The document summarizes key events in Irish history from the 16th to early 20th centuries. In the 16th century, English monarchs like Henry VIII and Elizabeth I sought to establish English control over Irish lands. Hugh O'Neill and O'Donnell led an Irish rebellion in 1580s with Spanish support, but it ultimately failed. In the 17th century, a civil war in Britain impacted Ireland and Oliver Cromwell confiscated Irish lands. Penal laws in the 18th century banned Irish culture and Catholicism. The United Irishmen led by Wolfe Tone sought equal rights but their French-backed rebellion in 1798 was defeated. The 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin against British rule lasted a week before the rebels surrendered.