Overview of the rich history of Maryland's latest state park. This relatively isolated property played an unusually important role in American history.
This document provides an overview of Irish history and culture. It begins with some basic facts about Ireland, including its geography, governance structure, and population breakdown. It then discusses some of the myths and romanticized notions that have developed around Irish history and culture. The document proceeds to summarize some of the key events and periods in Irish history, including the 17th century English plantation of Ireland; the 18th century penal laws and growing Irish nationalism; the 19th century Great Famine that caused massive death and emigration; and the political developments that led to Irish independence in the early 20th century. It stresses that Irish history is complex with many nuances rather than simple "right and wrong" narratives.
The document provides information about the political history and current state of Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. It discusses how Ireland became the Republic of Ireland in 1949. It outlines the creation of Northern Ireland as part of the UK and the conflicts between nationalists and unionists known as "the Troubles" that have resulted in over 3,000 deaths. It also provides brief summaries of Scotland and Wales, including descriptions of their capital cities and governments.
The document summarizes the history of the Republic of Ireland from early settlement beginning around 8000 BC through modern times. It covers the early Christianization of Ireland in the 5th century AD, Viking invasions and settlements beginning in the 8th century, English conquest and colonization starting in the 16th century, the formation of the Irish Free State in 1922, and details about contemporary Ireland. The history is broken into sections on early history, early Christian Ireland, the early medieval period, the arrival of the Normans, early modern Ireland, Ireland from 1691-1801, Ireland from 1801-1922, the establishment of the Republic of Ireland, and Ireland today.
Wales is located on a peninsula in central-west Great Britain. It has an area of 20,779 square kilometers and a population of nearly 3 million people. Wales has a mountainous landscape, particularly in the north and central regions, and over 1,180 kilometers of coastline. The capital and largest city of Wales is Cardiff.
The document introduces a travel company in Great Britain called "Hand made" that offers tours guided by three staff members. It then provides background information on Great Britain and its history, as well as brief descriptions of some popular tourist destinations in the country like London Eye, National Museum Cardiff, Loch Ness, and Dundrum Castle. It concludes with short descriptions of various sports and notable cultural figures.
The document provides an overview of ancient Irish history from the 4th century up until the 1801 Act of Union. It discusses the earliest tribes in Ireland, the conversion to Christianity with St. Patrick, Viking invasions and settlements, English attempts to control Ireland politically and religiously through laws and acts, and the eventual political union of Ireland with Britain. Key figures and events discussed include St. Patrick, Oliver Cromwell, the Penal Laws, and the 1801 Act of Union.
The group chose to discuss Ireland, focusing on history, music, flags, language, myths, legends, food, holidays, religion, and how intercultural communication relates. Members were assigned topics: Justin (religion), James (holidays), Moiri (food), Anthony (myths and legends), Liz (language), and Natasha S (history, music, flags). They will also discuss how nonverbal communication relates to holidays and food stereotypes. Traditional Irish music has ancient origins in drinking songs, ballads and laments. Instruments include the uilleann pipes, bodhran, fiddle, flute, accordion and concertina. In the 1950s, groups like Comhaltas Ceol
This document provides an overview of Irish history and culture. It begins with some basic facts about Ireland, including its geography, governance structure, and population breakdown. It then discusses some of the myths and romanticized notions that have developed around Irish history and culture. The document proceeds to summarize some of the key events and periods in Irish history, including the 17th century English plantation of Ireland; the 18th century penal laws and growing Irish nationalism; the 19th century Great Famine that caused massive death and emigration; and the political developments that led to Irish independence in the early 20th century. It stresses that Irish history is complex with many nuances rather than simple "right and wrong" narratives.
The document provides information about the political history and current state of Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. It discusses how Ireland became the Republic of Ireland in 1949. It outlines the creation of Northern Ireland as part of the UK and the conflicts between nationalists and unionists known as "the Troubles" that have resulted in over 3,000 deaths. It also provides brief summaries of Scotland and Wales, including descriptions of their capital cities and governments.
The document summarizes the history of the Republic of Ireland from early settlement beginning around 8000 BC through modern times. It covers the early Christianization of Ireland in the 5th century AD, Viking invasions and settlements beginning in the 8th century, English conquest and colonization starting in the 16th century, the formation of the Irish Free State in 1922, and details about contemporary Ireland. The history is broken into sections on early history, early Christian Ireland, the early medieval period, the arrival of the Normans, early modern Ireland, Ireland from 1691-1801, Ireland from 1801-1922, the establishment of the Republic of Ireland, and Ireland today.
Wales is located on a peninsula in central-west Great Britain. It has an area of 20,779 square kilometers and a population of nearly 3 million people. Wales has a mountainous landscape, particularly in the north and central regions, and over 1,180 kilometers of coastline. The capital and largest city of Wales is Cardiff.
The document introduces a travel company in Great Britain called "Hand made" that offers tours guided by three staff members. It then provides background information on Great Britain and its history, as well as brief descriptions of some popular tourist destinations in the country like London Eye, National Museum Cardiff, Loch Ness, and Dundrum Castle. It concludes with short descriptions of various sports and notable cultural figures.
The document provides an overview of ancient Irish history from the 4th century up until the 1801 Act of Union. It discusses the earliest tribes in Ireland, the conversion to Christianity with St. Patrick, Viking invasions and settlements, English attempts to control Ireland politically and religiously through laws and acts, and the eventual political union of Ireland with Britain. Key figures and events discussed include St. Patrick, Oliver Cromwell, the Penal Laws, and the 1801 Act of Union.
The group chose to discuss Ireland, focusing on history, music, flags, language, myths, legends, food, holidays, religion, and how intercultural communication relates. Members were assigned topics: Justin (religion), James (holidays), Moiri (food), Anthony (myths and legends), Liz (language), and Natasha S (history, music, flags). They will also discuss how nonverbal communication relates to holidays and food stereotypes. Traditional Irish music has ancient origins in drinking songs, ballads and laments. Instruments include the uilleann pipes, bodhran, fiddle, flute, accordion and concertina. In the 1950s, groups like Comhaltas Ceol
Up Helly Aa is a fire festival celebrated annually in Shetland, Scotland in the middle of winter to mark the end of the yule season. It involves a torchlight procession of up to 1,000 costumed participants called guizers who march through towns before throwing their torches into a replica Viking longship that is then set ablaze. The Queen's Official Birthday is celebrated on different dates in Commonwealth countries to mark the birthday of the reigning British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. In the UK it falls on the first, second or third Saturday in June and is marked by the Trooping the Colour parade in London. People in Northern Ireland annually celebrate Orangemen's Day on July
1. The document provides an overview of the history of Dublin city from its origins over 2000 years ago to modern times.
2. It traces Dublin's founding by Vikings in the 9th century and later development under British rule from the 16th to 19th centuries when it was established as the capital of Ireland.
3. It also discusses Dublin's history under Norman rule following the invasion of Strongbow in 1170 and the establishment of English control over Ireland under King Henry II.
If all of the world´s cultural heritage (sports, music, fashion, architecture, literature, painting, etc..) was contained in a time capsule, what would you include to demonstrate the legacy of your country?
Brehon law was an early Irish legal system administered by traveling judges. In 1169, the Norman Strongbow invaded Ireland and helped the King of Leinster take control of Dublin and Waterford. King Henry II then established English common law and a court system. Over time, the Normans adopted Irish customs. In 1494, Poyning's Law required Irish laws to be approved by England. Ireland was then fully under British rule by the 1600s. The 1937 Irish Constitution established independence by removing allegiance to Britain.
The author is a Presbyterian planter from Scotland who was given 1,500 acres of land in county Tyrone as part of the Ulster Plantation established by King James I. The plantation brought Protestant settlers from Scotland and England to Ireland in order to establish a loyal Protestant population, generate revenue through rents, and displace the Gaelic Irish population. As an undertaker, the planter is responsible for meeting conditions like building a stone enclosure and is prohibited from having Gaelic Irish tenants. While the plantation has successfully spread English culture and Protestant religions, the Gaelic Irish still pose a threat through occasional attacks from hiding places in forests and hills, risking an uprising against the plantation's success.
The document summarizes key events in Irish history from the 16th to early 20th centuries. In the 16th century, English monarchs like Henry VIII and Elizabeth I sought to establish English control over Irish lands. Hugh O'Neill and O'Donnell led an Irish rebellion in 1580s with Spanish support, but it ultimately failed. In the 17th century, a civil war in Britain impacted Ireland and Oliver Cromwell confiscated Irish lands. Penal laws in the 18th century banned Irish culture and Catholicism. The United Irishmen led by Wolfe Tone sought equal rights but their French-backed rebellion in 1798 was defeated. The 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin against British rule lasted a week before the rebels surrendered.
Level 2 History: The 1863 Invasion of the WaikatoHenry Hollis
The document provides background information on the 1863 invasion of Waikato during the New Zealand Wars. It discusses key figures involved such as Governor George Grey and General Duncan Cameron. It describes the origins of the Kingitanga movement and its challenge to British sovereignty. It then outlines some of the major battles that took place during the Waikato War, including Meremere, Rangiriri, and Orakau, where Rewi Maniapoto and his warriors fought bravely against the invading British forces despite being outnumbered.
The document summarizes the end of Gaelic rule in Ireland in the 17th century. It discusses key figures like Hugh O'Neill, earl of Tyrone, who led the Ulster rebellion against English rule from 1594-1603. It also describes the Plantation of Ulster beginning in 1608 under King James I, which established Protestant colonial rule in Ulster and displaced the Gaelic Irish. The document analyzes how this plantation, combined with religious and political factors, helped establish a distinct Ulster-Scottish Protestant identity in opposition to Gaelic and Old English Catholicism in Ireland.
Early European settlers in New Zealand included sealers, whalers, traders, and missionaries. Sealers arrived in the late 18th century harvesting sealskins to sell internationally. Whalers visited New Zealand waters in the early 19th century hunting sperm and right whales. Traders exchanged goods like flax, timber, and food with Maori. Missionaries starting arriving in 1814 hoping to spread Christianity, though they initially faced resistance; their translations of the Bible into Maori helped their message gain more traction. Diseases brought by Europeans devastated the Maori population.
- Ireland gained political autonomy from the UK in 1937 with the new constitution establishing the name "Ireland" and removing the British monarch as head of state. The Republic of Ireland later joined the UN in 1955 and the EU in 1973.
- The island of Ireland has an area of 84,421 square km, with the Republic occupying 70,280 km2 to the west and north and Northern Ireland occupying the rest. The landscape is mostly green fields due to the temperate climate and high rainfall.
- While Irish was historically the main language, English is now dominant though Irish is still spoken in some western regions and is compulsory in schools. Literature includes famous illuminated manuscripts like the Book of Kells from the 8th century.
Croxton Kerrial Manor House
Excavations in Pinfold Field
Geophysical surveys and excavations revealed the remains of a substantial medieval manor house at Croxton Kerrial dating from the 11th-16th centuries. Wall foundations and cobbled floors from four main areas were uncovered along with domestic artifacts like pottery and a medieval pitcher. A large cellar or pit contained animal bones, shells, and more pottery. While no definitive evidence of a manor was found, the high-status domestic site adjacent to the church is likely the location of the historic Croxton Kerrial manor house.
Parihaka was a Maori village in Taranaki, New Zealand that was the center of non-violent resistance to the confiscation of Maori land by the New Zealand government in the late 19th century. It was led by Te Whiti-o-Rongomai and Tohu Kākahi who advocated peaceful resistance to government surveying and land seizures. In 1881, over 1,500 armed constabulary troops invaded Parihaka, arrested Te Whiti and Tohu, imprisoned Parihaka residents, and destroyed the village. However, Parihaka was later rebuilt and continued its peaceful resistance under the leadership of Te Whiti and Tohu until their
Guy Fawkes Night commemorates the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605, in which Guy Fawkes and other Catholic conspirators attempted to assassinate the Protestant King James I of England by blowing up the House of Lords. Now celebrated annually on November 5th in Great Britain, events include lighting bonfires and fireworks to mark both the king's survival and the plot's failure, with people dancing and eating around the bonfires.
The document discusses the origins and founding of the Plymouth Colony by a group of English Protestants known as the Pilgrims. It describes how religious persecution in England led the Pilgrims to flee to Holland and eventually settle in America. In 1620, the Pilgrims boarded the Mayflower and spent two months crossing the Atlantic, during which they signed the Mayflower Compact to establish rules for governing their new colony. They landed in present-day Massachusetts and suffered through a difficult first winter known as the "Starving Time", with fewer than half of the original colonists surviving, but were aided by the Wampanoag tribe led by Squanto.
In 1605, a group of English Catholics led by Robert Catesby planned to kill King James I by blowing up the House of Lords with gunpowder on November 5th. Guy Fawkes was tasked with preparing and guarding 36 barrels of gunpowder placed beneath the House. However, the authorities were warned anonymously and arrested Fawkes before he could light the fuse. The plotters were subsequently hunted down, tried for treason, and executed. Today the failed Gunpowder Plot is commemorated annually in Britain as Guy Fawkes Night with fireworks displays and bonfires.
This document provides a multimedia tour of Ireland through a table of contents that covers topics from A to Z, including brief descriptions. Some key points covered include:
- Arthur Griffith founded the Irish republican party Sinn Féin in 1905.
- The Battle of the Boyne in 1690 was a decisive victory for King William III over King James II that ended Irish independence.
- The landscape of Ireland ranges from central lowlands to mountainous regions along the coasts, with the highest point being Carrauntoohil at 1,041 meters.
- The economy has shifted from agriculture to a service industry focused around Dublin, with GDP per capita of $24,900 in 1999.
Vikings built fast ships for raiding and war and smaller boats for fishing. Men fought and did manual labor while women cared for children, cooked, and made clothes. Vikings launched surprise attacks with a few ships initially on isolated targets. By the 10th century, English forces had retaken territory from the Vikings and driven out the last Viking king of York.
Ireland is an island located in northern Europe with a population of over 6 million people. Dublin is the capital city with over 500,000 residents. Other major cities include Belfast, Cork, Derry, and Limerick. The island has a mild climate with abundant rainfall and greenery. It has a mostly Roman Catholic population and celebrates St. Patrick's Day annually on March 17th. Irish culture is known for its traditional music, dance, literature and sports like hurling and Gaelic football. The island has a long history and faced political conflicts between Ireland and the United Kingdom in the 20th century.
Guy Fawkes Day commemorates the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605. Catholic conspirators led by Guy Fawkes planned to blow up the House of Lords and kill King James I, who was Protestant. The plot was discovered when one of the conspirators informed the King. Guy Fawkes was caught in the cellar with 36 barrels of gunpowder and executed. Today in Britain, people celebrate with bonfires, fireworks, and burning effigies of Guy Fawkes to remember the failed assassination attempt. Children make guys out of old clothes and go door to door asking for money.
"Hidden Vestiges: An approach to recognizing an 18th-century historic landscape within an urban environment"
Larry B James
University of West Florida
The document provides an overview of the European colonization of North America, dividing it into three regions - Northern, Middle, and Southern colonies. It discusses the religious backgrounds and influences that led Protestants like the Puritans and Pilgrims to establish settlements in the Northern colonies to escape persecution in Europe. The Middle colonies attracted Dutch and English settlers and saw the founding of Pennsylvania as a place of religious freedom. The Southern colonies focused on agriculture and the growth of tobacco with the help of indentured servants and African slaves.
The document describes the history and development of the English colonies in North America between 1630-1750. It discusses the founding and growth of the New England colonies by the Puritans in Massachusetts and Connecticut, as well as the colonies of Rhode Island and New York. It also describes the middle colonies of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, founded for reasons of religion and trade. The different colonial regions developed distinct economies and societies shaped by their environments and the ethnic groups that settled there.
Up Helly Aa is a fire festival celebrated annually in Shetland, Scotland in the middle of winter to mark the end of the yule season. It involves a torchlight procession of up to 1,000 costumed participants called guizers who march through towns before throwing their torches into a replica Viking longship that is then set ablaze. The Queen's Official Birthday is celebrated on different dates in Commonwealth countries to mark the birthday of the reigning British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. In the UK it falls on the first, second or third Saturday in June and is marked by the Trooping the Colour parade in London. People in Northern Ireland annually celebrate Orangemen's Day on July
1. The document provides an overview of the history of Dublin city from its origins over 2000 years ago to modern times.
2. It traces Dublin's founding by Vikings in the 9th century and later development under British rule from the 16th to 19th centuries when it was established as the capital of Ireland.
3. It also discusses Dublin's history under Norman rule following the invasion of Strongbow in 1170 and the establishment of English control over Ireland under King Henry II.
If all of the world´s cultural heritage (sports, music, fashion, architecture, literature, painting, etc..) was contained in a time capsule, what would you include to demonstrate the legacy of your country?
Brehon law was an early Irish legal system administered by traveling judges. In 1169, the Norman Strongbow invaded Ireland and helped the King of Leinster take control of Dublin and Waterford. King Henry II then established English common law and a court system. Over time, the Normans adopted Irish customs. In 1494, Poyning's Law required Irish laws to be approved by England. Ireland was then fully under British rule by the 1600s. The 1937 Irish Constitution established independence by removing allegiance to Britain.
The author is a Presbyterian planter from Scotland who was given 1,500 acres of land in county Tyrone as part of the Ulster Plantation established by King James I. The plantation brought Protestant settlers from Scotland and England to Ireland in order to establish a loyal Protestant population, generate revenue through rents, and displace the Gaelic Irish population. As an undertaker, the planter is responsible for meeting conditions like building a stone enclosure and is prohibited from having Gaelic Irish tenants. While the plantation has successfully spread English culture and Protestant religions, the Gaelic Irish still pose a threat through occasional attacks from hiding places in forests and hills, risking an uprising against the plantation's success.
The document summarizes key events in Irish history from the 16th to early 20th centuries. In the 16th century, English monarchs like Henry VIII and Elizabeth I sought to establish English control over Irish lands. Hugh O'Neill and O'Donnell led an Irish rebellion in 1580s with Spanish support, but it ultimately failed. In the 17th century, a civil war in Britain impacted Ireland and Oliver Cromwell confiscated Irish lands. Penal laws in the 18th century banned Irish culture and Catholicism. The United Irishmen led by Wolfe Tone sought equal rights but their French-backed rebellion in 1798 was defeated. The 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin against British rule lasted a week before the rebels surrendered.
Level 2 History: The 1863 Invasion of the WaikatoHenry Hollis
The document provides background information on the 1863 invasion of Waikato during the New Zealand Wars. It discusses key figures involved such as Governor George Grey and General Duncan Cameron. It describes the origins of the Kingitanga movement and its challenge to British sovereignty. It then outlines some of the major battles that took place during the Waikato War, including Meremere, Rangiriri, and Orakau, where Rewi Maniapoto and his warriors fought bravely against the invading British forces despite being outnumbered.
The document summarizes the end of Gaelic rule in Ireland in the 17th century. It discusses key figures like Hugh O'Neill, earl of Tyrone, who led the Ulster rebellion against English rule from 1594-1603. It also describes the Plantation of Ulster beginning in 1608 under King James I, which established Protestant colonial rule in Ulster and displaced the Gaelic Irish. The document analyzes how this plantation, combined with religious and political factors, helped establish a distinct Ulster-Scottish Protestant identity in opposition to Gaelic and Old English Catholicism in Ireland.
Early European settlers in New Zealand included sealers, whalers, traders, and missionaries. Sealers arrived in the late 18th century harvesting sealskins to sell internationally. Whalers visited New Zealand waters in the early 19th century hunting sperm and right whales. Traders exchanged goods like flax, timber, and food with Maori. Missionaries starting arriving in 1814 hoping to spread Christianity, though they initially faced resistance; their translations of the Bible into Maori helped their message gain more traction. Diseases brought by Europeans devastated the Maori population.
- Ireland gained political autonomy from the UK in 1937 with the new constitution establishing the name "Ireland" and removing the British monarch as head of state. The Republic of Ireland later joined the UN in 1955 and the EU in 1973.
- The island of Ireland has an area of 84,421 square km, with the Republic occupying 70,280 km2 to the west and north and Northern Ireland occupying the rest. The landscape is mostly green fields due to the temperate climate and high rainfall.
- While Irish was historically the main language, English is now dominant though Irish is still spoken in some western regions and is compulsory in schools. Literature includes famous illuminated manuscripts like the Book of Kells from the 8th century.
Croxton Kerrial Manor House
Excavations in Pinfold Field
Geophysical surveys and excavations revealed the remains of a substantial medieval manor house at Croxton Kerrial dating from the 11th-16th centuries. Wall foundations and cobbled floors from four main areas were uncovered along with domestic artifacts like pottery and a medieval pitcher. A large cellar or pit contained animal bones, shells, and more pottery. While no definitive evidence of a manor was found, the high-status domestic site adjacent to the church is likely the location of the historic Croxton Kerrial manor house.
Parihaka was a Maori village in Taranaki, New Zealand that was the center of non-violent resistance to the confiscation of Maori land by the New Zealand government in the late 19th century. It was led by Te Whiti-o-Rongomai and Tohu Kākahi who advocated peaceful resistance to government surveying and land seizures. In 1881, over 1,500 armed constabulary troops invaded Parihaka, arrested Te Whiti and Tohu, imprisoned Parihaka residents, and destroyed the village. However, Parihaka was later rebuilt and continued its peaceful resistance under the leadership of Te Whiti and Tohu until their
Guy Fawkes Night commemorates the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605, in which Guy Fawkes and other Catholic conspirators attempted to assassinate the Protestant King James I of England by blowing up the House of Lords. Now celebrated annually on November 5th in Great Britain, events include lighting bonfires and fireworks to mark both the king's survival and the plot's failure, with people dancing and eating around the bonfires.
The document discusses the origins and founding of the Plymouth Colony by a group of English Protestants known as the Pilgrims. It describes how religious persecution in England led the Pilgrims to flee to Holland and eventually settle in America. In 1620, the Pilgrims boarded the Mayflower and spent two months crossing the Atlantic, during which they signed the Mayflower Compact to establish rules for governing their new colony. They landed in present-day Massachusetts and suffered through a difficult first winter known as the "Starving Time", with fewer than half of the original colonists surviving, but were aided by the Wampanoag tribe led by Squanto.
In 1605, a group of English Catholics led by Robert Catesby planned to kill King James I by blowing up the House of Lords with gunpowder on November 5th. Guy Fawkes was tasked with preparing and guarding 36 barrels of gunpowder placed beneath the House. However, the authorities were warned anonymously and arrested Fawkes before he could light the fuse. The plotters were subsequently hunted down, tried for treason, and executed. Today the failed Gunpowder Plot is commemorated annually in Britain as Guy Fawkes Night with fireworks displays and bonfires.
This document provides a multimedia tour of Ireland through a table of contents that covers topics from A to Z, including brief descriptions. Some key points covered include:
- Arthur Griffith founded the Irish republican party Sinn Féin in 1905.
- The Battle of the Boyne in 1690 was a decisive victory for King William III over King James II that ended Irish independence.
- The landscape of Ireland ranges from central lowlands to mountainous regions along the coasts, with the highest point being Carrauntoohil at 1,041 meters.
- The economy has shifted from agriculture to a service industry focused around Dublin, with GDP per capita of $24,900 in 1999.
Vikings built fast ships for raiding and war and smaller boats for fishing. Men fought and did manual labor while women cared for children, cooked, and made clothes. Vikings launched surprise attacks with a few ships initially on isolated targets. By the 10th century, English forces had retaken territory from the Vikings and driven out the last Viking king of York.
Ireland is an island located in northern Europe with a population of over 6 million people. Dublin is the capital city with over 500,000 residents. Other major cities include Belfast, Cork, Derry, and Limerick. The island has a mild climate with abundant rainfall and greenery. It has a mostly Roman Catholic population and celebrates St. Patrick's Day annually on March 17th. Irish culture is known for its traditional music, dance, literature and sports like hurling and Gaelic football. The island has a long history and faced political conflicts between Ireland and the United Kingdom in the 20th century.
Guy Fawkes Day commemorates the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605. Catholic conspirators led by Guy Fawkes planned to blow up the House of Lords and kill King James I, who was Protestant. The plot was discovered when one of the conspirators informed the King. Guy Fawkes was caught in the cellar with 36 barrels of gunpowder and executed. Today in Britain, people celebrate with bonfires, fireworks, and burning effigies of Guy Fawkes to remember the failed assassination attempt. Children make guys out of old clothes and go door to door asking for money.
"Hidden Vestiges: An approach to recognizing an 18th-century historic landscape within an urban environment"
Larry B James
University of West Florida
The document provides an overview of the European colonization of North America, dividing it into three regions - Northern, Middle, and Southern colonies. It discusses the religious backgrounds and influences that led Protestants like the Puritans and Pilgrims to establish settlements in the Northern colonies to escape persecution in Europe. The Middle colonies attracted Dutch and English settlers and saw the founding of Pennsylvania as a place of religious freedom. The Southern colonies focused on agriculture and the growth of tobacco with the help of indentured servants and African slaves.
The document describes the history and development of the English colonies in North America between 1630-1750. It discusses the founding and growth of the New England colonies by the Puritans in Massachusetts and Connecticut, as well as the colonies of Rhode Island and New York. It also describes the middle colonies of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, founded for reasons of religion and trade. The different colonial regions developed distinct economies and societies shaped by their environments and the ethnic groups that settled there.
New York was first explored in 1524 by Verrazano and in 1609 by Henry Hudson. The Dutch settled Manhattan permanently in 1624, ruling as the colony of New Netherland until the English conquered it in 1664 and renamed it New York. New York declared independence from Britain in 1776 and adopted its first constitution in 1777. The fertile land and access to the Hudson River attracted settlers for farming, fur trading and merchant opportunities. The first government formed after the Revolutionary War and George Clinton was elected as the first governor in 1777. New York City and Albany both served as early state capitals.
The Puritans sought to establish a pure church in the New World and fled religious persecution in England. They established authoritarian religious communities with strict moral codes in the Massachusetts Bay colony in the 1630s. Conflict arose between the Puritans and Native Americans over differing concepts of land use and ownership. This led to the Pequot War of 1637 and ultimately King Philip's War of 1675-76, a devastating conflict that killed thousands on both sides.
The document summarizes key aspects of early colonial settlements in North America by the British in the 1600s. It discusses the establishment of the Jamestown colony in Virginia in 1607 with goals of finding wealth and converting Native Americans to Christianity. It then covers the failed Roanoke colony and the rise of the lucrative tobacco cash crop. It also outlines the formation of New England colonies in the 1600s driven by religious goals and abundant land and resources attracting emigrants seeking economic opportunity. Conflicts escalated between Puritan settlers and Native Americans over land disputes.
This document provides a summary of the 13 original colonies of British America in 3 sentences or less per section:
- It divides the colonies into 3 geographic regions: New England (4 colonies), Middle (4 colonies), and Southern (5 colonies) and summarizes the economy, climate, resources, and population of each region.
- It then provides 1-2 paragraphs on each individual colony, summarizing their founding date and people, economy, resources, and religion.
- Additional sections summarize the economies, climates, resources, populations, and religions of the colonies overall.
The document provides details about the lost Roanoke colony from 1584-1590. It summarizes that Sir Walter Raleigh sent explorers who first encountered Roanoke Island in 1584. Two failed attempts were made to establish colonies there in 1585-1586 and 1587. The second group included Virginia Dare, the first English child born in America. However, when their leader John White returned from a supply trip to England in 1590, he found the colony abandoned with no clues as to what became of the settlers. There are several theories but no conclusive evidence to explain the mystery of the lost colony's fate.
This document provides information about various places, people, and events related to Michigan's Upper Peninsula. It discusses the iron mining industry that bolstered the region's economy. It profiles notable figures from the area like scientist Glenn Seaborg from Ishpeming and author Robert Traver who wrote Anatomy of a Murder based on a real trial in Big Bay. It also describes landmarks like the Longyear Mansion that was originally built in Marquette before being moved to Massachusetts, and conservationist George Shiras III's love of the U.P. woods and waters.
Although the North American colonies were established with different economies, political systems, and religious values, they would be united by a common language and allegiance to England. The Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther and further developed by John Calvin profoundly shaped early American religious thought. Religious dissenters like the Puritans and Pilgrims fled persecution in England and established colonies in New England, bringing their Calvinist religious ideals with them. The growth and spread of the New England colonies inevitably led to conflicts with Native American tribes like the Pequot and Wampanoag as English settlers expanded further inland.
The document provides an overview of the history and population of the UK. It discusses how Britain was originally connected to Europe by land until the English Channel formed. It then summarizes the various peoples who inhabited Britain over time, including the Ancient Britons who constructed large stone monuments like Stonehenge and Avebury. Later, Anglo-Saxons invaded and ruled England, introducing the basis for modern English. Vikings also invaded in the 9th century. In 1066, William the Conqueror invaded and defeated the English king, establishing Norman rule.
The document summarizes the English colonization of North America, focusing on Virginia, New England, and Carolina. It describes the founding and early struggles of Jamestown in Virginia in 1607. It then discusses the Puritan pilgrims who founded Plymouth in 1620 and larger Puritan migration to Massachusetts Bay in the 1630s. The document also outlines the establishment of Carolina in the 1670s, the division into North and South Carolina, and the development of the plantation system focused on rice and indigo production by the 1760s.
The document describes the early history and founding of Minersville, Pennsylvania. It discusses how Thomas Reed settled in the area in 1783, building structures like a log cabin and sawmill. The development of the coal industry in the early 1800s attracted immigrants and promoted growth. Minersville was officially incorporated as a borough in 1831. It later gained attention for a 1940 Supreme Court case regarding flag salutes in schools. The document also provides 2000 census data and demographic information about Minersville.
The document summarizes the settlement and development of America between 1700-1763. It describes how explorers and settlers from Spain, France, and England arrived for different reasons, with the English seeking religious freedom and opportunity. By 1740, the colonies had developed distinct social and political differences. The French and Indian War helped the colonies unite against a common enemy and produced leaders like Washington and Franklin. However, Britain's attempts to tax the colonies to repay war debts without representation led to growing tensions.
1. Europeans sought to establish colonies in America for economic and strategic reasons such as expanding their empires, pursuing wealth from trade and natural resources, and establishing a route to Asia.
2. Early European explorers like the Vikings and Columbus made mistakes in their assumptions about North America's geography that delayed further exploration and colonization for centuries.
3. Competition between European powers and new ambitions of monarchs in the 15th-16th centuries spurred renewed exploration across the Atlantic to America, with differing priorities of seeking wealth, spreading religion, and asserting territorial claims.
The document describes the 13 original British colonies in North America, divided into three regions. The New England colonies were founded primarily by Puritans seeking religious freedom, settling mainly in Massachusetts. The Middle colonies attracted a diversity of religious and ethnic groups. The Southern colonies had economies based on cash crops like tobacco grown by African slaves on large plantations. Key figures mentioned include William Penn, Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson, and James Oglethorpe.
1) During the 18th century, the British and French fought for control of North America and influence over Native American tribes.
2) As the French military presence declined after 1763, British traders abused Native Americans and encroached on their lands, leading to conflicts like the Cherokee War of 1761.
3) Meanwhile, Spain sought to maintain its claims in the Pacific Northwest against growing Russian and British exploration of the region in the late 1700s.
Trinity Church is an historic Episcopal parish church located near Wall Street in lower Manhattan. It has had three structures on its site, with the current Gothic Revival style building constructed from 1839-1846 and designed by architect Richard Upjohn. Trinity Church played an important role in New York City's history and was a prominent landmark until the construction of taller skyscrapers. It remains an active parish church that also offers musical performances and community outreach.
The document provides background on the colonial governance of British North America between 1585-1688. It discusses:
1) The royal framework for colonial governance, which included governors appointed by the King, councils that assisted governors, and elected assemblies.
2) Differences in how colonies selected governors and councils, between royal, proprietary, and corporate colonies.
3) Areas of disagreement that emerged between colonists and Britain around the rights of provincial assemblies, similar to tensions over the rights of the British House of Commons.
Similar to 2014 Newtowne Neck Park: A Slice of History (20)
The Hawaii Undersea Military Munitions Assessment (HUMMA) is multi-phase program undertaking the unique challenge of characterizing a historic deep-water (500 to 2,000 foot deep) chemical munitions disposal site to determine the potential impact of the ocean environment on sea-disposed munitions and of sea-disposed munitions on the ocean environment and those that use it. This program, which began in 2007 and is entering its final phase, involves the orchestration of a multidisciplinary team—historians, oceanographers, marine geophysicists and geochemists, environmental scientists, and biologists from academia, industry and government—and a variety of sophisticated equipment to accomplish a wide array of research objectives during short-duration and high-intensity field deployments. To date, the HUMMA team has achieved a series of programmatic successes, facilitated technology transfers and documented lessons learned that can be applied to investigations of underwater munitions sites worldwide.
3Rs Explosives Safety Program Description -watered areas - 2011Geoffrey Carton
The US Army developed the 3Rs (Recognize, Retreat, Report) Explosives Safety Education Program to educate the public on what to do if they encounter explosives or munitions. The 3Rs message instructs people to recognize if they have found a munition, retreat without touching it, and report it to local authorities. The Army created standardized education materials explaining the 3Rs, which have proven effective in focus groups and presentations. The goal of the program is to spread a consistent and memorable safety message nationwide to prevent injuries from munitions.
Summary review of the aquatic toxicology of munitions constituentsGeoffrey Carton
Military munitions are present in waters around the world, including those waters located at current and former Department of Defense sites. This report provides a review of the aquatic ecotoxicology of munitions constituents (MC), including nitroaromatics (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT),
dinitrotoluenes (DNTs), 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB), 2,4,6-
trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (tetryl) and ,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid)); nitrate esters (nitrocellulose (NC), pentaerythritoltetranitrate (PETN), nitroglycerine (NG)); and nitramines (hexahydro-1,3,5- trinitro-1,3,5-triazine
(RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX)). The major focus of this report is on the fate and effects of MC in the marine environment. Most MC observed in this study rapidly degraded in aqueous
exposure systems and nitroaromatics showed a significant binding affinity with organic matter.
2014 Select Munitions Disposal Operations in US Coastal WatersGeoffrey Carton
Presentation from 5th International Dialogue on Underwater Munitions. Provides an overview of US disposals of munitions with details on several operations between 1919 and 1970.
2013 Ordnance Reef HI - webinar- wo prelim resultsGeoffrey Carton
Investigation of sea disposed munitions site and technology demonstrations. Discusses sampling strategy, numbers and types of samples collected, risk assessment approach, collaboration to minimize injury to coral, munitions recovery and treatment, current study and modeling. Preliminary results are not provided.
US Public law - Research on effects of Ocean Disposal of MunitionsGeoffrey Carton
This document discusses the Department of Defense's efforts to research and address risks from disposed military munitions in coastal waters. It requires the DOD to:
1) Conduct a review to identify locations where munitions were disposed of in coastal waters and the types of munitions.
2) Provide information to help identify navigation and safety hazards and continue informing ocean users of risks.
3) Research effects of disposed munitions on the ocean environment through sampling, analysis and health investigations at representative coastal sites.
4) Monitor specific sites if the research finds contamination or significant health risks.
Final Report to Congress on US Sea Disposal of Military MunitionsGeoffrey Carton
Sea Disposal of Military Muntions, Final Report in Defense Environmental Programs Annual Report to Congress for Fiscal year 2009 - A listing of sea disposal sites in US coastal waters compiled in response to PL 109-364 Section 314.
2013 Sea Disposal of Chemical Warfare Materiel in US Coastal WatersGeoffrey Carton
Preseatation from a side event in cooperation with the Embassies of Lithuania and Poland at the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) Headquarters on 3 December 2013 discussing the global issues with Sea Dumped Chemical Weapons. Summarizes the disposals in US coastal waters based on an inventory of disposals completed for Congress.
2011 Perspective on DoD’s Efforts Relating to Legacy Underwater Military Munit…Geoffrey Carton
Presentation from 3rd International Dialogue on Underwater Munitions, Sopot, Poland. Provides an overview of US efforts (such as site inventory, safety outreach and research) concerning munitions in the underwater environment.
2010 Introduction to and Scope of Underwater Munitions IssueGeoffrey Carton
Presented at the 2010 NOAA International Corrosion Workshop. Provides an overview of sites that may have munitions, distribution of munitions at the sites, how munitions are constructed, and studies on corrosion of munitions.
3Rs Explosives Safety Education Program Outreach ToolboxGeoffrey Carton
Review of the development of the Army 3Rs Explosive Safety Program and the tools available to public affairs personnel, safety officials, and contractors.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
2014 Newtowne Neck Park: A Slice of History
1. — a proximity fuze that caused a munition
to detonate as it approached its target. This
device helped neutralize German rocket
attacks on London and Japanese kamikaze
attacks in the Pacific, and was credited by
General George Patton with the winning
of the Battle of the Bulge.
The Navy relinquished the property
in 1947, after which the Corporation of
Roman Catholic Clergymen leased the
majority of it to individuals for farming
before the State purchased the land.
Upon unearthing the facts in 2012,
the Neck was closed and the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers conducted an ex-
haustive study to determine the nature
and extent of prior military use. The
Corps determined that the ordnance was
inert test artillery rounds containing no
explosive material, and therefore was not
a danger to the visiting public.
The park — including its 776 acres
of woodlands, wetlands and agricultural
fields, and more than 7 miles of Potomac
River shoreline in St. Mary’s County —
reopened this year for visitors’ enjoyment.
The history of Newtowne Neck State
Park tells the story of a landmark that
has survived both religious persecution as
well as fierce, famous Maryland battles.
In addition to its rich past, the Park also
offers the opportunity to hike, fish, paddle
or simply relax within this scenic Southern
Maryland gem. n
dnr.maryland.gov/publiclands
Geoff Carton is a senior environmental consultant and
historicalresearcher.KathyCiolfiisatechnicalinformation
specialist in historical operations. Scott Lawrence is
a government contractor, historian and archaeological
technician.
8 I The Maryland Natural Resource Summer 2014 I 9
D
eclared by 19th century Jesuit
Priest Father William Treacy, “one
of the most hallowed spots on this
continent,” Newtowne Neck State Park
and the adjacent St. Francis Xavier Church
are rich with history closely tied to the
founding principles and struggles for the
independence of our nation.
Early history
Archaeologists discovered evidence of
habitation on Newtowne Neck dating
back as early as 4000 BC. The Neck
was occupied by the Piscataway tribe,
who largely relied on fishing and raising
a humble crop of beans, maize and
tobacco. Writings and archaeological
evidence indicate that the European and
Native American people shared the land
for a short time after the Europeans arrived
early in the 17th century.
Maryland beginnings
In 1640, Leonard Calvert, the first
Proprietary Governor of Maryland, originally
granted Newtowne Neck to William
Bretton, the first clerk of the Council of the
Lower House of the Maryland Assembly.
He was also a planter, Burgess (legislator),
lawyer, judge, even a coroner. After Bretton’s
acquisition, Newtowne became the first
established town outside the confines of
St. Mary’s City.
Jesuit priests began activities in the
area the same year Bretton acquired the
Neck. Mr. Bretton, a staunch Catholic,
donated land to Jesuits in 1661 for
a church and graveyard. Father Henry
Warren purchased the 700-acre New-
towne estate in 1668 for 40,000 pounds
of tobacco. The Jesuits ministered to the
local population and to people many
miles away who were sick, elderly or too
far away to travel for church.
Religious turmoil
Maryland was considered a bastion of
religious freedom, and early on, Catholics
and Protestants coexisted, though with
some friction. While Maryland was well
ahead of other colonies with respect to
religious tolerance, things changed after
the Orange Rebellion of 1688, when
Protestants ultimately banned public wor-
ship by Catholics. This intolerance grew,
culminating with the Maryland Assembly
passing a law in 1704 to prevent the growth
of Popery. In essence, this re-stricted
Catholics from openly practicing their
religion and made it illegal to maintain
churches and schools. All Catholic
public worship and private education at
Newtowne Neck effectively ceased.
After the closure of the chapel in
1704, worship by Catholics could only be
conducted in private homes. Around this
time, a chapel was attached to Newtowne
manor to allow worship in compliance
with the law. As suppression relaxed, a
new church was built about a half a mile
from the site of the original.
Built in 1731, it is the same church
that holds services today and is perhaps
the oldest active Catholic Parish in the
nation. A large brick manor house was
also constructed at this time. Although
it no longer exists, its foundation was
located and partially excavated in the
early 1980s.
Despite the struggles of daily life and
renewed religious persecution, the
residents of Newtowne appeared to lead
a peaceful life during the mid 1700s.
This lifestyle continued even with the
onset of the Revolutionary War and
British troops moving along the
Potomac River.
Wartime and renovation
Local folklore tells of the Manor being
ransacked by British troops. Father Treacy
wrote that the Manor at Newtowne, “had
its peace disturbed by red-coated soldiers
who sometimes knocked in its doors with
the butts of their villainous guns.” He
also noted after each raid the food cellars
needed to be replenished and the manor
house repaired.
However, as soon as circumstances
allowed, the Fathers opened the Manor
“to heroes who fell wounded in the
cause of their country” as a temporary
hospital for the soldiers of 1776. There
is no indication in his writings of how
often the “red-coated” soldiers invaded
the Manor.
It appears that the manor built in
1731 was damaged beyond repair
(presumably by the British during the
American Revolution). A new house was
erected in 1789, which still stands today.
During the War of 1812, the British
again disturbed the peace of the area —
no public service was permitted at the
church. On July 19, 1814, a detachment of
British troops landed on Newtowne Neck
to march on Leonardtown.
The Civil War seems to have affected
the area to a lesser degree. Beyond
a reference in the Eric Mills book,
Chesapeake Bay in the Civil War, that an
expeditionary force of 4,500 assembled
in Newtowne in preparation for a raid
on the Eastern shore of Virginia, little else
is known.
World War II to present day
The State of Maryland acquired the
entire peninsula, except the church and
the manor house, in 2009. The land was
purchased to preserve the area’s rich
natural, cultural and historical heritage.
In January of 2012, the property’s military
significance became even more apparent
with the discovery of several items of
World War II-era ordnance (artillery)
within the park.
It has now been established that
during the Second World War, a gate was
erected at Newtowne and guards barred
access to the area. Nearby residents heard
firing of large guns, but did not learn until
later that testing of a top-secret weapon
occurred there.
Between 1942 and 1947, testing of the
variable time fuze occurred on the Neck
Newtowne NeckNewtowne NeckA slice of history
By Geoff Carton, Kathy Ciolfi, Scott Lawrence
The current Manor House (right) was renovated in 1816, possibly a result of British actions during the war; one can clearly see
that the roof had been raised and updated to its current style.
Recovered munitions
St. Francis Xavier Church
ScottLawrence
ScottLawrence
ScottLawrenceBaltimoreSunArchives
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