The document discusses the International Year of Crystallography 2014 which is being organized by the International Union of Crystallography and UNESCO. It summarizes that crystallography is the study of crystal structures at the atomic level using techniques like X-ray crystallography. Crystallography is important across many fields from materials science and engineering to biology and medicine, and underpins industries like mining, pharmaceuticals, and more. The year aims to raise awareness of crystallography and its contributions on the 100th anniversary of its origins with X-ray crystallography.
This is a powerpoint presentation that is about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the definition, characteristics, history and processes involved in basic crystallography.
This is a powerpoint presentation that is about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the definition, characteristics, history and processes involved in basic crystallography.
Overview: Creative Commons (OPEN Kick-off)Jane Park
Session description from http://open4us.org/events/kick-off-conference-agenda/:
Creative Commons celebrates the 10th anniversary of its license suite later this year. CC’s Education and Technology Coordinator, Greg Grossmeier, and Communications Manager, Jane Park, will give a brief overview of CC license use in education and its integral and infrastructural role in open educational resources (OER). They will also explain the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY) and its requirement for TA program grantees.
Please join the Community College Consortium for Open Educational Resources (CCCOER) on Tuesday, June 11, 10:00 am (PDT) for a webinar on Competency-based learning and OER. Competency-based learning is gaining traction as institutions strive to personalize learning experiences and decrease time to graduation. Students demonstrate mastery at their own pace through e-Portfolio assessments or on-demand tests and institutions often recommend free or open educational resources (OER) along with prior learning as a source for learning materials.
Hear from several higher education experts on how OER and open courses complement competency-based learning to improve student outcomes:
Dr. Ellen Marie Murphy, Executive Director of Curriculum and Learning Systems, Ivy Bridge College. Ivy Bridge College is a two-year online institution that streamlines the transfer process to four-year degrees through personalized learning programs.
Dr. Chari Leader-Kelley, Vice-President of Learning Counts at the Council for Adult & Experiential Learning (CAEL). Learning Counts specializes in the assessment of prior learning for college credit. Currently working with the Saylor foundation to embed portfolio templates into open courses to allow students to demonstrate and reflect upon their learning.
Dr. David Shulman, Vice-President of the Virtual Campus and Instructional Technology at Broward College, Florida. Broward College is offering a competency-based MOOC this summer entitled “College Foundations: Reading, Writing, and Math” to provide students with skills to begin college or to prepare for college placement exams.
Participant Login Information:
There is no need to register in advance but please use the link below on the day of the webinar. You may use a headset or dial-in over the phone if you would like to speak otherwise you can listen directly from your computer speakers and use the chat window.
Electronic textbooks (eTextbooks, eBooks) are digital versions of textbooks. Most e-textbooks are currently distributed by commercial publishers and have specific digital rights. An OPEN TEXTBOOK is a free, openly-licensed textbook offered online by its author(s).
Overview: Creative Commons (OPEN Kick-off)Jane Park
Session description from http://open4us.org/events/kick-off-conference-agenda/:
Creative Commons celebrates the 10th anniversary of its license suite later this year. CC’s Education and Technology Coordinator, Greg Grossmeier, and Communications Manager, Jane Park, will give a brief overview of CC license use in education and its integral and infrastructural role in open educational resources (OER). They will also explain the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY) and its requirement for TA program grantees.
Please join the Community College Consortium for Open Educational Resources (CCCOER) on Tuesday, June 11, 10:00 am (PDT) for a webinar on Competency-based learning and OER. Competency-based learning is gaining traction as institutions strive to personalize learning experiences and decrease time to graduation. Students demonstrate mastery at their own pace through e-Portfolio assessments or on-demand tests and institutions often recommend free or open educational resources (OER) along with prior learning as a source for learning materials.
Hear from several higher education experts on how OER and open courses complement competency-based learning to improve student outcomes:
Dr. Ellen Marie Murphy, Executive Director of Curriculum and Learning Systems, Ivy Bridge College. Ivy Bridge College is a two-year online institution that streamlines the transfer process to four-year degrees through personalized learning programs.
Dr. Chari Leader-Kelley, Vice-President of Learning Counts at the Council for Adult & Experiential Learning (CAEL). Learning Counts specializes in the assessment of prior learning for college credit. Currently working with the Saylor foundation to embed portfolio templates into open courses to allow students to demonstrate and reflect upon their learning.
Dr. David Shulman, Vice-President of the Virtual Campus and Instructional Technology at Broward College, Florida. Broward College is offering a competency-based MOOC this summer entitled “College Foundations: Reading, Writing, and Math” to provide students with skills to begin college or to prepare for college placement exams.
Participant Login Information:
There is no need to register in advance but please use the link below on the day of the webinar. You may use a headset or dial-in over the phone if you would like to speak otherwise you can listen directly from your computer speakers and use the chat window.
Electronic textbooks (eTextbooks, eBooks) are digital versions of textbooks. Most e-textbooks are currently distributed by commercial publishers and have specific digital rights. An OPEN TEXTBOOK is a free, openly-licensed textbook offered online by its author(s).
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
10. Crystallography matters!
8
Yet global energy consumption is expected to climb by 50% between 2007 and 2035,
with non-OECD countries accounting for 84% of the increase. In 2009, 1.4 billion
people still lacked access to electricity. Demand for energy from renewable resources
is expected to rise by 60% by 2035.
Crystallography can develop new products which lower a home’s energy consumption
(and heating bill) while curtailing carbon emissions, such as insulating materials. It can
also identify new materials which reduce the cost of solar panels, windmills and batteries
while making them more efficient, to reduce wastage and improve access to green
technologies.
Greening the chemical industry
Greening the chemical industry will be central to greening the global economy.
The chemical industry manufactures over 70,000 different products, ranging from
plastics and fertilizers to detergents and drugs. It is highly dependent on petroleum,
consuming 10% of global oil production to make 80–90% of its products. It is thus
resource- and energy-hungry.
In addition, many solvents and catalysts are toxic and disposal of chemical waste is
complicated and expensive. Toxic and carcinogenic substances are currently being
released into the air, soil and water. According to the United Nations Environment
Programme, Western Europe produced a total of 42 million tonnes of toxic waste in
2000, five million of which were exported a year later.
Crystallography can contribute to the development of ecological construction materials
in developed and developing countries. It can also help to reduce pollution by replacing
chemical solvents with ‘green’ inorganic solvents based on ionic liquids and CO2. It can
help to reduce mining waste and related costs by contributing to methods which
selectively extract only the materials required.
Health challenges
Health challenges will remain daunting in the decades to come. There is still no
effective vaccine or cure for such pandemics as HIV/AIDs, dengue fever and malaria,
for instance, which continue to ravage the developing world in particular.
Many health problems in developing countries are linked to the lack of access to
clean water and safe sanitation, including diaorrheal diseases like cholera or the
chronic disease schistosomiasis, with an estimated 90% of cases at least reported
in Africa.
However, developing countries are also exposed to the same chronic health burdens
as developed countries, including heart disease, cancer and, increasingly, diabetes
(see photo).
Other serious health concerns that affect rich and poor countries alike include the
emergence of new pathogens and the growing resistance of bacteria to existing
medical treatments.
Crystallography can tackle the growing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, for instance.
Together with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas Steitz, crystallographer
Ada Yonath has managed to determine the structure of the ribosome and the way it is
disrupted by antibiotics. Ribosomes are responsible for the production of all proteins in
living cells, including those of humans, plants and bacteria. If the work of the ribosome is
impeded, the cell dies. Ribosomes are a key target for antibiotics, as antibiotics are able
to attack the ribosomal activity of harmful bacteria while leaving human ribosomes
untouched. In 2008, Prof. Yonath was awarded the L’Oréal-UNESCO Prize for Women in
Science for her work and, a year later, all three scientists received the Nobel Prize.
The tropics in particular are blessed with a rich biodiversity that often remains
underexploited. Crystallography can help countries to identify the properties and
behaviour of endogenous plants, with a view to developing skin and health care products,
herbal remedies and so on.
11. Who will benefit from
the International Year
of Crystallography?
The Year will target governments
By interacting with them and advising on the design of policies which:
L finance the establishment and operation of at least one national crystallography
centre per country;
L develop cooperation with crystallography centres abroad, as well as with
synchrotron and other large-scale facilities;
L foster the use of crystallography in research and development;
L foster research in crystallography;
L introduce crystallography into school and university curricula, or modernize
existing curricula.
In addition, a series of regional summit meetings are planned to highlight the
difficulties in conducting first-rate scientific research in parts of the world and
identify ways of overcoming these. The meetings will bring together countries that
are divided by language, ethnicity, religion, or political factors, to delineate future
perspectives for science, technology and related industrial development, and identify
job opportunities.
The Year will target schools and universities
To introduce the teaching of crystallography where it is still absent, via, inter alia:
L travelling laboratories prepared by the International Union of Crystallography
which will demonstrate how diffractometers work in countries in Asia, Africa and
Latin America, in collaboration with diffractometer manufacturers;
L the ongoing Initiative in Africa for universities (see box overleaf), which will be
intensified and extended to countries in Asia and Latin America which lack
crystallography teaching;
In the past 20 years, the number of
people with diabetes worldwide has
risen from 30 million to 230 million,
according to the International
Diabetes Federation. Seven of the top
ten countries for diabetes are either
developing countries or emerging
economies, including China and India.
In the Caribbean and Middle East, about
20% of adults suffer from diabetes.
Had the structure of natural insulin,
produced by the pancreas, not been
determined by X-ray crystallography,
it would be impossible to manufacture
the life-saving biosynthetic ‘human’
insulin today. Photo: Wikipedia
L problem-solving projects for
school pupils which use their
knowledge of crystallography,
physics and chemistry;
L a travelling exhibition for
schools and universities on
Crystallography and Geometric
Art in the Arabo-Islamic World,
organized by the Moroccan
Association of Crystallography (see
box page 12). The exhibition will
also demonstrate crystallization
and X-ray diffraction using a
portable diffractometer.
Crystallography matters!
L hands-on demonstrations and
competitions in primary and
secondary schools;
9
17. The government should also foster the development of ties between the national
crystallography centre and national and international synchrotron light sources like
SESAME in Jordan (see photo).
In order to share knowledge of scientific and technological developments in
crystallography and give greater visibility to the publications of crystallographers
from developing countries in particular, the International Union of Crystallography is
launching an open-access journal on crystallography, IUCrJ (see photo page 11).
UNESCO and the International Union of Crystallography are also encouraging
governments to set up regional or sub-regional hubs offering training and
experimentation in crystallography, in order to rationalize resources for institutional
capacity-building.
Training the crystallographers of tomorrow
Now is the time for countries to train a critical mass of crystallographers. Governments
can take steps to modernize school and university curricula by fostering a better
correlation with crystallography in the curricula of physics, chemistry, biology and
geology. UNESCO and the International Union of Crystallography are at governments’
disposal to provide guidance on curricular development.
They also invite governments to express interest in hosting the travelling laboratory
on crystallography that has been designed specifically for youth.
Crystallography matters!
The International Union of Crystallography has also devised problem-solving projects
and competitions for schools which use their knowledge of crystallography, physics
and chemistry. The aim is to demonstrate the practical applications of these sciences for
the development of agriculture, drug design, ‘green’ new materials and so on. Countries
are invited to express interest in organizing such competitions at the national level.
15
20. For more information on the International Year of Crystallography:
International Union of Crystallography
UNESCO
Prof. Gautam Desiraju,
Prof. Maciej Nalecz, Director,
President: desiraju@sscu.iisc.ernet.in
Executive Secretary of International Basic Sciences
Prof. Claude Lecomte,
Vice-President: claude.lecomte@crm2.uhp-nancy.fr
Dr Michele Zema,
Project Manager for the Year: mz@iucr.org
Programme: m.nalecz@unesco.org
Dr Jean-Paul Ngome Abiaga,
Assistant Programme Specialist: jj.ngome-abiaga@unesco.org
Dr Ahmed Fahmi,
Programme Specialist: a.fahmi@unesco.org
w w w.iycr2014.org