The document is a presentation by Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann from KU Leuven given on July 11, 2013 at Universidad Carlos III de Madrid titled "From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries". It discusses how libraries are moving from traditional catalog records to linked data graphs by embracing semantic web technologies like RDF. Specifically, it covers the Europeana Data Model (EDM) and how it enables libraries to publish linked cultural heritage data and support new types of context-driven research services.
Build Narratives, Connect Artifacts: Linked Open Data for Cultural HeritageOntotext
Many issues are faced by scholars, book researchers, museum directors who try to find the underlying connection between resources. Scholars in particular continuously emphasizes the role of digital humanities and the value of linked data in cultural heritage information systems.
Introduction to the Data Web, DBpedia and the Life-cycle of Linked DataSören Auer
Over the past 4 years, the Semantic Web activity has gained momentum with the widespread publishing of structured data as RDF. The Linked Data paradigm has therefore evolved from a practical research idea into
a very promising candidate for addressing one of the biggest challenges
of computer science: the exploitation of the Web as a platform for data
and information integration. To translate this initial success into a
world-scale reality, a number of research challenges need to be
addressed: the performance gap between relational and RDF data
management has to be closed, coherence and quality of data published on
the Web have to be improved, provenance and trust on the Linked Data Web
must be established and generally the entrance barrier for data
publishers and users has to be lowered. This tutorial will discuss
approaches for tackling these challenges. As an example of a successful
Linked Data project we will present DBpedia, which leverages Wikipedia
by extracting structured information and by making this information
freely accessible on the Web. The tutorial will also outline some recent advances in DBpedia, such as the mappings Wiki, DBpedia Live as well as
the recently launched DBpedia benchmark.
Digital Humanities in a Linked Data World - Semnantic AnnotationsDov Winer
Presentation by Dov Winer at the 1st International Seminar on Digital Humanities
University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 23-25 October 2013
Primeiro Seminario Internacional em Humanidades Digitais,
Universidade Sao Paulo, Biblioteca Brasiliana Mindlin23-25 de Outubro 2013
Build Narratives, Connect Artifacts: Linked Open Data for Cultural HeritageOntotext
Many issues are faced by scholars, book researchers, museum directors who try to find the underlying connection between resources. Scholars in particular continuously emphasizes the role of digital humanities and the value of linked data in cultural heritage information systems.
Introduction to the Data Web, DBpedia and the Life-cycle of Linked DataSören Auer
Over the past 4 years, the Semantic Web activity has gained momentum with the widespread publishing of structured data as RDF. The Linked Data paradigm has therefore evolved from a practical research idea into
a very promising candidate for addressing one of the biggest challenges
of computer science: the exploitation of the Web as a platform for data
and information integration. To translate this initial success into a
world-scale reality, a number of research challenges need to be
addressed: the performance gap between relational and RDF data
management has to be closed, coherence and quality of data published on
the Web have to be improved, provenance and trust on the Linked Data Web
must be established and generally the entrance barrier for data
publishers and users has to be lowered. This tutorial will discuss
approaches for tackling these challenges. As an example of a successful
Linked Data project we will present DBpedia, which leverages Wikipedia
by extracting structured information and by making this information
freely accessible on the Web. The tutorial will also outline some recent advances in DBpedia, such as the mappings Wiki, DBpedia Live as well as
the recently launched DBpedia benchmark.
Digital Humanities in a Linked Data World - Semnantic AnnotationsDov Winer
Presentation by Dov Winer at the 1st International Seminar on Digital Humanities
University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 23-25 October 2013
Primeiro Seminario Internacional em Humanidades Digitais,
Universidade Sao Paulo, Biblioteca Brasiliana Mindlin23-25 de Outubro 2013
Digital Humanities in a Linked Data World - Semantic Annotations
Dov Winer
1st International Seminar on Digital Humanities
University of Sao Paulo - Brasiliana Mindlin Library
October 2013
Wednesday 6 May: Hand me the data! What you should know as a humanities resea...WARCnet
Wednesday 6 May: Hand me the data! What you should know as a humanities researcher before asking for data from a web archive, Ulrich Have, NetLab/DIGHUMLAB, Aarhus University
Towards an Open Research Knowledge GraphSören Auer
The document-oriented workflows in science have reached (or already exceeded) the limits of adequacy as highlighted for example by recent discussions on the increasing proliferation of scientific literature and the reproducibility crisis. Now it is possible to rethink this dominant paradigm of document-centered knowledge exchange and transform it into knowledge-based information flows by representing and expressing knowledge through semantically rich, interlinked knowledge graphs. The core of the establishment of knowledge-based information flows is the creation and evolution of information models for the establishment of a common understanding of data and information between the various stakeholders as well as the integration of these technologies into the infrastructure and processes of search and knowledge exchange in the research library of the future. By integrating these information models into existing and new research infrastructure services, the information structures that are currently still implicit and deeply hidden in documents can be made explicit and directly usable. This has the potential to revolutionize scientific work because information and research results can be seamlessly interlinked with each other and better mapped to complex information needs. Also research results become directly comparable and easier to reuse.
Linked data for Enterprise Data IntegrationSören Auer
The Web evolves into a Web of Data. In parallel Intranets of large companies will evolve into Data Intranets based on the Linked Data principles. Linked Data has the potential to complement the SOA paradigm with a light-weight, adaptive data integration approach.
Presentation for NEC Lab Europe.
Knowledge graphs are increasingly built using complex multifaceted machine learning-based systems relying on a wide of different data sources. To be effective these must constantly evolve and thus be maintained. I present work on combining knowledge graph construction (e.g. information extraction) and refinement (e.g. link prediction) in end to end systems. In particular, I will discuss recent work on using inductive representations for link predication. I then discuss the challenges of ongoing system maintenance, knowledge graph quality and traceability.
This presentation was provided by Scott Ziegler of Louisiana State University during the NISO Virtual Conference, Open Data Projects, held on Wednesday, June 13, 2018.
DBPedia past, present and future - Dimitris Kontokostas. Reveals recent developments in the Linked Data and knowledge graphs field and how DBPedia progress with wikipedia data.
This invited keynote at the Social Computing Track at WI-IAT21 gives an introduction to Knowledge Graphs and how they are built collaboratively by us. It gives also presents a brief analysis of the links in Wikidata.
Slides of my talk at OSLCfest in Stockholm Nov 6, 2019
Video recording of the talk is available here:
https://www.facebook.com/oslcfest/videos/2261640397437958/
EC-WEB: Validator and Preview for the JobPosting Data Model of Schema.orgJindřich Mynarz
The presentation describes a tool for validating and previewing instances of Schema.org JobPosting described in structured data markup embedded in web pages. The validator and preview was developed to assist users of Schema.org to produce data of better quality. In this way, it tries to enhance usability of a part of Schema.org covering the domain of job postings. The paper discusses implementation of the tool and design of its validation rules based on SPARQL 1.1. Results of experimental validation of a job posting corpus harvested from the Web are presented. Among other findings, the results indicate that publishers of Schema.org JobPosting data often misunderstand precedence rules employed by markup parsers and that they ignore case-sensitivity of vocabulary names.
Digital Humanities in a Linked Data World - Semantic Annotations
Dov Winer
1st International Seminar on Digital Humanities
University of Sao Paulo - Brasiliana Mindlin Library
October 2013
Wednesday 6 May: Hand me the data! What you should know as a humanities resea...WARCnet
Wednesday 6 May: Hand me the data! What you should know as a humanities researcher before asking for data from a web archive, Ulrich Have, NetLab/DIGHUMLAB, Aarhus University
Towards an Open Research Knowledge GraphSören Auer
The document-oriented workflows in science have reached (or already exceeded) the limits of adequacy as highlighted for example by recent discussions on the increasing proliferation of scientific literature and the reproducibility crisis. Now it is possible to rethink this dominant paradigm of document-centered knowledge exchange and transform it into knowledge-based information flows by representing and expressing knowledge through semantically rich, interlinked knowledge graphs. The core of the establishment of knowledge-based information flows is the creation and evolution of information models for the establishment of a common understanding of data and information between the various stakeholders as well as the integration of these technologies into the infrastructure and processes of search and knowledge exchange in the research library of the future. By integrating these information models into existing and new research infrastructure services, the information structures that are currently still implicit and deeply hidden in documents can be made explicit and directly usable. This has the potential to revolutionize scientific work because information and research results can be seamlessly interlinked with each other and better mapped to complex information needs. Also research results become directly comparable and easier to reuse.
Linked data for Enterprise Data IntegrationSören Auer
The Web evolves into a Web of Data. In parallel Intranets of large companies will evolve into Data Intranets based on the Linked Data principles. Linked Data has the potential to complement the SOA paradigm with a light-weight, adaptive data integration approach.
Presentation for NEC Lab Europe.
Knowledge graphs are increasingly built using complex multifaceted machine learning-based systems relying on a wide of different data sources. To be effective these must constantly evolve and thus be maintained. I present work on combining knowledge graph construction (e.g. information extraction) and refinement (e.g. link prediction) in end to end systems. In particular, I will discuss recent work on using inductive representations for link predication. I then discuss the challenges of ongoing system maintenance, knowledge graph quality and traceability.
This presentation was provided by Scott Ziegler of Louisiana State University during the NISO Virtual Conference, Open Data Projects, held on Wednesday, June 13, 2018.
DBPedia past, present and future - Dimitris Kontokostas. Reveals recent developments in the Linked Data and knowledge graphs field and how DBPedia progress with wikipedia data.
This invited keynote at the Social Computing Track at WI-IAT21 gives an introduction to Knowledge Graphs and how they are built collaboratively by us. It gives also presents a brief analysis of the links in Wikidata.
Slides of my talk at OSLCfest in Stockholm Nov 6, 2019
Video recording of the talk is available here:
https://www.facebook.com/oslcfest/videos/2261640397437958/
EC-WEB: Validator and Preview for the JobPosting Data Model of Schema.orgJindřich Mynarz
The presentation describes a tool for validating and previewing instances of Schema.org JobPosting described in structured data markup embedded in web pages. The validator and preview was developed to assist users of Schema.org to produce data of better quality. In this way, it tries to enhance usability of a part of Schema.org covering the domain of job postings. The paper discusses implementation of the tool and design of its validation rules based on SPARQL 1.1. Results of experimental validation of a job posting corpus harvested from the Web are presented. Among other findings, the results indicate that publishers of Schema.org JobPosting data often misunderstand precedence rules employed by markup parsers and that they ignore case-sensitivity of vocabulary names.
Enabling Accessible Resource Access via Service ProvidersAlexander Haffner
Libraries have become digitized and are using information technology for storing and managing their
resource inventory. Additional metadata are used for describing properties of non-digital assets as well
as of purely digital resources. In particular, as the amount of digital resources increases, there is
demand for centralized services for searching and distribution of content.
Stakeholders of libraries and publishing industry already have made progress in areas of archival
strategies and standardization of preservation strategies. A variety of metadata standards and
exchange protocols enable service providers to offer a single access point to resources. However,
there is still an increased demand for improvement of resource organization and enhanced quality
particularly in terms of accessibility. This paper presents strategies to increase accessibility of
resources as a valuable step towards access-for-all. For consideration of accessibility within the
publishing chain we analyse the whole processing chain and identify stakeholders such as national
libraries and their corresponding responsibilities for ingest, archival storage and dissemination of
digital resources.
morning session talk at the second Keystone Training School "Keyword search in Big Linked Data" held in Santiago de Compostela.
https://eventos.citius.usc.es/keystone.school/
Charleston 2012 - The Future of Serials in a Linked Data WorldProQuest
The educational objective of this session is to review today’s MARC-based environment in which the serial record predominates, and compare that with what might be possible in a future world of linked data. The session will inspire conversation and reflection on a number of questions. What will a world of statement-based rather than record-based metadata look like? What will a new environment mean for library systems, workflows, and information dissemination?
ABSTRACT. There is an emergent and global trend that integrates bibliometrics and text-mining practices and tools within academic library new services. In this poster, we
present three recent local initiatives, targets and first results, which are order to support the scientific research activities at universities. The cases of three University Libraries in South America are presented, namely, Universidade de São Paulo (USP) in Brazil, and two in Colombia, Universidad Nacional in Medellín and Universidad Santo Tomás in Bucaramanga. According to the data collected through a survey, there is evidence of a growth, after libraries training programs, in the use of databases structured electronic information. This is
especially so in sources indexed in citation databases, such as Scopus and Web of Science and in the volume of records downloaded. There is also evidence of a mutually beneficial engagement of researchers and librarians in the development of technology state of the art and research trends reports. Finally is early to know the extension and impact of these new activities in redefining the role of libraries in the knowledge transfer processes of academic communities.
Poster presented at 4th Global Tech Mining Conference (GTM 2014), Leiden, The Netherlands, Sept. 2, 2014. www.gtmconference.org/
In the last decade, several Scientific Knowledge Graphs (SKG) were released, representing scientific knowledge in a structured, interlinked, and semantically rich manner. But, what kind of information they describe? How they have been built? What can we do with them? In this lecture, I will first provide an overview of well-known SKGs, like Microsoft Academic Graph, Dimensions, and others. Then, I will present the Academia/Industry DynAmics (AIDA) Knowledge Graph, which describes 21M publications and 8M patents according to i) the research topics drawn from the Computer Science Ontology, ii) the type of the author's affiliations (e.g, academia, industry), and iii) 66 industrial sectors (e.g., automotive, financial, energy, electronics) from the Industrial Sectors Ontology (INDUSO). Finally, I will showcase a number of tools and approaches using such SKGs, supporting researchers, companies, and policymakers in making sense of research dynamics.
IFLA LIDASIG Open Session 2017: Introduction to Linked DataLars G. Svensson
At the IFLA Linked Data Special Interest Group open session in Wroclaw we briefly introduced the mission of the SIG and then went on to a brief introduction to what linked data is and why that topic is important to libraries.
The presentation was held jointly by Astrid Verheusen (general introduction to the SIG) and Lars G. Svensson (introduction to Linked Data)
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
20130711 records2 graphs_madrid
1. co-funded by the European Union
From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann (KU Leuven)
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
2. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
2
Overview
Data about Data: Objects and Assertions
Object/Data Models, Assertion Models and Pragmatics
From Containers to Context, from Records to
Graphs, from Catalogs to Research Data:
Container Content Context:→ → Libraries approaching
the End of the Gutenberg Galaxis and the emerging
Linked Data Web
The Europeana Data Model (EDM) in this context
EDM (and RDF) enabling Research with content based
and context driven services
Required Cultural Changes: terms/thinking to get rid of
Hands on: Semantic Annotation using Pundit
3. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
3
Metadata. Meta Data?
What is this Talk About?
4. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
4
Not about …
• … cataloguing practice
• … manual vs. automated metadata generation
• … named entity detection
• … metadata licensing issues
• … metadata quality issues
• ...
5. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
5
But rather about ...
• Data about data?
• Statements on things in the world
– Like in
http://www.tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/DR.html#DREMB
– Or in
http://primocat.bl.uk/F?func=direct&local_base=PRIMO&doc_number=
012233614&format=001&con_lng=prm
• Having
– A subject: aboutness (far from being obvious!)
– A grammar: a data / object model (mostly implicit)
• http://people.umass.edu/phil335-klement-2/tlp/tlp.html
– A Syntax: coding and serialisation
– A pragmatic context: an implied audience
• → This talk is restricted to bibliographical metadata in libraries
6. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
6
Container → Content → Context
Libraries approaching the end of the
Gutenberg Galaxis
7. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
7
Long before the Parenthesis:
Alexandria
Librarians:
Zenodotus
Callimachus
Erathosthenes
…
Scholars and /
or Poets
Producing
πίνακες
8. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
8
Before the Parenthesis: St. Gall
9. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
9
The Gutenberg Parenthesis Opens …
Dissociation of container and content
in the print paradigm
10. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
10
Dissociation of Roles in the
Gutenberg galaxy
11. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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Catalogue Based Library Functional Axioms (1)
12. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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Catalogue Based Library Functional Axioms (2)
13. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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Catalogue Based Library Functional Axioms (3)
14. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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Catalogue Based Library Functional Axioms (4)
15. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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Library Functional Principles (2)
Mediating access to information objects via catalogues
Mediating links as pointers from metadata to objects
Objects are part of a library collection
An object to be used within a library typically is part of this
library's collection
Internal processing logic: focus on
objects as information containers,
not so much on the content of these containers
and accordingly cataloguing is focussed on container
attributes
Functional macro-primitives are ingestion, storage,
description and retrieval of information containers
16. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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… and examples: metadata records
• http://lccn.loc.gov/72083804
• http://lccn.loc.gov/00711195
• http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34605779c
• http://d-nb.info/574200282
17. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
17
… and closes again
The end of the print paradigm
18. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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Decreasing functional determination by traditional cultural techniques
Disintegration of the linear / circular functional paradigma
Erosion of the monolithic document notion in hypertext paradigms
Web Based Scholarly Working Continuum ...
… a triple paradigm shift: Beyond Documents
19. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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Ted Nelson's Xanadu:
radicalised Hypertext ...
20. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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The Web of Documents
Information
Management:
A Proposal
(TBL, 1989)
... twice
extended:
•in syntax
•in scope
21. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
21
Resources and Links
in the Document Web
We have HTTP URIs to identify resources and links between them – but we are
missing a few things!
What kinds of resources are 'Louvre.html' and 'LaJoconde.jpg'?
A machine cannot tell.
Humans can: we recognize implied context!
How exactly do they relate to each other?
A machine cannot tell.
Humans can: again we recognize implied context!
22. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
22
Syntactically Extending the
Document Web (1)
We add a syntax for making statements on resources: RDF triples
We add a schema language (RDFS) with elements such as
classes (chair' as instance of chairs),
hierarchies of classes and properties (chairs are a subclass of
furniture, 'teaches' is a sub-property of 'communicates')
inheritance (communication based on language → teaching also is)
support for basic inferencing, deterministic logical operations
23. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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Syntactically Extending the
Document Web: RDF (2)
And thus are able to establish structures in triple aggregations
resulting in lightweight domain ontologies:
24. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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Extending the Web in Scope:
The Web of Things … (slightly Mistaken)
Taken from Ronald Carpentier's
Blog at
http://carpentier.wordpress.com/2007/08/08/1-2-3/
What's wrong
with this picture?
25. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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… and the Way we extend the Web in
scope to make it a 'Web of Things'
28. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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And a lot of Bubbles as of last Year
29. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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Google entering the Floor
30. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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Modelling Object Representations as RDF
Aggregations generates new questions ...
Where do resource
aggregations 'start'?
Where do they 'end'?
And what constitutes
document
boundaries??
And which node was
connected to which
one at a given
time???
→ Provenance,
Versioning,
Authorisation: Named
Graphs
A
B
C
31. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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Aggregations and Context:
Calculating Closeness
32. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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… and new opportunities:
Triple Sets and 'Reasoning'
33. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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... based on 'Documents' as
Aggregations of RDF-Triples (1)
34. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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'Documents' as Aggregations
of RDF-Triples (2)
<assertion>
<subject>NG_000007.3:g.70628G>A</subject>
<predicate>has variant frequency</predicate>
<object>0.25%</object>
</assertion>
<condition>Sardinian</condition>
<provenance>
<dateofcreation>March 24, 2011</dateofcreation>
<lastedit>March 24, 2011</lastedit>
<evidenceType>empirical</evidenceType>
<authorID>Giardine et. al.</authorID>
<curatorID>unresolved</curatorID>
<registrantID>Mons et. al.</registrantID>
<PMID>6695908</PMID>
<PMID>1428944</PMID>
<PMID>1610915</PMID>
<DOI>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.785</DOI>
<linkout>http://globin.bx.psu.edu/cgi-bin/hbvar/query_vars3?
mode=output&display_format=page&i=239</linkout>
<linkout>http://phencode.bx.psu.edu/cgi-bin/phencode/phencode?
build=hg18&id=HbVar.239</linkout>
</provenance>
<nanopublication id="0">
<nanopublication id="0">
35. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
35
The use of Inferences
van Haagen HHHBM, 't Hoen PAC, Botelho Bovo A, de Morrée A, van Mulligen EM, et al.
(2009) Novel Protein-Protein Interactions Inferred from Literature Context. PLoS ONE 4(11):
e7894. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007894 / Example provided by Jan Velterop
36. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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Data = Publication
Distinction data vs. publication will get increasingly
obsolete in semantic publishing environments …
… at least in the STM sector.
The move into semantic publication will be much slower
in the SSH because of
fuzzy and unstable terminology
fuzzy linking semantics hard to formalise consistently
close relation between complex document formats and scholarly discourse
Current examples are mostly from the medical and bio-
medical area as a consequence
We are exploring potential of change in the SSH in
37. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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→ Much more than catalogues:
Visualise and Explore Cultural Context
Mapping the Republic of Letters:
http://knot-dev.herokuapp.com/investigate.html
Or again the graph of writers and thinkers and
how they are connected:
http://zoom.it/Vj6F (is this one really useful?)
http://bgriffen.scripts.mit.edu/www/media/json/thinkers/
http://mariandoerk.de/edgemaps/demo/
http://www.visualdataweb.org/relfinder/relfinder.php
Or again a Finnish example (Kultuurisampo):
http://www.kulttuurisampo.fi/kulsa/historiallisetKartat.shtml
Or finally Obama vs. Palin:
http://truthy.indiana.edu/memedetail?id=324&resmin=45&theme_id=4 vs.
http://truthy.indiana.edu/memedetail?id=783&resmin=45&theme_id=4
38. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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The Europeana Data Model (EDM)
in the LoD Context
39. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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EDM – what is it?
And what not?
• EDM is the metadata model replacing the ESE …
• … a model for making statements about digital
representations of cultural heritage objects
• … a model for contextualising such representations
• EDM is not an object model (but might be combined
with object and process models)!
• EDM is an RDF based graph model
• EDM enables modeling of objects and context and
thus knowledge generation
40. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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EDM: Classes
CIDOC CRM E5 hierarchy
could be pruned here
41. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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EDM: Properties
42. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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Mona Lisa: French Ministry of Culture
43. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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Metadata Record in EDM
Proxy
Aggregation
Digital
Representations
Cultural Heritage Object
44. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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Semantic Enrichment
ens:Agent: persons or
organizations
ens:Place: spatial entities
ens:TimeSpan: time periods or
dates
skos:Concept: entities from KOS
45. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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Event-Centric Modeling
Preserving and exploiting original data also means being compatible
with descriptions beyond simple object level ( CIDOC CRM!)→
46. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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Complex Objects
• Part-whole links for complex
(hierarchical) objects
• Order among parts of objects
• Derivation and versioning relations
47. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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Les Fleurs du Mal: UNIMARC
http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37367035f
000 nam 22 450
001FRBNF373670350000003
009http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37367035f
039 $oGEA$a000288182
100 $a19920409d1857 m y0frey50 ba
1010 $afre
102 $aFR
105 $a||||z 00|||
106 $ar
2001 $aˆLes ‰fleurs du mal$bTexte imprimé$fpar Charles
Baudelaire
210 $aParis$cPoulet-Malassis et De Broise$d1857
215 $a248 p.$d19 cm
676 $a841.8$v22
686 $a840$2Cadre de classement de la Bibliographie nationale
française
700 |$311890582$aBaudelaire$bCharles$4070
801 0$aFR$bBNF$c19920409$gAFNOR$2intermrc
48. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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Les Fleurs du Mal: Gallica
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k70861t
49. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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Les Fleurs du Mal: Digitised
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k70861t.textePage.f1
50. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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Les Fleurs du Mal: EDM
Cultural Heritage Object (CHO)
Proxy
Digital
Representations
Aggregation
Semantic
Context
51. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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What can you use it for:
De arte venandi cum avibus
52. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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De Arte Venandi … (1)
53. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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De Arte Venandi … (2)
54. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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De Arte Venandi … (3)
55. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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De Arte Venandi … Subgraph 1
56. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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De Arte Venandi … (4)
57. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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De Arte Venandi … (5)
58. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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De Arte Venandi … Subgraphs 1+2
59. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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De Arte Venandi … (6)
60. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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De Arte Venandi … (6)
61. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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De Arte Venandi … (6)
62. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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De Arte Venandi …
done 'right'
63. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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De Arte Venandi …
there's more!
64. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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De Arte Venandi …
there's more (2)!
65. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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De Arte Venandi …
there's more (3)!
66. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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Contextualising Wittgenstein
67. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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An Opportunity for the Library ...
… and what it needs to do to be up to it
68. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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“What do you do with a million books?”
(Greg Crane)
Digitisation and semantic publishing result in
growing quantity
increased complexity
Well beyond scholarly processing capacity (=reading
faculty)
Scientists and Scholars will badly need help in three
areas:
Semantic abstracting, named entity recognition for “strategic
reading” (Renear)
Contextualisation of information objects
Robust reasoning and inferencing yielding digital heuristics
=> Opportunities for Research Libraries!
69. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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Ceci n'est pas une bibliothèque
70. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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Ceci n'est pas une bibliothèque
71. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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Catalogue
The card catalog
in the nave of
Sterling Memorial
Library at Yale
University.
Picture by Henry
Trotter, 2005.
72. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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Catalogue Entry: MARC Record
74. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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Change Thinking,
Change Terminology!
Libraries will serve research as part of the Linked
Open Data web – or else risk becoming insignificant.
For operating this change we definitely need to
change terminology and underlying thinking patterns:
Aggregation
Discovery
Navigation
Graph
Link
Context
Knowledge
Information
Catalogue
Holdings
Library Search
Document
'Record'
75. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
75
Sticking to empty metaphors ...
"What's in a name? That which we call a rose
By any other name would smell as sweet."
(Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet (II, ii, 1-2))
Why then do we stick to emptied metaphors?
… because they constitute identity (a very bad reason!)
… because they guarantee institutional persistency (a fallacy!)
… because we are afraid of substantial changes and believe in
things changing only once we use new terms (dangerously
childish!)
… or simply because we do not have new terms yet?
Let us then start looking for them!
76. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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From 'Catalogues' to 'Graphs':
old terms – new terms (1)
Reverse
Proportional!
77. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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From 'Catalogues' to 'Graphs':
old terms – new terms (2)
Reverse
Proportional!
78. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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From 'Catalogues' to 'Graphs':
old terms – new terms (3)
79. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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From 'Catalogues' to 'Graphs':
old terms – new terms (4)
80. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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There is a Life after MARC and AACR2 ...
… reconceptualising the bibliographic
universe
81. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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FRBR
82. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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What is FRBR
• A conceptual model for bibliographic
descriptions
• An Entity-Relationship-Model
– Entities: Groups 1, 2 und 3
– Relations
– Attributes (metadata)
• Functional Scope
– find, identify, select, preserve
• FRBR ≠
– Data model, data format, rule set,
metadata schema, application
83. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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Terms and Concepts
• “Book”
–Physical Object
(item)
–'Publication' in
Bookstores (ISBN,
any given item)
(manifestation)
84. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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• “Book”
–Translator?
(expression)
–Author? (work)
Terms and Concepts
85. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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Group 1 – Relations between Entities
Work
Item
Intellectual /
Artistic Content
Physical
Recording
Of Contents
Expression
Is realized through
Is exemplified by
Manifestation
Is embodied in
86. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Person
Corporate Body
is owned by
is produced by
is realized by
is created by
Group 2: Relations to persons and
corporate bodies
87. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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Work
has as subject
Person
Corporate Body
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Work
Concept
Object
Event
Place
has as subject
has as subject
Group 3: thematic relations
of group 1 entities
88. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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EQUIVALENT
Cataloging Rules
cut-off point
Same work New work
DERIVATIVE DESCRIPTIVE
Parody
Revision
Translation
Criticism
Variations or versions
Editions Summary
Abstract
Digest
Annotated
edition
Expurgated
edition
Dramatization
Novelization
Free
translation
Imitations
Evaluation
Review
Casebook
Commentary
Abridged
edition
Arrangement
Screenplay
LibrettoIllustrated
edition
Slight
modifications Adaptations
Change of genre
Original
Same style or
thematic content
Microform
reproduction
Copy
Exact
reproduction
Facsimile
Reprint
Simultaneous
“publication”
Same
Expression
New Expression
Family of Works
New Work B. Tillett
Dec. 2001
89. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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Attributes of Group 1 Entities
• Work
– ID
– Title
– Date
– etc.
• Expression
– ID
– Title
– Form
– Date
– Language
– etc.
• Manifestation
– ID
– Title
– Statement of responsibility
– Edition
– Statement of Responsability
– Carrier properties
– Access conditions
– Access modes
– etc.
• Item
– ID
– Provenience
– Location
– etc.
90. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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• FRBR is a conceptual model
– No specific implementation is precribed
• Implementation examples:
– OpenVlacc
www.bibliotheek.be
– OCLC FictionFinder
http://fictionfinder.oclc.org
– VTLS Virtua
http://bib.uclouvain.be/lib/item?id=chamo:1397047&theme=UCL
Anpplication of the
FRBR Concept Model
91. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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Potential and Problems of FRBR
• Better structuring of catalog presentations
• Simplified cataloguing
• Reduced cataloguing load
– Every work is represented only once for all of its
Expressions
– Every expression is represented only once for all of its
manifestations
– Likewise for manifestations: items just stay what they are.
• Clean layering enables opening of librarian
applications to the WWW
• But: What is a work???
92. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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Resource Description
and Access (RDA)
93. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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What is RDA?
• Cataloguing rules succeeding AACR2 (originally
named AACR3)
– Established by the AACR Joint Steering Committee
• Clearly going beyond cataloguing rules
• Implements FRBR
• Should be in use from 2013 onwards
94. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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Why not just another Revision
of AACR2?
• AACR2
–1978
–1988
–1998
–2002
95. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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The Context of 'Cataloguing'
has changed profoundly
• Increased range of information carriers …
• … and increased depth and complexity of content structures
• Generating metadata isn't a librarian professional privilege
anymore
• Increased multitude of metadata formats (DC!)
• Rapidly increasing impact of standards established by W3C
96. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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Changing Terminology
AACR2 RDA
Heading Access Point
Authority Control Access Point Control
Authorized Heading Preferred Access Point
Main Entry Primary Access Point
Added Entry Secondary Access Point
Uniform Title Preferred Title
97. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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Characteristics
• Content vs. Presentation of Container Attributes
– RDA is basically about content, not container
– RDA-Records can still be displayed in an ISBD compliant
way if required.
• Transcription
– “Take what you see”
– Error correction
– Supports automated indexing
• Provides an open door towards the 'Semantic' Linked
Open Data Web!
• Is saturated with backward oriented compromises
98. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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BIBFRAME
• Fusion of “MARC must die” and Linked Data @ LOC.gov
• cf. http://bibframe.org/
• Bibliographic Framework as a Linked Data Model
• Main Classes
– Creative Work - a resource reflecting a conceptual essence of the cataloging
item.
– Instance - a resource reflecting an individual, material embodiment of the
Work.
– Authority - a resource reflecting key authority concepts that have defined
relationships reflected in the Work and Instance. Examples of Authority
Resources include People,Places, Topics, Organizations, etc.
– Annotation - a resource that decorates other BIBFRAME resources with
additional information. Examples of such annotations include Library
Holdings information, cover art and reviews.
99. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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BibExtend
• W3C, Schema.org
• cf. http://www.w3.org/community/schemabibex/
• Based on schema.org:CreativeWork
– “the most generic kind of creative work, including books,
movies, photographs, software programs, etc.”
(http://schema.org/CreativeWork)
100. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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Ontologically Conceptualizing
Bibliographic Entities
• PRISM
– XML/RDF based industry standard, more at
http://www.idealliance.org/specifications/prism-metadata-initiative
• BIBO
– Extends PRISM, more at http://bibliontology.com/
• SPAR / FaBIO
– RDF based representation of FRBR, more at
http://sempublishing.sourceforge.net/ and
http://www.essepuntato.it/lode/http://purl.org/spar/fabio
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Lessons learned in Europeana
We have learned some of these lessons in
Europeana
we dropped the brand “EDL” very early
we decided not to have a 'catalogue'
We recently consolidated EDM and FRBRoo
We know that the current portal is not
enough
we devised the RDF based Europeana Data
Model (EDM)
we are gradually migrating to EDM based
operations
we make Europeana part of the Linked Open
Data cloud
102. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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An Aggregation ...
103. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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… some context
104. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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… more context
105. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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… and the Big Picture:
Object and Semantic Data Layer
106. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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Context Data
•DBpedia
•GND
•Geonames
•LCSH
•…
EDM and Linked Open Data
107. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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A Triple Win
Europeana wins ...
… as a prime resource for digital humanities scholars
… with a new and clearly focused customer group
Digital humanists win
… with a prime source of corpora on the WWW
… with new research methods based on semantic
technologies
Librarians win ...
... a new profile, a new identity
… back in content and knowledge generation
… on a par with scholars again
All libraries? All librarians??
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Recap on Librarian Metadata
• Formats
– πίνακες
– Catalog cards
– MARC Records
– FRBR
– RDF-Graphs
• Semantics
– Cataloguing Rules (AACR)
– RDA
– Ontologies & Rulesets
109. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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Semantic Annotation: Pundit
Stefan.gradmann@kuleuven.be
http://www.thepund.it/visualization-demos/timeline-demo/
110. From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
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Suggested Reading
Gregory Crane (2006): What Do you Do with a Million Books? In: Dlib Magazine, Vol.
12, March. (http://bit.ly/JhzF90)
Gutenberg Paranthesis Research Group / University of Southern Denmark: Position
Paper (http://bit.ly/JjGKb6)
David Parry: Burn the Boats/Books. Presentation to Digital Writing and Research Lab,
Austin. (http://bit.ly/JYLlJV)
David Shotton (2009a): Semantic Publishing. The coming revolution in scientific
journal publishing. Learned Publishing Volume 22, No 2, 85–94, April 2009;
doi:10.1087/2009202
David Shotton et al. (2009b): Adventures in Semantic Publishing: Exemplar Semantic
Enhancements of a Research Article (http://bit.ly/IgT5Km)
Barend Mons, Jan Velterop: Nano-Publication in the e-science era (http://bit.ly/IISMGt)
Alan Renear, Carol Palmer (2009): Strategic Reading, Ontologies and the Future of
scientific Publishing. In: Science, August 2009, p. 828 – 832.
Thank you for your patience and attention