Owens Corning has developed new fiberglass products called WindStrand for use in wind turbine blades to meet increasing demands of the wind energy market. WindStrand fibers have higher modulus than traditional E-glass, allowing for designs with increased blade length and strength. Test results show WindStrand composites have improved mechanical properties including higher tensile strength and longer fatigue life compared to E-glass. Case studies demonstrate how WindStrand fabrics can enable larger blade designs with benefits like reduced structural loads and costs. Owens Corning will continue innovating fiberglass to provide a competitive solution as blade designs pursue greater efficiency.
Presentation by Tom DeMint of Owens Corning at CAMX on October 15, 2014. As the wind power energy generation industry continues to develop, one of the main objectives of turbine rotor blade manufacturers is to reduce total energy production cost to align wind power with other energy sources. Energy produced by wind turbines is more widely available than ever before; nevertheless the industry is constantly looking for ways to further optimize the cost of energy (CoE) as one of its foremost goals. The turbine, together with its rotor blades, plays an essential role and is one of the major components of these machines in terms of cost. It generates the torque which drives the generator and is responsible for the range of conditions energy can be extracted from the available wind. Wind farms are now constructed and operate in challenging off-shore as well as on-shore locations with differing wind speed conditions. Glass fiber composite rotor blades have contributed greatly to the success of this sustainable energy source and have allowed the wind industry to make significant advances in recent times, especially in off-shore and in low-wind locations. One of the most important advances has been the progressive technology applied to the properties of glass fiber leading to the development of high modulus glass types for lighter composites offering greatly enhanced resistance to fatigue at an affordable cost. The technological advances in glass fiber properties has resulted in rotor blades of ever greater length - beyond 85m – dimensions deemed unreachable less than a decade ago. This presentationl highlights advances in the material properties of glass fiber to help designers and engineers conceive blades which are lighter yet with increased length, improved aerodynamic performance with resistance to higher, long-term fatigue loads which ultimately enables wind turbines to increase power yield and therefore reduce the cost of energy.
Presentation by Dr. Chris Skinner @JEC Europe 2014 on market trends for wind energy and Owens Corning integrated glass solutions to reduce the cost of wind energy for blade producers.
The Advantages of Using Extrusions to Solve Thermal Management ChallengesDesign World
Driven by the need to improve fuel economy and reduce carbon emissions, the automotive industry has focused on developing Electric-drive vehicles (EDVs) as well as the lightweighting of vehicles. This increasing trend has been supported by major manufacturers such as Ford and Tesla. However, with any change in technology new challenges develop. Thermal Management of these vehicles is a large challenge, along with the need to structurally hold the components in place.
Low pressure Molding could protect LED strip, PCB and magnetic very well. Macromelt & Technomelt as a common molding materials play in an encapsulating and environmentally protection on sensitive electronic components, IC molding sealing, Magnetic over molding and other sensitive components pakage. The main intention is to protect the sensitive electronic components during the molding stress, because high pressure molding would harm the properties of these components. Additionally, low pressure seal molding also protects electronic components against dust, moisture and vibration stress. It is also commonly used for Cable relief and sealing connectors.
The company Seraphim started in 2009 with the making of solar panels. This makes Seraphim a relatively young company. In 2011 Seraphim started with an office in Europe and in 2012 Seraphim also started in the USA and then in 2013 they also grew to Japan. At the moment Seraphim's products are used in about 30 countries. The Seraphim factories have a production capacity of 600 MW per year. Seraphim produces its solar panels both in China and in America.
High module conversion efficiency
Outstanding power performance even at low irradiance
High PID resistant
Easy to mount and ground
IP67 junction box with extended cable lengths for easier installation
Double stage EL tested
Extended Mechanical load tested up-to 5400 pascals
25-year linear power performance warranty
10-years workmanship warranty
* Also available with black blachsheet and black frame
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
1. Advances in Fiberglass Properties for Wind Turbine Blades
Tom DeMint
Marcus Liu
Dave Hartman
Georg Adolphs
Richard Veit
Technical Marketing
Composite Solutions Business
Owens Corning
Engineered Solutions
Copyright ® 2014 Owens Corning All Rights Reserved
2. WINDSTRAND®
REDEFINING OUR PLATFORM TO MEET EMERGING INDUSTRY NEEDSOwens Corning is the leading producer of fiberglass
1938 1952 1970s 1980 1987 1996 2007
• Sales of $5.2 billion in 2013.
• 15,000 employees in 28 countries.
• FORTUNE 500 company for 59 consecutive years.
Owens Corning
listed on NYSE
Owens Corning
Fiberglas launched.
$2.5M sales
600 people
$2 Bn sales $3Bn sales
18,000 people
globally
Owens Corning purchases
Saint Gobain becomes
largest glass fiber producer
3. 37 plants in 15 countries
Inventor of all major glass types (E,ECR,S,R,H)
OC Reinforcements
OC Engineered Solutions
Composite Solutions Business ($2.5Bn)
4. WINDSTRAND®
REDEFINING OUR PLATFORM TO MEET EMERGING INDUSTRY NEEDSLeading Innovation
Large capacity
furnaces provide
industrial supply
of high
performance
glass fibers
Evolution of glass fiber innovation…
• 1939: E-glass
– Boron added to glass for electrical properties
• 1965: R-glass (Higher performance)
• 1968: S and S-2 Glass®
– High strength and modulus (high melting power needed)
• 1974: AR-glass Alkali resistant
• 1978: E-CR Glass Corrosion resistant
• 1996: Advantex® ECR Glass and melting technology
– Boron free E-glass, ECR-glass (superior corrosion resistance to traditional E-glass)
– Breakthrough in melting technology for large capacity furnaces
• 2006: R and H-glass melting technology
– Combines High modulus glass and Advantex®-scale melting technology
• 2009: S-glass direct melt large capacity technology
– Production in large capacity furnaces with higher fiber homogeneity
• 2014: Windstrand® product line Superior sizing chemistry
5. How OC Helps the Wind Energy Market
Working side-by-side with customers
to develop new solutions
Leveraging our expertise for future growth
Fundamental product and process innovation
to engineer advanced composites
7. Market Evolution
Better reliability
• 25 year blade life
• 107 fatigue load cycles
ON-SHORE (LOW WIND)
Longer blades to harvest energy in low wind speed regions
and cold climates
ON-SHORE (HIGH WIND)
Continued pressure to reduce capital/operating costs
Requires cost effective solutions
Reduce manufacturing and operating costs
OFF-SHORE
Large turbines (8MW)
larger blades (75m - 80m, glass, carbon)
extreme environments
8. WINDSTRAND®
REDEFINING OUR PLATFORM TO MEET EMERGING INDUSTRY NEEDSThe Scaling Problem
• Aerodynamic loads scale up linearly with blade length, which
of itself might not require an increase in material properties.
• However blade mass, gravitational loads, and fatigue loads
scale up exponentially with blade length.
Blade length
Weight
Material requirements are increasing with increasing blade length and mass.
Market needs higher Modulus/$, Strength/$
9. Material Data and Advances in Properties
New Products for Wind Turbine Blades:
WS2000: Advantex® E/ECR-glass with advanced sizing for epoxy
WS3000: High Modulus H-glass with advanced sizing for epoxy
Ultrablade G3: WS3000 UD fabric (epoxy)
10. WINDSTRAND®
REDEFINING OUR PLATFORM TO MEET EMERGING INDUSTRY NEEDS
Unidirectional Fiberglass Fabric/Epoxy Laminate Modulus Trend
Source: External test lab results 2009-2014 (IMA Dresden, WMC, TPI Composites); Momentive
Epoxy resin L135/H137
Linear trend of increasing UD glass fabric modulus with
increasing FVF approaching 50 Gpa using high modulus glass
Tweek 0.600.580.560.540.520.50
50
48
46
44
42
40
Fiber Volume Fraction
UDLaminateEx,GPa,Tensile
Advantex™ E
Windstrand™ H
Fiberglass type
UD/Epoxy Laminate Ex, GPa, Tensile vs Fiber Volume Fraction
800750700650600
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
Compression Strength, MPa, 95/5% CI
TensileStrength,MPa,95/5%CI
Advantex® E
Windstrand® H
Fiberglass type
11. WINDSTRAND®
REDEFINING OUR PLATFORM TO MEET EMERGING INDUSTRY NEEDS
Longitudinal Modulus Ex, Measured vs. Theoretical
43210-1-2-3-4
99
95
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5
1
Difference Measured-Theoretical Modulus E1 [GPa]
Percent
-0.2642 0.8623 9 0.427 0,241
0.04723 1.016 9 0.347 0,393
Mean StDev N AD P
ADV 78GPa
H 85GPa
Fiber
Normal - 95% CI
Source: IMA Dresden test results 2009-2014 on UD Fabrics, Momentive Epoxy resin L135/H137
210-1-2
5
4
3
2
1
0
Difference measured-theoretical
Frequency
Mean -0.08867
StDev 1.004
N 22
Ex Measured- Ex Theoretical
Glass Bulk Modulus used for theoretical calculations
Ebulk Advantex : 78 GPa
Ebulk H-glass: 85 GPa
We observe good agreement between measured and theoretical longitudinal laminate modulus Ex
12. WINDSTRAND®
REDEFINING OUR PLATFORM TO MEET EMERGING INDUSTRY NEEDS
UD/Epoxy Static Strength Properties, Characteristic Values (95%/5% Confidence Interval)
Source: IMA Dresden test results 2009-2014 on UD Fabrics, Momentive Epoxy resin L135/H137
We see a correlation between UD/epoxy tensile and compressive strength
800750700650600
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
Compression Strength, MPa, 95/5% CI
TensileStrength,MPa,95/5%CI
Advantex™ E
Windstrand™ H
Fiberglass type
800750700650600
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
Compression Strength, MPa, 95/5% CI
TensileStrength,MPa,95/5%CI
Advantex® E
Windstrand® H
Fiberglass type
13. WINDSTRAND®
REDEFINING OUR PLATFORM TO MEET EMERGING INDUSTRY NEEDS
Laminate Behavior Transverse to the Longitudinal Fibers under Tension
Natural transverse contraction can be
constrained by adjacent plies (often 90o plies)
compared to a pure UD lamina.
This constraint may lead to limited
transverse cracking, which may be
acceptable in some rotor blades.
However the average Inter Fiber
Fracture strength (IFF) is measured
and used for blade designs.
IFF cracks
14. WINDSTRAND®
REDEFINING OUR PLATFORM TO MEET EMERGING INDUSTRY NEEDSTensile Load Bearing Capability
Source: IMA Dresden test results 2009-2014 on UD Fabrics, Momentive Epoxy resin L135/H137
WS3000 “IFF Safety Factor” = 1.5
E-glass UD H-glass EPW17 WS3000
Lowerisbetter
15. 15
Acoustical and Fracture Surface Analysis of Transverse 45deg Tension in
Advantex/epoxy lamina panels
Source: OC WindStrand® fibers and data. Panels dry-wound roving and infused using Momentive epoxy L135/H137
E-glass UD/epoxy WindStrand UD/epoxy
Better fiber matrix adhesion leads to higher transverse strength
16. WINDSTRAND®
REDEFINING OUR PLATFORM TO MEET EMERGING INDUSTRY NEEDS
Static Longitudinal Tensile Failure Modes, UD1800 SE1500 vs WS2000/epoxy
Source: OC test data UD1800 Fabrics, Momentive epoxy resin L035/038
UD WS2000/epoxy
UD E-glass/epoxy
17. WINDSTRAND®
REDEFINING OUR PLATFORM TO MEET EMERGING INDUSTRY NEEDSUltrablade® G3 vs G2 Fatigue Performance (Stress Amplitude)
Higher Initial Static Tensile Strength Leads to Longer Life
18. 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
TensileStrength(MPa)
TensileStrain(%)
VintageE-Glass
State-of-ArtE-Glass
S-Glass
WINDSTRAND®
REDEFINING OUR PLATFORM TO MEET EMERGING INDUSTRY NEEDS
Strength Knockdown from Fiber to Laminate Damage Accumulation
Source: OC data on WS2000 UD Fabrics, Momentive epoxy R135/H137
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
WS2000
Coupon
Mean
UD1200
Coupon
Mean
UD1200
Coupon
R(95%)
UD1200
Spar Cap
Mean
Fatigue
R=0.1
10^6 cycles
00 Tensile Strength 55%Vf (MPa) Knockdown
Better fatigue performance leads to longer life and lower design knockdowns
from damage accumulation
Vintage E-glass
Advantex®
S-glass
Advantex®
19. WINDSTRAND®
REDEFINING OUR PLATFORM TO MEET EMERGING INDUSTRY NEEDS
Fatigue Performance, Advantex® vs Ultrablade® UD Fabric/epoxy
6,05,55,04,54,0
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
LOG (N)
PeakStress[MPa]
ADV
H
Fiber
Source: Risoe / DTU tests 2013 on UD laminates, Momentive Epoxy resin L135/H137
Higher Initial Static Strength Leads to Longer Life
800750700650600
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
Advantex™ E
Windstrand™ H
Fiberglass type
Advantex® E
Windstrand® H
Fiberglass type
20. Fabric
Handling
Molding
Performance
Mechanical
Performance
Blade Designer and Manufacturer Fitness-for-Use
• Increased longitudinal content
• “Steerable” UD fabric
• Unrolling characteristic SPC
• Short layup cycle time
• Smooth and aligned layup
• Suitable ply termination
• Efficient Infusion process
• Process Consistency
• Part Quality Consistency
Fitness-for-Use Characteristics Product Development Trend
• Reliable cycle time
• Reliable glass content
• Reliable part thickness
• 0o Tensile Modulus & Strength
• 90o Tensile IFF (Inter-fiber Fracture)
• Reliable Fatigue performance
• Polyester blades
• 50 GPa Longitudinal Modulus
•1200 MPa 0o static tensile strength
• Target IFF >90% matrix strength
• Fatigue target > 50% static @106 cycles
Many elements to the blade fabric FFU
22. Case Study: Application of Ultrablade® TRIAX G3 to Root Section
Ultrablade® TRIAX G3 fabric construction and modulus
Effect of fabric modulus on the blade root design
Infusion behavior
23. Wind Turbine Blade Root Connection Model (Samtech)
Single bolt and root laminate and bearing load modeled.
24. Root Connection Simulation Results
High Modulus Ultrablade® TRIAX reduces axial bold load by 17%
which can increase bold fatigue life
E-glass fabric A E-glass Fabric B Ultrablade® TRIAX A Ultrablade® TRIAX B
Ex = 28 GPa Ex = 30 Gpa Ex = 38GPa Ex = 42 GPa
27. WINDSTRAND®
REDEFINING OUR PLATFORM TO MEET EMERGING INDUSTRY NEEDSSummary
• External laboratories confirm consistent and reliable results for main
design parameter (E, S, fatigue life) of current glass reinforcements and
new products like WS3000 and Ultrablade® G3 fabrics.
– Similar linear best-fit slopes at higher initial static strength lead to longer life
• Glass reinforcements continue to offer a cost effective design solutions
enabling longer and more efficient blades.
– We are pushing the UD glass/epoxy envelope, but we have not hit the upper
limit of glass blade length.
– Ultrablade™ G3 fabrics offer a cost-effective alternative to carbon
• Since 2004, over 60 epoxy and polyester blades designs have been
commercialized around the world using H-glass and Ultrablade®.
• We expect design values of 50+GPa for High Modulus UD glass/epoxy