential. The document outlines objectives to revise economic growth, understand how to generate it, explain its causes, and examine advantages and disadvantages. It then discusses generating growth through stimulating aggregate demand, and explains causes of growth like technological progress. Finally, it outlines advantages like improved living standards and tax revenue, and disadvantages like inequality and environmental damage.
Index number
This document discusses index numbers, which are statistical tools used to measure relative changes in variables such as prices or quantities over time. It defines index numbers and outlines their key features and types, including price, quantity, value, simple and composite index numbers. The document also describes several methods for constructing index numbers, such as Laspeyre's method, Paasche's method, Fisher's ideal method and consumer price indexes. Index numbers are expressed as percentages and measure the effect of changes over periods of time.
Index number
The document discusses index numbers, which are statistical devices used to measure changes in groups of related variables over time. It provides examples of different types of index numbers, including price indexes, quantity indexes, consumer price indexes, and weighted vs. unweighted indexes. The key methods of calculating index numbers are also examined, such as the Laspeyres and Paasche formulas for weighted price indexes. Index numbers are shown to be important tools for comparing economic indicators over time and informing policymaking.
indexnumbers-161029085513.pdf
This document discusses index numbers, which are statistical tools used to measure relative changes in variables such as prices or quantities over time. It defines index numbers and outlines their key features and types, including price, quantity, value, simple and composite index numbers. The document also describes several methods for constructing index numbers, such as Laspeyre's method, Paasche's method, Fisher's ideal method and consumer price indexes. Index numbers are expressed as percentages and measure the effect of changes over periods of time.
Index no
Index numbers are statistical measures designed to show changes in a variable or group of related variables with respect to time.
Index Number and it's types explained in
Index numbers are used to measure relative changes in variables like prices or quantities over time. There are different types of index numbers including price indices, quantity indices, and value indices. Price indices can be unweighted like a simple aggregate index or weighted like a Laspeyres or Paasche index which take into account quantities purchased. Fisher's ideal index takes the geometric mean of the Laspeyres and Paasche indices to offset their individual shortcomings in estimating cost of living changes.
Business statistics (Basic concepts of Index Numbers)
Index numbers are used to measure percentage changes in economic variables like prices, production, and exports over time. They show changes relative to a base time period or location. There are different types of index numbers including price, quantity, and value indexes. A price index measures changes in prices over time by taking the price of commodities in the current year and expressing them as a percentage of prices in the base year.
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Three sector model
The three sector model shows the circular flow of income and expenditure between households, firms, and the government. Households receive income from firms and purchase goods and services. Firms produce goods/services and purchase inputs from households. The government collects taxes from households and firms, and spends on goods/services. Leakages like savings and taxes reduce household/firm income, while injections like investment and government spending add income into the circular flow. The economy is stable if injections equal leakages, contracting if leakages exceed injections, and expanding if injections exceed leakages. The government can impact the economy through taxing and spending policies.
Quantitative analysis
This document summarizes quantitative data analysis techniques for summarizing data from samples and generalizing to populations. It discusses variables, simple and effect statistics, statistical models, and precision of estimates. Key points covered include describing data distribution through plots and statistics, common effect statistics for different variable types and models, ensuring model fit, and interpreting precision, significance, and probability to generalize from samples.
Obj. 8 Classifying Angles and Pairs of Angles
The student will be able to (I can):
Correctly name an angle
Classify angles as acute, right, or obtuse
Identify
linear pairs
vertical angles
complementary angles
supplementary angles
and set up and solve equations.
Reasons for current inflationary situation in india &
This document discusses inflation in India and measures taken by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to address it. It outlines several factors contributing to rising demand and constrained supply that are causing inflation. The current inflation rate in India is noted to be 11.24% in November 2013. The RBI uses monetary policy tools like adjusting policy rates, cash reserve ratios, and open market operations to regulate money supply and stabilize prices. In its most recent measures, the RBI increased its repo rate by 0.25% while lowering its marginal standing facility rate by the same amount.
Mann Whitney U Test
The Mann-Whitney U test is a nonparametric statistical test used to compare two independent groups when the dependent variable is either ordinal or continuous, but not normally distributed. It works by ranking all the observations from both groups together and comparing the sums of the ranks between the two groups. The student conducted traffic counts before and after a new retail development to test if there was a significant difference using the Mann-Whitney U test, calculating U values for each group and comparing them to the critical value at a 0.05 significance level. The test revealed a significant difference, suggesting the development impacted local traffic flows.
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This chapter provides an overview of statistical principles and modeling. The goals of statistical modeling are to describe sample data and make inferences about the underlying population. Inferential statistics are used to estimate population parameters based on sample statistics. Statistical tests indicate if observed effects in a sample could plausibly occur by chance or suggest an effect in the population. The appropriate statistical model depends on the type of data, such as using t-tests and ANOVA for mean differences or correlation/regression for relationships between continuous variables. Overall, statistical analysis involves sampling data, applying a model, and evaluating model fit and inferences that can be made about the population.
Application of econometrics in business world
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it helps u to understand why we study econometrics when im coming to know these application of econometrics my concepts are clear
Econometrics and business forecasting
This document discusses the methodology of econometrics. It involves 8 steps: 1) stating an economic theory, 2) specifying a mathematical model, 3) specifying an econometric model, 4) obtaining data, 5) estimating parameters, 6) hypothesis testing, 7) forecasting, and 8) using the model for policy purposes. An example is provided to estimate a model that relates GDP to receipts based on data from 1990-2009. The model finds GDP increases with receipts, supporting the initial economic theory.
Index number
This document discusses various types of index numbers used to measure changes in economic variables over time. It defines index numbers and describes their key characteristics and uses. It also covers different classification and construction methods of index numbers, including simple, weighted, value and chain index numbers. Examples are provided to illustrate the calculation of Laspeyres, Paasche, Fisher ideal and chain index numbers.
The Sign Test
The sign test is used to compare two populations (A and B) by examining pairs of observations from each population. The number of times population A exceeds population B (X) is the test statistic. Under the null hypothesis, the two populations are identical and the probability of A exceeding B is 0.5.
To perform the sign test: (1) assign "+" if A>B, "-" if A<B, discard if equal; (2) count remaining pairs (n) and times the less frequent sign occurs (r); (3) compare r to critical values - if r is below the critical value, reject the null hypothesis that the two populations are identical.
The example tests if there is a
Index Number
- Index numbers measure relative changes in variables like prices, quantities, values over time from a base period. They are used to frame policies, reveal trends, and for deflating purposes.
- There are different methods for constructing index numbers, including simple aggregate methods, simple average of relatives methods, and weighted index numbers that assign weights.
- Common weighted indexes include the Laspeyres method which uses base period weights, the Paasche method which uses current period weights, and the Fisher Ideal Index which takes the geometric mean of the Laspeyres and Paasche.
Trend analysis and time Series Analysis
Trend analysis uses historical data to predict future movements in stocks. It assumes past performance can indicate future performance when accounting for sector trends, market conditions, and competition. Trend analysis calculates percentage changes over periods of two years or more to identify trends and make short-term, intermediate, and long-term projections. Financial analysts use trend analysis to assess a company's financial health and future performance by examining past performance and current conditions.
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measurement and scaling is an important tool of research. by following the right and suitable scale will provide an appropriate result of research.this slide show will additionally provide the statistical testing for research measurement and scale.
Mathematics for economics
This document contains information about various topics in economics. It defines economics, econometrics, microeconomics, and macroeconomics. It also discusses analytical approaches like Keynesian economics and supply-side economics. Key topics covered include demand and supply analysis, market failures, analytical tools like regression analysis, and areas of applied microeconomics like labor economics and financial economics.
Economic growth
This document discusses economic growth. It defines economic growth as increases in national output over time, often measured by GDP. Potential economic growth is the growth in an economy's productive potential, while actual economic growth is the extent to which an economy grows to its potential. The document outlines objectives to revise economic growth, understand how to generate it, explain its causes, and examine advantages and disadvantages. It then discusses generating growth through stimulating aggregate demand, and explains causes of growth like technological progress. Finally, it outlines advantages like improved living standards and tax revenue, and disadvantages like inequality and environmental damage.
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Similar to 20140613 JKE 316E_extra topic on Index Numbers
Index number
This document discusses index numbers, which are statistical tools used to measure relative changes in variables such as prices or quantities over time. It defines index numbers and outlines their key features and types, including price, quantity, value, simple and composite index numbers. The document also describes several methods for constructing index numbers, such as Laspeyre's method, Paasche's method, Fisher's ideal method and consumer price indexes. Index numbers are expressed as percentages and measure the effect of changes over periods of time.
Index number
The document discusses index numbers, which are statistical devices used to measure changes in groups of related variables over time. It provides examples of different types of index numbers, including price indexes, quantity indexes, consumer price indexes, and weighted vs. unweighted indexes. The key methods of calculating index numbers are also examined, such as the Laspeyres and Paasche formulas for weighted price indexes. Index numbers are shown to be important tools for comparing economic indicators over time and informing policymaking.
indexnumbers-161029085513.pdf
This document discusses index numbers, which are statistical tools used to measure relative changes in variables such as prices or quantities over time. It defines index numbers and outlines their key features and types, including price, quantity, value, simple and composite index numbers. The document also describes several methods for constructing index numbers, such as Laspeyre's method, Paasche's method, Fisher's ideal method and consumer price indexes. Index numbers are expressed as percentages and measure the effect of changes over periods of time.
Index no
Index numbers are statistical measures designed to show changes in a variable or group of related variables with respect to time.
Index Number and it's types explained in
Index numbers are used to measure relative changes in variables like prices or quantities over time. There are different types of index numbers including price indices, quantity indices, and value indices. Price indices can be unweighted like a simple aggregate index or weighted like a Laspeyres or Paasche index which take into account quantities purchased. Fisher's ideal index takes the geometric mean of the Laspeyres and Paasche indices to offset their individual shortcomings in estimating cost of living changes.
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Index numbers are used to measure percentage changes in economic variables like prices, production, and exports over time. They show changes relative to a base time period or location. There are different types of index numbers including price, quantity, and value indexes. A price index measures changes in prices over time by taking the price of commodities in the current year and expressing them as a percentage of prices in the base year.
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Index numbers are used to summarize many variables or numbers with one number. Common index numbers include price indexes like the Consumer Price Index and Producer Price Index which measure inflation. Price indexes weight prices by quantities to account for items that are more or less important. The Laspeyres index uses base year quantities as weights while the Paasche index uses current year quantities as weights, with both commonly used in CPI and PPI calculations. Index numbers can then be used to deflate time series data to remove the effects of price changes.
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The document defines and describes different types of index numbers. It begins by defining an index number as a statistical measure that shows changes in a variable or group of variables over time, location, or other characteristics. It then discusses different types of index numbers including price, quantity, and value indexes. The document explains different methods for calculating index numbers, such as simple average of price relatives, Laspeyre's method, Paasche's method, and Fisher's ideal method. It concludes by stating that index numbers are useful economic indicators that help governments adjust policies during inflationary periods.
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Index number
An index number measures relative changes in price, quantity, or other variables over time or between locations. It expresses these changes as percentages. There are several types of index numbers including price, quantity, and value indexes. Index numbers can be constructed using simple aggregate, simple average of price relatives, or weighted methods. Weighted indexes assign weights to items based on quantities in the base or current period. Common weighted indexes include Laspeyres, Paasche, Fisher ideal, and chain indexes. Index numbers are used to track inflation or deflation, reveal economic trends, and help formulate government policies.
indexnumber-100320062600-phpapp01.pptx
This document provides an overview of index numbers. It defines index numbers as quantitative measures of changes in variables like prices, production, or inventory over time. The document outlines different types of index numbers like simple aggregative, simple average of relatives, weighted index numbers using methods like Laspeyres, Paasche, Fisher's ideal. It also discusses value index numbers, chain index numbers, and provides examples of calculating different types of index numbers.
ppt downloaded.pptx
Index numbers are economic data figures that reflect price or quantity compared to a standard base value, usually set at 100. They allow economists to measure relative changes over time. There are different ways to construct index numbers, including simple aggregative methods that divide the total current prices by total base prices and multiply by 100. Weighted indexes assign weights to prices based on their values to give more important prices more influence. Chain indexes relate each period's value to the immediately preceding period rather than a fixed base, allowing for changes in the economy over long time periods. Index numbers are important tools for economic and business analysis that help measure changes and inform policymaking.
INDEX NUMBER.pptx
This document discusses various types of index numbers used to measure changes in economic variables over time. It defines index numbers and their key characteristics. It then describes different methods for constructing index numbers, including simple aggregative methods, weighted aggregative methods like Laspeyres, Paasche, Fisher's ideal, and chain index numbers. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate index numbers using these various methods based on price and production data for different items.
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This document provides an overview of index numbers, which are statistical values that measure changes in variables like price or quantity over time. It discusses simple index numbers calculated from a single item, composite indexes that include multiple items, and weighted indexes that account for item quantities. Specifically, it defines the Laspeyres, Paasche, and Fisher's ideal indexes, and notes that the Laspeyres index is most commonly used. It also briefly discusses the Consumer Price Index (CPI) used in Thailand.
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This document provides an overview of index numbers and includes the following key points:
- Price relatives and aggregate price indexes are used to measure changes in prices over time by comparing prices in different periods to a base period. Weighted aggregate price indexes use quantities to weight the prices.
- Important price indexes include the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Producer Price Index (PPI) which measure inflation and production costs.
- Time series data expressed in dollar values can be adjusted for inflation by deflating the values using a price index to obtain real or constant dollar values.
- Selection of items and base periods for price indexes as well as accounting for quality changes are important considerations. Quantity indexes also exist to measure changes
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This document provides an overview of inflation, index numbers, the wholesale price index (WPI), and the consumer price index (CPI) which are used to measure inflation in India. It defines inflation as a rise in general price levels and discusses its causes and types. It then explains that index numbers are used to measure inflation and describes various index number computation methods. The rest of the document focuses on defining and constructing the WPI and CPI, including their purposes, methodology, and changes over time in India.
Index Number (Composite Index Number)
This document discusses different types of index numbers including weighted and unweighted index numbers, composite index numbers, simple aggregative index numbers, and simple average of related indices. It provides definitions and formulas for calculating each type of index number. Limitations of index numbers are also outlined such as only showing relative changes and potential errors in base periods, weights, or purpose versus construction method.
Class 11 Economics -Introduction to index numbers
INDEX NUMBERS
Economic activities have constant tendency to change. Prices of commodities which arc the total result of number of economic activities also have a tendency to fluctuate. The problem of change in prices is very important. But it is not very simple to study this problem and derive conclusions because price of different commodities change by different degrees. Hence, there is a great need for a device which can smoothen the irregularities in the prices to obtain a conclusion.
Our institute AMEND EDUCATION ACADEMY works in the direction to educate the students in the best possible way
Index Numbers.pptx
This document provides an overview of index numbers, which are statistical measures used to compare quantitative values over time. It defines index numbers as ratios measuring changes in economic variables. The document then describes different types of index numbers including price, quantity, value, and composite indexes. It also outlines various methods for constructing index numbers, such as simple, aggregative, weighted aggregative, and chain methods. Specific approaches like Laspeyres, Paasche, Fisher, and weighted average price relative methods are examined through examples.
Index numbersF.ppt
Index numbers measure relative changes in price, quantity, or other economic variables over time. They allow comparisons between different time periods. There are several methods for constructing index numbers, including simple aggregative methods, weighted index methods like Laspeyres and Paasche, and chain index numbers. Index numbers have many uses, such as measuring inflation, setting wages, analyzing industries and economic conditions, and making international comparisons. Care must be taken in choosing the appropriate base period, commodities, and method of calculation for the specific application.
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Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptx
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
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- 1. Extra Video Conference Topic: Index Numbers JKE 316E QUANTITATIVE ECONOMICS
- 2. Index numbers Obj: To measures changes in the price (P), quantity (Q) OR value of a group of articles or commodities over a specified period of time Eg: Price Index – to compare the current price of a group of articles with the corresponding price of that group at some time in the past Time in the past = base year & Index at base date = 100, so that easy to find the % increase since the base date Eg: August 2013, Consumer Price Index = 131.8, i.e. 31.8% increase in price since Jan 2001 (base year).
- 3. Uses of Index (esp. in Economics) The main use of index no. is to find the rate of inflation. Used in wage negotiation. Index linking. To calculate the purchasing power of the currency.
- 4. LASPEYRES vs PAASCHE INDEXES Laspeyres Index Compares the cost of a basket of goods at base year with the current year =Base Weighted (Price) Index Paasche Index Compare the cost of the current basket of goods at the current year with the cost of the same basket of goods at base year =Current Weighted (Price) Index
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- 14. Eg. 2 Calculate…
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