The document summarizes a study of chemical gradients across martensite and austenite phase boundaries in a precipitation-hardened maraging-TRIP steel using atom probe tomography and simulation. The key findings are:
1) Atom probe tomography revealed Mn enrichment up to 27 at.% in a 20 nm layer at the martensite/austenite interface.
2) Other elements like Ni, Ti, Al, Mo, and Fe showed partitioning across the interface as well, with Ni enriched and other elements depleted in the boundary layer.
3) The compositional changes are explained by the difference in diffusivity between martensite and austenite, with a Mn flux toward
Study of Structural and Dielectric properties of BaTiO3 Doped with Mg-Cu-Zn F...IJSRD
The magnetoelectric (ME) composites having the general formula, (x) Mg0.25Cu0.25Zn0.5Fe2O4 + (1-x) BaTiO3 (x=15%, 30%, 45%) were synthesized by sintering mixtures of highly ferroelectric BaTiO3 and highly magnetostrictive magnetic component Mg0.25Cu0.25Zn0.5Fe2O4. The presence of constituent phases of ferrite, ferroelectric and their composites were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. Surface morphology of the samples has been investigated using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), which revealed uniform mixing of two phases. The variations in dielectric constant and dissipation factor as a function of frequency from 100 Hz to 1 MHz were measured in a Hioki LCR Hi-Tester. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss were found to decrease rapidly in the low frequency region and became almost constant in the high frequency region. The electrical conductivity deduced from the measured dielectric parameters has been analyzed and found that the conduction mechanism in these composites is in conformity with small polaron hopping model.
Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Pyrolusite, β-MnO2, Nano Crystal wit...Editor IJCATR
MnO2 nanoparticles have been synthesized by a simple combustion method using MnSO4.4H2O. The crystalline phase, morphology, optical property and magnetic property of the as prepared nanoparticle were characterized using XRD, FT-IR, FT-Raman, SEM, UV-Vis, PL and VSM respectively. Structural studies by XRD indicate that the synthesized material as tetragonal rutile crystal structure. FT-IR and FT-Raman analysis revealed the stretching vibrations of metal ions in tetrahedral co-ordination confirming the crystal structure. The PL and UV analysis having an emission band at 390 nm, showed a prominent blue peak at 453 nm as well as a green emission lines at 553 nm with band gap energy of 3.2eV. Magnetic measurements indicate that the Néel temperature of the β-MnO2 structures is 92.5K for Hc = 100 Oe which showed antiferromagnetic behaviour.
Dislocation and twin substructure evolution during strain hardening of an Fe–22 wt.% Mn–0.6 wt.% C TWIP steel observed by electron channeling contrast imaging
Characterization of Clay/Chitosan Nanocomposites and their Use for Adsorption...Editor IJCATR
In this study, composites films were prepared from Chitosan biopolymer and Montmorillonite nanoclay (MMT) by dispersion of MMT into Chitosan solution with different weight percentage (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15 and 75% wt. /wt. nanoclay/chitosan), using both sonication and casting technique methods to obtain good dispersion of nanoclay. The structural properties of these nanocomposites samples examined by XRD and FTIR . The XRD patterns indicating that formation of an intercalated nanostructure as exfoliated and flocculated structure . Also the complexion of the dopant with the biopolymer was examined by FTIR studies. The experiments of Mn(ΙΙ) ions adsorption were carried out on MMT/chitosan nanocomposites. The effect of various parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorption mass, initial Mn(ΙΙ) concentration and temperature on the adsorption of Mn(ΙΙ) removal onto MMT/chitosan nanocomposites was investigated. Two adsorption isotherm models were applied Freundlich and Langmuir to fit the experimental data. Langmuir isotherm modeling was suitable for description the data at equilibrium state. The kinetic isotherm was found to follow the pseudo-second-order model. Also, the thermodynamics parameters of the adsorption such as Gibbs free energy∆G^o, entropy ∆S^o and enthalpy ∆H^o were discussed and the results demonstrate that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic.
Functionalization of Diazomethyl Aromatic Compounds onto Single Wall Carbon N...drboon
One of the most fascinating and remarkable formulas existing in mathematics is the Euler Formula. It was formulated in 1740, constituting the main factor to reason why humankind can advance in science and mathematics. Accordingly, this research will continue investigating the potentiality of the Euler Formula or "the magical number e." The goal of the present study is to further assess the Euler formula and several of its applications such as the compound interest problem, complex numbers, trigonometry, signals (electrical engineering), and Ordinary Differential Equations. To accomplish this goal, the Euler Formula will be entered into the MATLAB software to obtain several plots representing the above applications. The importance of this study in mathematics and engineering will be discussed, and a case study on a polluted lake will be formulated.
Selective Oxidation of Cyclohexene, Toluene and Ethyl Benzene Catalyzed by Bi...Iranian Chemical Society
Bis-(L-tyrosinato)copper(II) was reacted with 3-(chloropropyl)-trimethoxysilane functionalized silica that has infused magnetite to yield a magnetically separable catalyst in which the copper carboxylate is covalently linked to the silica matrix through the silane linkage. The immobilized catalyst has been characterized by spectroscopic studies (such as FT-IR, EPR, Magnetic Measurement, SEM) and chemical analyses. The immobilized catalytic system functions as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for oxidation of cyclohexene, toluene and ethyl benzene in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (as an oxidant) and sodium bicarbonate (a co-catalyst). The reaction conditions have been optimized for solvent, temperature and amount of oxidant and catalyst. Comparison of the encapsulated catalyst with the corresponding homogeneous catalyst showed that the heterogeneous catalyst had higher activity and selectivity than the homogeneous catalyst. The immobilized catalyst could be readily recovered from the reaction mixture by using a simple magnet, and reused up to five times without any loss of activity.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Study of Structural and Dielectric properties of BaTiO3 Doped with Mg-Cu-Zn F...IJSRD
The magnetoelectric (ME) composites having the general formula, (x) Mg0.25Cu0.25Zn0.5Fe2O4 + (1-x) BaTiO3 (x=15%, 30%, 45%) were synthesized by sintering mixtures of highly ferroelectric BaTiO3 and highly magnetostrictive magnetic component Mg0.25Cu0.25Zn0.5Fe2O4. The presence of constituent phases of ferrite, ferroelectric and their composites were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. Surface morphology of the samples has been investigated using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), which revealed uniform mixing of two phases. The variations in dielectric constant and dissipation factor as a function of frequency from 100 Hz to 1 MHz were measured in a Hioki LCR Hi-Tester. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss were found to decrease rapidly in the low frequency region and became almost constant in the high frequency region. The electrical conductivity deduced from the measured dielectric parameters has been analyzed and found that the conduction mechanism in these composites is in conformity with small polaron hopping model.
Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Pyrolusite, β-MnO2, Nano Crystal wit...Editor IJCATR
MnO2 nanoparticles have been synthesized by a simple combustion method using MnSO4.4H2O. The crystalline phase, morphology, optical property and magnetic property of the as prepared nanoparticle were characterized using XRD, FT-IR, FT-Raman, SEM, UV-Vis, PL and VSM respectively. Structural studies by XRD indicate that the synthesized material as tetragonal rutile crystal structure. FT-IR and FT-Raman analysis revealed the stretching vibrations of metal ions in tetrahedral co-ordination confirming the crystal structure. The PL and UV analysis having an emission band at 390 nm, showed a prominent blue peak at 453 nm as well as a green emission lines at 553 nm with band gap energy of 3.2eV. Magnetic measurements indicate that the Néel temperature of the β-MnO2 structures is 92.5K for Hc = 100 Oe which showed antiferromagnetic behaviour.
Dislocation and twin substructure evolution during strain hardening of an Fe–22 wt.% Mn–0.6 wt.% C TWIP steel observed by electron channeling contrast imaging
Characterization of Clay/Chitosan Nanocomposites and their Use for Adsorption...Editor IJCATR
In this study, composites films were prepared from Chitosan biopolymer and Montmorillonite nanoclay (MMT) by dispersion of MMT into Chitosan solution with different weight percentage (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15 and 75% wt. /wt. nanoclay/chitosan), using both sonication and casting technique methods to obtain good dispersion of nanoclay. The structural properties of these nanocomposites samples examined by XRD and FTIR . The XRD patterns indicating that formation of an intercalated nanostructure as exfoliated and flocculated structure . Also the complexion of the dopant with the biopolymer was examined by FTIR studies. The experiments of Mn(ΙΙ) ions adsorption were carried out on MMT/chitosan nanocomposites. The effect of various parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorption mass, initial Mn(ΙΙ) concentration and temperature on the adsorption of Mn(ΙΙ) removal onto MMT/chitosan nanocomposites was investigated. Two adsorption isotherm models were applied Freundlich and Langmuir to fit the experimental data. Langmuir isotherm modeling was suitable for description the data at equilibrium state. The kinetic isotherm was found to follow the pseudo-second-order model. Also, the thermodynamics parameters of the adsorption such as Gibbs free energy∆G^o, entropy ∆S^o and enthalpy ∆H^o were discussed and the results demonstrate that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic.
Functionalization of Diazomethyl Aromatic Compounds onto Single Wall Carbon N...drboon
One of the most fascinating and remarkable formulas existing in mathematics is the Euler Formula. It was formulated in 1740, constituting the main factor to reason why humankind can advance in science and mathematics. Accordingly, this research will continue investigating the potentiality of the Euler Formula or "the magical number e." The goal of the present study is to further assess the Euler formula and several of its applications such as the compound interest problem, complex numbers, trigonometry, signals (electrical engineering), and Ordinary Differential Equations. To accomplish this goal, the Euler Formula will be entered into the MATLAB software to obtain several plots representing the above applications. The importance of this study in mathematics and engineering will be discussed, and a case study on a polluted lake will be formulated.
Selective Oxidation of Cyclohexene, Toluene and Ethyl Benzene Catalyzed by Bi...Iranian Chemical Society
Bis-(L-tyrosinato)copper(II) was reacted with 3-(chloropropyl)-trimethoxysilane functionalized silica that has infused magnetite to yield a magnetically separable catalyst in which the copper carboxylate is covalently linked to the silica matrix through the silane linkage. The immobilized catalyst has been characterized by spectroscopic studies (such as FT-IR, EPR, Magnetic Measurement, SEM) and chemical analyses. The immobilized catalytic system functions as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for oxidation of cyclohexene, toluene and ethyl benzene in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (as an oxidant) and sodium bicarbonate (a co-catalyst). The reaction conditions have been optimized for solvent, temperature and amount of oxidant and catalyst. Comparison of the encapsulated catalyst with the corresponding homogeneous catalyst showed that the heterogeneous catalyst had higher activity and selectivity than the homogeneous catalyst. The immobilized catalyst could be readily recovered from the reaction mixture by using a simple magnet, and reused up to five times without any loss of activity.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Structural and magnetic properties on F-doped LiVO2 with two-dimensional tria...Yang Li
The layered oxide LiVO2 recently has received more attention due to its interesting structural and magnetic behaviors involving the two-dimensional magnetic frustration in these systems. We synthesized a series of F-doped LiVO2 samples, and reported the F-doping effect on the structure and transition temperature Tt. The samples LiVO2-xFx (x=0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), magnetic susceptibility and specific heat measurement. The structural analysis shows that with increasing x, the ratio of lattice parameter c/a increasing, i.e. in the a-b plane the lattice is compressed while in the c-axis direction the lattice expands. The DSC measurements show that a first-order phase transition happens at around 500 K, and the thermal hysteresis around phase transition temperature Tt increases with increasing x. Substitution of O with F ions results in a change of two dimensional characteristics and the distortion of the VO6 block in structure, which significantly influence the magnetic ordering transition temperature Tt.
Structural, Electrical and Magnetotransport properties of La0.7Ca0.2Sr0.1MnO3...IOSR Journals
The sample of manganite perovskite oxide La0.7Ca0.2Sr0.1MnO3 has been prepared by solution combustion synthesis. The synthesized sample has been pelletized and further sintered at 8000C for 8 hours. The XRD pattern reveals that the samples are of single phase nature with orthorhombic structure and the diffraction patterns can be indexed with the pbnm space groups. The crystallite sizes calculated from broadening of XRD peaks using Scherrer’s formula were about 18 nm. Resistivity measurements were performed in the temperature range 2K under 3, 5, 10 and 14 T field using PPMS. Magnetoresistance shows a shift in metal-insulator transition temperature from ~213 K at zero field to ~250 K at 14T. MR value decreases as the temperature increases and at 300 K maximum value of MR is found to be ~ 22% for an applied field of 14 T. MR of ~ 28% is observed at 230 K. MR of ~ 35% is observed at 150 K in an applied field of 14 T and MR has negative sign
Preparation of lithium ferrite nanoparticles by high energy ball milling and ...IJERA Editor
Ferrites are ferrimagnetic ceramic materials with inherent useful electromagnetic properties. Of them, spinelstructured ferrites are promising materials for microwave device applications; stress/torsion sensors and energy storage applications like anode materials in lithium batteries, fuel cells, solar cells etc. Nanostructured spinels further have high and wide scope of potential applications. In the present study, two different types of varied sized ferrimagnetic lithium ferrite spinel nanoparticles prepared using chemical sol-gel auto-combustion method were chosen. The prepared spinel particles were heated at 300°C for 1h. After heating the powders were milled using a High Energy Ball Mill for 30 minutes to further grind the particles and then subjected to various characterizations. Structural characterization was done using X-Ray Diffraction Method (XRD). The study revealed the spinel structure of these samples. Structural parameter such as lattice constant was determined using XRD data and found that the lattice parameter agrees with the standard data. DLS study found the agglomerations of the nanoparticles. The synthesized nanospinel particles were also characterized by the UVVis Spectroscopy, the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Finally the magnetic hysteresis properties were studied using a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM)
Microstructural and Magnetic Properties of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Synth...ijtsrd
Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4), an inverse spinal ferrite has high permeability, good saturation 1magnetization and no preferred direction of magnetization, high Curie temperature, and high electromagnetic performance. In the present work 0.2M cobalt nitrate 0.3M ferric nitrate and 0.4 M citric acid is used to synthesis cobalt ferrite nanoparticle by sol-gel technique. As the magnetic property depends on the grain size of the synthesized nanoparticle, metal nitrate to citric acid ratio is varied from 0.8, 0.6 and 0.4 and the structural, functional morphological and magnetic characteristics are analyzed. The structural analysis shows the decrease in the average crystallite from 37 to 27nm when CAMN ratio decreases from 0.8 to 0.4. The strain is directly proportional to dislocation density and it reflects the growth of the average grain size, and in the present study, it reflects the same. The calculated lattice parameter is found to be close to 8.373 Ã… and the volume of the cell is found to be 5.63x10-28 m is close to the standard value for the cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. From the EDS spectrum, the presence of Co, Fe, and O in the synthesized nanoparticles are noted. Functional groups analysis by FTIR shows the presence of organic sources. Surface morphology by Scanning electron microscope shows the distribution of spherical sized nanoparticles agglomerated in different sizes and the grain size calculated by image J software are close to the calculated value by Scherrer formula from XRD. Chitra | T Raguram | K S Rajni"Microstructural and Magnetic Properties of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Synthesized by Sol-Gel Technique" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15871.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/15871/microstructural-and-magnetic-properties-of-cobalt-ferrite-nanoparticles-synthesized-by-sol-gel-technique/chitra
Novel computing technologies that imitate the principles of biological neural systems may offer low power consumption along with distinct cognitive and learning advantages [1], [2]. The development of reliable memristive devices capable of storing multiple states of information has opened up new applications such as neuromorphic circuits and adaptive systems [3], [4]. At the same time, the explosive growth of the printed electronics industry has expedited the search for advanced memory materials suitable for manufacturing flexible devices [5].
Synthesis and study of structural and magnetic properties of superparamagneti...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
This paper describes coating of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) with amorphous silica shells.
Materials and Methods:
First, magnetite (Fe3O4) NPs were synthesized by co-precipitation method and then treated with stabilizer molecule of trisodium citrate to enhance their dispersibility. Afterwards, coating with silica was carried out via a sol-gel approach in which the electrostatically stabilized MNPs were used as seeds. The samples were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM).
Results:
The results of XRD analysis implied that the prepared nanocomposite consists of two compounds of crystalline magnetite and amorphous silica that formation of their core/shell structure with the shell thickness of about 5 nm was confirmed by TEM images. The magnetic studies also indicated that produced Fe3O4@SiO2 core/shell nanocomposite exhibits superparamagnetic properties at room temperature.
Conclusion:
These core/shell structure due to having superparamagnetic property of Fe3O4 and unique properties of SiO2, offers a high potential for many biomedical applications.
Keywords
Magnetite; Silica; Core-shell structure; Superparamagnetism; Biomedical applications
In this study, the layer-by-layer technique is used to deposit nanostructured films exhibiting electrical
conductivity and magnetic behavior, from poly(o-ethoxyaniline) (POEA), sulfonated polystyrene (PSS) and
positively-charged maghemite nanoparticles. In order to incorporate the nanoparticles into the films,
maghemite nanoparticles, in the form of magnetic fluid, were added to POEA solutions, and the resulting
suspensions were used for film deposition. UV–Vis spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy images reveal
that POEA remains doped in the films, even in the presence of the maghemite nanoparticles, and its typical
globular morphology is also present. Electrical measurements show that a POEA/PSS film prepared from
POEA solution containing 800 μL of the magnetic fluid exhibits a similar conductivity to that of the control
film and, additionally, magnetic measurements indicated that nanosized maghemite phase was incorporated
within the polymeric film.
Computationally Driven Characterization of Magnetism, Adsorption, and Reactiv...Joshua Borycz
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of nanoporous materials that are com- posed of metal-containing nodes connected by organic linkers. The study of MOFs has grown in importance due to the wide range of possible node and linker combinations, which allow tailoring towards specific applications. This work demonstrates that the- ory can complement experiment in a way that advances the chemical understanding of MOFs. This thesis contains the results of several investigations on three different areas of MOF research: 1) magnetism, 2) CO2 adsorption, and 3) catalysis.
Structural and magnetic properties on F-doped LiVO2 with two-dimensional tria...Yang Li
The layered oxide LiVO2 recently has received more attention due to its interesting structural and magnetic behaviors involving the two-dimensional magnetic frustration in these systems. We synthesized a series of F-doped LiVO2 samples, and reported the F-doping effect on the structure and transition temperature Tt. The samples LiVO2-xFx (x=0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), magnetic susceptibility and specific heat measurement. The structural analysis shows that with increasing x, the ratio of lattice parameter c/a increasing, i.e. in the a-b plane the lattice is compressed while in the c-axis direction the lattice expands. The DSC measurements show that a first-order phase transition happens at around 500 K, and the thermal hysteresis around phase transition temperature Tt increases with increasing x. Substitution of O with F ions results in a change of two dimensional characteristics and the distortion of the VO6 block in structure, which significantly influence the magnetic ordering transition temperature Tt.
Structural, Electrical and Magnetotransport properties of La0.7Ca0.2Sr0.1MnO3...IOSR Journals
The sample of manganite perovskite oxide La0.7Ca0.2Sr0.1MnO3 has been prepared by solution combustion synthesis. The synthesized sample has been pelletized and further sintered at 8000C for 8 hours. The XRD pattern reveals that the samples are of single phase nature with orthorhombic structure and the diffraction patterns can be indexed with the pbnm space groups. The crystallite sizes calculated from broadening of XRD peaks using Scherrer’s formula were about 18 nm. Resistivity measurements were performed in the temperature range 2K under 3, 5, 10 and 14 T field using PPMS. Magnetoresistance shows a shift in metal-insulator transition temperature from ~213 K at zero field to ~250 K at 14T. MR value decreases as the temperature increases and at 300 K maximum value of MR is found to be ~ 22% for an applied field of 14 T. MR of ~ 28% is observed at 230 K. MR of ~ 35% is observed at 150 K in an applied field of 14 T and MR has negative sign
Preparation of lithium ferrite nanoparticles by high energy ball milling and ...IJERA Editor
Ferrites are ferrimagnetic ceramic materials with inherent useful electromagnetic properties. Of them, spinelstructured ferrites are promising materials for microwave device applications; stress/torsion sensors and energy storage applications like anode materials in lithium batteries, fuel cells, solar cells etc. Nanostructured spinels further have high and wide scope of potential applications. In the present study, two different types of varied sized ferrimagnetic lithium ferrite spinel nanoparticles prepared using chemical sol-gel auto-combustion method were chosen. The prepared spinel particles were heated at 300°C for 1h. After heating the powders were milled using a High Energy Ball Mill for 30 minutes to further grind the particles and then subjected to various characterizations. Structural characterization was done using X-Ray Diffraction Method (XRD). The study revealed the spinel structure of these samples. Structural parameter such as lattice constant was determined using XRD data and found that the lattice parameter agrees with the standard data. DLS study found the agglomerations of the nanoparticles. The synthesized nanospinel particles were also characterized by the UVVis Spectroscopy, the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Finally the magnetic hysteresis properties were studied using a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM)
Microstructural and Magnetic Properties of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Synth...ijtsrd
Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4), an inverse spinal ferrite has high permeability, good saturation 1magnetization and no preferred direction of magnetization, high Curie temperature, and high electromagnetic performance. In the present work 0.2M cobalt nitrate 0.3M ferric nitrate and 0.4 M citric acid is used to synthesis cobalt ferrite nanoparticle by sol-gel technique. As the magnetic property depends on the grain size of the synthesized nanoparticle, metal nitrate to citric acid ratio is varied from 0.8, 0.6 and 0.4 and the structural, functional morphological and magnetic characteristics are analyzed. The structural analysis shows the decrease in the average crystallite from 37 to 27nm when CAMN ratio decreases from 0.8 to 0.4. The strain is directly proportional to dislocation density and it reflects the growth of the average grain size, and in the present study, it reflects the same. The calculated lattice parameter is found to be close to 8.373 Ã… and the volume of the cell is found to be 5.63x10-28 m is close to the standard value for the cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. From the EDS spectrum, the presence of Co, Fe, and O in the synthesized nanoparticles are noted. Functional groups analysis by FTIR shows the presence of organic sources. Surface morphology by Scanning electron microscope shows the distribution of spherical sized nanoparticles agglomerated in different sizes and the grain size calculated by image J software are close to the calculated value by Scherrer formula from XRD. Chitra | T Raguram | K S Rajni"Microstructural and Magnetic Properties of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Synthesized by Sol-Gel Technique" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15871.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/15871/microstructural-and-magnetic-properties-of-cobalt-ferrite-nanoparticles-synthesized-by-sol-gel-technique/chitra
Novel computing technologies that imitate the principles of biological neural systems may offer low power consumption along with distinct cognitive and learning advantages [1], [2]. The development of reliable memristive devices capable of storing multiple states of information has opened up new applications such as neuromorphic circuits and adaptive systems [3], [4]. At the same time, the explosive growth of the printed electronics industry has expedited the search for advanced memory materials suitable for manufacturing flexible devices [5].
Synthesis and study of structural and magnetic properties of superparamagneti...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
This paper describes coating of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) with amorphous silica shells.
Materials and Methods:
First, magnetite (Fe3O4) NPs were synthesized by co-precipitation method and then treated with stabilizer molecule of trisodium citrate to enhance their dispersibility. Afterwards, coating with silica was carried out via a sol-gel approach in which the electrostatically stabilized MNPs were used as seeds. The samples were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM).
Results:
The results of XRD analysis implied that the prepared nanocomposite consists of two compounds of crystalline magnetite and amorphous silica that formation of their core/shell structure with the shell thickness of about 5 nm was confirmed by TEM images. The magnetic studies also indicated that produced Fe3O4@SiO2 core/shell nanocomposite exhibits superparamagnetic properties at room temperature.
Conclusion:
These core/shell structure due to having superparamagnetic property of Fe3O4 and unique properties of SiO2, offers a high potential for many biomedical applications.
Keywords
Magnetite; Silica; Core-shell structure; Superparamagnetism; Biomedical applications
In this study, the layer-by-layer technique is used to deposit nanostructured films exhibiting electrical
conductivity and magnetic behavior, from poly(o-ethoxyaniline) (POEA), sulfonated polystyrene (PSS) and
positively-charged maghemite nanoparticles. In order to incorporate the nanoparticles into the films,
maghemite nanoparticles, in the form of magnetic fluid, were added to POEA solutions, and the resulting
suspensions were used for film deposition. UV–Vis spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy images reveal
that POEA remains doped in the films, even in the presence of the maghemite nanoparticles, and its typical
globular morphology is also present. Electrical measurements show that a POEA/PSS film prepared from
POEA solution containing 800 μL of the magnetic fluid exhibits a similar conductivity to that of the control
film and, additionally, magnetic measurements indicated that nanosized maghemite phase was incorporated
within the polymeric film.
Computationally Driven Characterization of Magnetism, Adsorption, and Reactiv...Joshua Borycz
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of nanoporous materials that are com- posed of metal-containing nodes connected by organic linkers. The study of MOFs has grown in importance due to the wide range of possible node and linker combinations, which allow tailoring towards specific applications. This work demonstrates that the- ory can complement experiment in a way that advances the chemical understanding of MOFs. This thesis contains the results of several investigations on three different areas of MOF research: 1) magnetism, 2) CO2 adsorption, and 3) catalysis.
The Brazilian Economy is one of the oldest publications for expert economic analysis of both the Brazilian and international economies. Through this publication, FGV’s Brazilian Institute of Economics and Finance (FGV/IBRE) compares different periods of the economy, assessing both macroeconomic considerations and scenarios related to finance, administration, marketing, management, insurance, statistics, and price indices.
For more information, and Brazilian economic index results, visit: http://bit.ly/1EA1Loz
B2weB - Seminari GRATUITI riservati alle aziende.
Produttori di impianti e sistemi per la climatizzazione e le energie rinnovabili.
Vicenza, Maggio 2013 - Milano, Marzo 2014
Cursos personalizados
Se dictan todo el año - Fechas a convenir de mutua conveniencia.
Duración: 3 días de jueves a sábado.
Lugar: Laboratorio RN PROTESIS, Buenos Aires
Dirigido a : contactólogos y optómetras que deseen iniciarse en la adaptación de prótesis oculares.
Objetivos: brindarle al participante los conocimientos necesarios que le permitan desenvolverse en el gabinete para la atención de pacientes necesitados de prótesis oculares. Se lo capacita en el manejo de todas las variantes que se requieren para poder realizar eficazmente los pedidos de prótesis a sus pacientes.
NO INCLUYE LA FABRICACIÓN.
Temario:
Prótesis Oculares
Trato con el Paciente
Adaptación
Toma de medidas.
Molde de la cavidad
Pedido a laboratorio
Atención de pacientes
Retoques.
Programa detallado en
INFORMES:
IPEC ARGENTINA
RN PROTESIS
Tel. (5411) 4381-7514 / Cel: (54911) 51131408
e-mail: cursos@e-ipec.com.ar
www.e-ipec.com..ar
www.rnprotesis.com
All Presentations: International Trade Solution Seminar, August 12, 2014leecoedo
All presentations offered at the August 12th, International Trade Solution Seminar in Fort Myers, FL. Presentations included:
Exporting and the SBDC - Kevin Brady
"The World is Open for Your Business" - Dan Bjerk
"Financial Support for US Exports" - Elena Mendez
"SBA Financing Options" - Charles Long
"EFI Trade Development Program" - Stephanie Pavolini
"Private Sector Liaison Officer World Bank" - Max Stewart
One step at a time numbers are changing the world. Education, politics, transport: so many areas of of our lives have been enhanced through quantification. One stat, one infographic at a time, society has become acclimatised to talking about the world through the lens of numbers, data and patterns. Our contemporary view of the world is now rooted in quantification.
So it’s no surprise really that the next frontier to be enhanced by ‘quantification’ should be our own personal lives. Our health, our finances, our habits. The Quantified Self’s time has come. Venture funding for Quantified Self startups has increased 165% in the last year . There are now over 500 different tools listed on the hub site for the Quantified Self movement.
So could it be that personal data is the secret weapon to help us rise through this, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? Could it be that self-quantification will evolve us to the pinnacle - of self-actualisation?
Not yet. When you look at the majority of Self Tracking tools out there - tools to track my sleep, tools to track my movement, tools to track what i eat, they are still firmly rooted at the bottom of the pyramid. Currently we’re not rising up the hierarchy of needs so much as getting really good at the basics.
Actualisation has become a the hot topic on the West Coast and our greatest innovators are turning their attention to the question of how technology can improve our overall human condition. Using technology to help us find focus and mindfulness in an increasingly stressed out world. Using technology to inspire awareness and wisdom - 2.0.
The underlying principle is that quantification acts as a mirror, forcing us to stop and to look - at both ourselves and our actions - to notice patterns, problems and habits we can fix.
[Examples of the Hierarchy of the Quantified Self]
Knowledge - rational awareness of what we’re doing - isn’t enough to change our behaviours. The majority of our behaviours are automatic, emotional, irrational - driven by a very different part of the brain to the one that processes data.
To help us evolve as people, the quantified self must be able to change behaviour too. And simply looking retrospectively at our data will never be enough to impact that behaviour. Bad habits are too ingrained and automatic for that.
----
Much of our discourse on self-analysis is still rooted in the ideas, language and codes of psychology laid out by people like Freud a century ago. It is a field still heavily weighted towards using words and metaphors. Language over data. It’s probably time we brought a little more quantification, a little bit more science into the way we think about how we think and feel.
But any form of quantification should be counterbalanced by qualification. Because the real value often doesn’t come from the data at all, but from the process of doing, documenting and then reflecting on those experiences through documentation.
Pilar Soler, Executive Director
Pilar Soler is the Executive Director of the Spanish National Focal Point, responsible for the coordination and management of the EEA Grants in Spain.
Pilar will talk about the importance of having a Communication Officer inside the NFP, a person who is aware of the crucial job the NFP does, someone who can promote a unified image of the effect of the EEA Grants in Spain taking into account the characteristics and unique features of the country.
Cristina Blas Miranda, Communication Officer, National Focal Point, Spain
Cristina Blas is the Communication Officer for the Spanish National Focal Point, in charge of implementing the Communication Strategy. The Spanish National Focal Point is within the Spanish Ministry of Finance. Cristina will present the distinguishing feature of their communications: telling the personal stories of the beneficiaries of the Grants in our website. Cristina visits the projects, meets the beneficiaries and share their stories on the NFP website. The presentation would be about that and the results we are obtaining.
Segregation and partitioning phenomena at phase boundaries of complex steels are important for their microstructural, mechanical, and kinetic properties. We present nanoscopic atom probe tomography results across martensite/austenite phase boundaries in a precipitation-hardened maraging TRIP steel after aging at 450°C for 48 hours (12.2 at.% Mn, 1.9 at.% Ni, 0.6 at.% Mo, 1.2 at.% Ti, 0.1 at.% Si, 0.3 at.% Al, 0.05 at.% C). The system reveals compositional changes at the phase boundaries: Mn and Ni are enriched ~2.1 and 1.2 times, respectively, relative to the average matrix content. In contrast, Ti is depleted ~6.9 times relative to the average content, Al ~6.6 times, Mo ~2.0 times, and Fe ~1.2 times. The strong accumulation of Mn at the interfaces is of particular interest as it strongly affects the transformation equilibrium and kinetics in steels. We observe up to 27 at. % Mn in a 20 nm thick layer at the martensite/austenite phase boundary. This can be explained by a large difference in diffusivity between martensite and austenite. The high diffusivity in martensite leads to a Mn-flux towards austenite. The low diffusivity in austenite does not allow accommodation of this flux within the matrix. Consequently, the phase boundary moves towards martensite with a Mn-composition given by the local equilibrium condition. This interpretation relies on diffusion calculations performed with the method DICTRA. A mixed-mode approach involving finite interface mobility was also applied to refine the agreement with the experiments. In order to achieve a good agreement the diffusivity in martensite had to be increased compared to ferrite. This can be attributed to a high defect density.
Modulus spectroscopy study on Ferroelectric Lithium and Titanium modified Lea...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Electronic structure and magnetic properties of timn3 n, timn3 and mnti3 comp...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Tight Binding Linear Muffin Tin Orbital Method has been employed to obtain the electronic and Magnetic properties of TiMn3N and ordered TiMn3 Compounds. The Equilibrium volume has been found for each compound using self-consistent band structure calculations at several lattice parameters. Obtained results reveals that TiMn3 is ferromagnetic with 3.3624μB as magnetic moment at Mn sites and-1.2174μB at Ti sites. Hence TiMn3 attains the stable magnetic order at Ferromagnetic and Non-Magnetic calculations, while TiMn3N shows the nonmagnetic phase as a stable one during FM and NM calculations.
Keywords: Ferromagnetic, Non-Magnetic, Tight Binding Linear Muffin Tin Orbital method
Studies of the Atomic and Crystalline Characteristics of Ceramic Oxide Nano P...albertdivis
In the present study, some transition metal oxides (Zinc oxide, iron oxide and copper oxide) which are widely used in the fabrication of electronic devices were selected and subjected to biofield treatment.
Studies of the Atomic and Crystalline Characteristics of Ceramic Oxide Nano P...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
In the present study, some transition metal oxides (Zinc oxide, iron oxide and copper oxide) which are widely used in the fabrication of electronic devices were selected and subjected to biofield treatment.
Nanocomposite ion exchanger, poly-o-toluidine/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes/Sn(IV)
tungstate (POT/MWCNT/ST) was chemically synthesized by mixing of organic polymers i.e. o-toluidine into
inorganic gels of Sn(IV) tungstate (ST) and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) with different mixing
volume ratios. Ion-exchange kinetics for few divalent metal ions was evaluated by particle diffusion-controlled
and ion-exchange phenomenon at four different temperatures. The particle diffusion mechanism is confirmed by
the linear τ (dimensionless time parameter) Vs t (time) plots. The exchange processes were controlled by the
diffusion within the exchanger particle for the systems studies. Some physical parameters like self-diffusion
coefficient (D0), energy of activation (Ea) and entropy of activation (ΔS0) have been evaluated under conditions
favouring a particle diffusion-controlled mechanism.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
- Nanoparticles NiFe2-xTbxO4 (x=0.00, 0.04, 0.08,
0.12) ferrite was prepared by solgel combution method. The
samples were characterized with X-ray diffraction and TEM
measurements. The effect of Tb3+ cations substitution on
structure of prepared nanoparticles was investigated. From the
analysis, the system was found to be inverse spinel cubic
structure. The lattice parameter (a) changes increases with Tb
doping content. Room temperature DC electrical resistivity
decreases. Dielectric properties have been studied in the
frequency range of 1 kHz to 5 MHz. Permittivity and tangent
loss (tanδ) decreases with the substitution of Tb3+ in parent
crystal structure.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
Overview combining ab initio with continuum theoryDierk Raabe
Multi-methodological approaches combining quantum-mechanical and/or atomistic simulations
with continuum methods have become increasingly important when addressing multi-scale phenomena in
computational materials science. A crucial aspect when applying these strategies is to carefully check,
and if possible to control, a variety of intrinsic errors and their propagation through a particular multimethodological
scheme. The first part of our paper critically reviews a few selected sources of errors
frequently occurring in quantum-mechanical approaches to materials science and their multi-scale propagation
when describing properties of multi-component and multi-phase polycrystalline metallic alloys.
Our analysis is illustrated in particular on the determination of i) thermodynamic materials properties at
finite temperatures and ii) integral elastic responses. The second part addresses methodological challenges
emerging at interfaces between electronic structure and/or atomistic modeling on the one side and selected
continuum methods, such as crystal elasticity and crystal plasticity finite element method (CEFEM and
CPFEM), new fast Fourier transforms (FFT) approach, and phase-field modeling, on the other side.
Investigation of the indentation size effect through the measurement of the geometrically necessary dislocations beneath small indents
of different depths using EBSD tomography
Imaging of dislocations and twins in TWIP steels using electron channeling contrast imaging under controlled diffraction conditions in a scanning electron microscope
High manganese conference korea twip steelDierk Raabe
Lecture about the effects of strain path and crystallographic texture on microstructure in Fe–22 wt.% Mn–0.6 wt.% C TWIP steels using Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging (ECCI) and EBSD
1. Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Acta Materialia 59 (2011) 364–374
www.elsevier.com/locate/actamat
Chemical gradients across phase boundaries between martensite
and austenite in steel studied by atom probe tomography and simulation
O. Dmitrieva a, D. Ponge a, G. Inden a, J. Millan a, P. Choi a, J. Sietsma b, D. Raabe a,⇑
´
a
Max-Planck-Institut fur Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Dusseldorf, Germany
¨ ¨
b
Delft University of Technology, Faculty 3mE, Dept. MSE, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
Received 14 June 2010; received in revised form 2 September 2010; accepted 22 September 2010
Available online 18 October 2010
Abstract
Partitioning at phase boundaries of complex steels is important for their properties. We present atom probe tomography results across
martensite/austenite interfaces in a precipitation-hardened maraging-TRIP steel (12.2 Mn, 1.9 Ni, 0.6 Mo, 1.2 Ti, 0.3 Al; at.%). The sys-
tem reveals compositional changes at the phase boundaries: Mn and Ni are enriched while Ti, Al, Mo and Fe are depleted. More specific,
we observe up to 27 at.% Mn in a 20 nm layer at the phase boundary. This is explained by the large difference in diffusivity between
martensite and austenite. The high diffusivity in martensite leads to a Mn flux towards the retained austenite. The low diffusivity in
the austenite does not allow accommodation of this flux. Consequently, the austenite grows with a Mn composition given by local equi-
librium. The interpretation is based on DICTRA and mixed-mode diffusion calculations (using a finite interface mobility).
Ó 2010 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Precipitation hardening; High-strength steels; TRIP; Aging; Atom probe tomography
1. Introduction with the maraging (i.e. martensite aging) effect [12,13]. The
TRIP effect exploits the deformation-stimulated transfor-
Mn is among the most important alloying elements for mation of metastable retained austenite into martensite
the design of advanced high-strength steels, as it affects and the resulting plasticity required to accommodate
the stabilization of the austenite, the stacking fault energy the transformation misfit [1–7]. The maraging effect uses
and the transformation kinetics [1–11]. Besides these global the hardening of the heavily strained martensite through
mechanisms which are exploited particularly in designing the formation of nanosized intermetallic precipitates
steels with transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) and during aging heat treatment. The maraging-TRIP steels
twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) effects, Mn has very used in this work reveal the surprising property that both
low diffusion rates in the austenite and a high segregation strength and total elongation increase upon aging, reaching
or respectively partitioning tendency at interfaces. This an ultimate tensile strength of nearly 1.3 GPa at an elonga-
context makes Mn (as well as the other elements discussed tion above 20% [12–14].
in this paper) a very interesting candidate for an atomic- The studied alloy contains 12.2 at.% Mn, low carbon
scale study of compositional changes across austenite/ content (0.05 at.%) and minor additions of Ni, Ti, Al and
martensite interfaces. Mo. Its microstructure after aging is characterized by the
The specific material studied in this work is a precipita- presence of up to 15–20 vol.% austenite, a fine martensite
tion-hardened alloy that we refer to as maraging-TRIP matrix, and dispersed nanoscaled Ni–Al–Mn-enriched
steel. It was developed by combining the TRIP mechanism zones [12–14]. Besides the increase in strength, a simulta-
neous increase of ductility was found upon aging. This
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 2116792325; fax: +49 2116792333. effect is interpreted in terms of sluggish reaustenitization
E-mail address: d.raabe@mpie.de (D. Raabe). during aging and the effect of tempering of the as-quenched
1359-6454/$36.00 Ó 2010 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2010.09.042
2. O. Dmitrieva et al. / Acta Materialia 59 (2011) 364–374 365
martensite [14]. Partial retransformation into austenite 3. Results
(besides the existing retained austenite) by a reconstructive
mechanism involving Mn partitioning might be responsible 3.1. Analysis of the 3-D atom probe reconstruction
for this process.
In order to elucidate this transformation phenomenon, 3.1.1. Manganese distribution
particularly the role of Mn, we focus in this work on the Fig. 1a gives a microstructure overview of the maraging-
analysis of nanoscale elemental diffusion gradients across TRIP steel after quenching and subsequent aging (48 h at
abutting martensite/retained austenite phase areas. Atom 450 °C). The upper micrograph is an electron backscatter
probe tomography (APT) is a characterization technique diffraction (EBSD) image where the cubic martensite is
that provides three-dimensional elemental mapping with plotted green and the retained austenite red (the retained
nearly atomic resolution and gives information on the austenite was already present in the as-quenched state
topology of interfaces and local chemical gradients [15– before aging [12–14]). The middle image shows a transmis-
27]. We conducted APT using an advanced local electrode sion electron microscopy (TEM) micrograph with precipi-
atom probe device (Imago LEAP 3000X HR). Both the tate-containing martensite and precipitate-free austenite.
two phases (austenite, martensite) and the interfaces The bottom image shows an APT reproduction which
between them were chemically analyzed at the atomic scale. includes both martensitic and austenitic zones. Ni atoms
Additionally, statistical thermodynamic and kinetic calcu- are shown in cyan and Mn atoms in blue. The yellow iso-
lations were conducted for the given initial and boundary surfaces indicate 18 at.% Mn. Note that the three images
values using Thermo-Calc [28,29] in conjunction with the reveal the hierarchy of the microstructure but the individ-
kinetic simulation software DICTRA [30–32] and with a ual images were not taken at precisely the positions indi-
mixed-mode kinetic approach that considers finite interface cated. Fig. 1b gives a local overview of the distribution of
mobility [33,34]. the Ni and Mn atoms in the center of the APT data set pre-
sented in Fig. 1a. For clarity, only a longitudinal section of
2. Experimental 20 nm thickness is shown, in which only 7.8% of all
detected Ni (cyan) and 1.5% of all Mn (dark blue) atoms
The investigated maraging-TRIP steel with a composi- are displayed. The whole analysis volume is about
tion of 12.2 Mn, 1.9 Ni, 0.6 Mo, 1.2 Ti, 0.1 Si, 0.3 Al and 4 Â 105 nm3. Fig. 1a and b show three main zones that
0.05 C (at.%) was melted and cast in a vacuum induction fur- are separated by inclined plate-like Mn accumulations.
nace. Before final age hardening, a solution treatment was Ni-rich nanoprecipitates are dispersed in the left- and
performed in Ar atmosphere at 1050 °C for 0.5 h followed right-hand areas. Besides the Ni atoms, higher amounts
by water quenching. This led to a microstructure consisting of Al, Mn, and Ti were also detected in these clusters
of martensite and retained austenite. Final aging was con- (Table 1). In the center part between the Mn-enriched
ducted for 48 h at 450 °C. After aging the sample was plates, no precipitates appear. This observation strongly
quenched in water. Details of the alloy preparation have suggests that this zone corresponds to austenite, whereas
been published elsewhere [12–14]. the abutting areas containing precipitates are martensitic.
APT samples were prepared by electrochemical polish- Correlative TEM investigations conducted on this alloy
ing and subsequent sharpening using a focused ion beam in the same aging state (48 h, 450 °C) support the sugges-
device. Pulsed-laser APT was performed using a local elec- tion that the nanoparticles that are enriched in Ni, Al
trode atom probe (LEAPe 3000X HR, Imago Scientific and Mn formed in the martensitic microstructure while
Instruments) tomograph at a specimen temperature of the retained austenite (total volume fraction about 15–20
54 K. An ultrafast pulsed laser of $10 ps pulse width and vol.%) was precipitate-free [13,14] (Fig. 1a). From these
532 nm wavelength was applied at a frequency of observations we conclude that the present volume probed
250 kHz. The laser pulse energy was set to 0.4 nJ. The by APT contains an austenitic grain enclosed between
detection rate (target evaporation rate) amounted to 5 two martensitic grains. Quantitative chemical analysis of
atoms per 1000 pulses. Data analysis was performed using the interfaces between austenite and martensite was per-
the IVASÒ software from Imago Scientific Instruments. formed using 1-D concentration profiles computed over
The specific APT data set analyzed in this work contains the region of interest (transparent cylindrical units)
about 70 million ions. We used an evaporation field con- (Fig. 2a). We calculated the Mn content averaged over
stant of 26 V nm–1 for the atomic reconstruction. the 0.5 nm thick cross-sections of the cylinders at a profile
Phase fractions and the elemental compositions in ther- step size of 0.5 nm. For both interfaces, a strong increase in
modynamic equilibrium were calculated using the software the Mn content up to 27 at.% was observed (Fig. 2b). Away
Thermo-Calc [28]. The software DICTRA [30–32] and a from the interface, the content of Mn within the austenite
mixed-mode kinetic approach including finite interface amounts to about 12 at.% which is close to the average
mobility [33,34] were applied to simulate diffusion-con- chemical composition of the alloy. Within the bulk mar-
trolled phase transformations. The simulations were per- tensite the Mn content amounts to about 10 at.%. Mn
formed using the thermodynamic database TCFE6 [29] depletion in the martensite down to 6 at.% was observed
and the mobility database MOB2. close to the interface.
3. 366 O. Dmitrieva et al. / Acta Materialia 59 (2011) 364–374
In order to exclude the contribution of the precipitates
from the chemical profile within the martensitic area, we
separately measured the 1-D concentration profiles within
the martensitic matrix after removing the precipitate zones
from the analysis volume (described in detail below). The
reason for this procedure is that the martensitic area is in
itself a two-phase region consisting of martensite and pre-
cipitates. Hence, we aim with this method at the separation
of the martensite elemental composition and the precipitate
elemental composition. These two corrected profiles, con-
taining only the martensite composition, are included in
Fig. 2b on the left-hand side in the martensitic area marked
“M”. The curves are separated from the profile across the
interface and in the austenite (“A”).
3.1.2. Distribution of other alloying elements
Fig. 3 shows the concentration profiles for the other
alloying elements across one of the martensite/austenite
phase boundary zones. The area selected is indicated by
“Mn layer 2” in Fig. 2a. In addition to Mn (which is
studied here in more detail owing to its relevance for
high-strength steels), all other elements also reveal a strong
partitioning between the two phases. While Mn is enriched
by about 2.1 times within the interface boundary layer rel-
ative to its average content in the alloy, Ni is accumulated
1.2 times in the same zone. All other elements are depleted
in the interface zone: Ti decays by a factor of about 6.9
times relative to the average content, Al by a factor of
6.6, Mo 2.0 and Fe 1.2. Another important observation
is the large chemical width of the phase boundary zone:
the enrichment zone associated with the austenite/martens-
ite interface extends over a length of about 20 nm normal
to the boundary segment studied.
3.1.3. Chemical analysis of the nanoparticles and of the alloy
matrix
The nanoparticles detected in the martensite were ana-
lyzed using a cluster search algorithm implemented in the
3
Fig. 1. (a) Microstructure overview of the maraging-TRIP steel after
quenching and subsequent aging (48 h at 450 °C). The upper micrograph
is an EBSD image where the cubic martensite is plotted green and the
retained austenite red (the retained austenite was already present in the as-
quenched state before aging). The middle image shows a TEM micrograph
with precipitate-containing martensite and precipitate-free austenite. The
bottom image shows an APT reproduction which includes both martens-
itic and austenitic zones. Ni atoms are given in cyan and Mn atoms in
blue. The yellow isosurfaces indicate 18 at.% Mn. Note that the three
images correctly reveal the hierarchy of the microstructure but the
individual images were not taken at precisely the positions indicated. (b)
20 nm thick middle layer slice through the APT reconstruction of the
maraging-TRIP steel shown in (a). Ni atoms (cyan symbols) are
accumulated in precipitates in the martensitic grains (left- and right-hand
side). The precipitate-free austenite (right-hand center) is bordered by
plate-like zones that are characterized by strong Mn enrichment (blue
symbols). Red dotted lines illustrate the suggested crystallographic
positions of the phase boundaries between martensite and austenite.
4. O. Dmitrieva et al. / Acta Materialia 59 (2011) 364–374 367
Fig. 1 (continued)
Table 1
(Experimental results) Elemental composition of the alloy measured globally on the as-cast sample using wet chemical analysis (total content melt) and
obtained locally from the APT measurement on the specimen volume containing a martensite/austenite phase boundary of 450 °C/48 h aged steel (total
content APT; martensite; austenite). Enrichment factors are calculated as the relation between the elemental content within the particles to the total
content of element in the alloy.
Chemical content, at.% Total content (melt) Total content (in APT) Martensite Austenite
Total Matrix Particles Enrichment factor
Fe 83.71 83.21 84.38 86.82 40.32 0.48 83.53
Mn 12.19 12.34 11.10 10.29 26.07 2.35 12.17
Ni 1.90 2.26 2.32 0.99 25.79 11.12 2.01
Ti 1.17 1.10 1.09 0.98 3.23 2.96 1.14
Mo 0.58 0.60 0.60 0.62 0.27 0.45 0.60
Al 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.14 4.08 12.0 0.38
Si 0.10 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.24 1.6 0.16
C 0.046 0.006 0.001 0.001 0 0.006
Fig. 2. Quantitative chemical analysis of the interface regions between martensite and austenite (APT results). (a) Atomic map section showing both phase
boundaries. Isoconcentration surfaces for the chemical distribution of Mn atoms (blue) were plotted at 18 at.% (yellow). 1-D profiles along the cylindrical
units (cyan) provide chemical gradients of elements across the phase boundaries. (b) Gradients in Mn content across the phase boundaries (martensite to
austenite).
IVASÒ software. For cluster identification, the following chemical composition of the clusters is summarized in
parameters as identified by the optimization procedure per- Table 1. The calculation of the enrichment factors that
formed within the cluster search algorithm were used: were determined as a relation between the content within
dmax = 0.6 nm (maximal distance between the solute atoms the particles relative to the total content of the same ele-
belonging to a cluster), Nmin = 50 (minimal number of sol- ments in the entire alloy reveals a strong precipitation char-
ute atoms in the cluster), L = 0.57 nm (envelope distance: acter of Ni and Al atoms within the clusters. Enrichment in
all non-solute ions within a distance L of solute ions are Mn and Ti was also detected in the particles. For estimat-
included in the cluster), de = 0.55 nm (erosion distance: ing the chemical composition of the surrounding matrix
all clustered non-solute ions within a spacing de of any (without the precipitates), the detected clusters were
ion outside of its assigned cluster are removed from the removed from the overall reconstruction, and the composi-
particle). The cluster search was conducted for the distribu- tion of the residual matrix volume was calculated again.
tion of the Ni atoms that are enriched in the particles. The For this purpose, different cluster search parameters were
5. 368 O. Dmitrieva et al. / Acta Materialia 59 (2011) 364–374
Fig. 3. Experimental APT results. (a) Concentration profiles for all elements across one of the martensite/austenite phase boundaries (see interface
referred to as “Mn layer 2” in Fig. 2a). (b) Quantitative characterization of the enrichment or depletion of the elements within the chemical phase
boundary.
Fig. 4. Compositional changes in the austenite/martensite interface region (APT results). (a) Atomic map section showing a phase boundary between
austenite (left) and martensite (right). Isoconcentration surfaces plotted at 18 at.% Mn (dark yellow) correspond to the highest Mn gradient and indicates
the positions of the original and the final phase boundaries (PB) (see text). The compositional changes at the final PB are revealed by plotting
isoconcentration surfaces for Ti (at 8 at.%), Mo (at 5 at.%), and Si (at 3 at.%). (b) Chemical composition of the Ti–Mo–Si-rich partitioning estimated from
the APT data.
used (dmax = 1.0 nm, Nmin = 50, L = 0.97 nm, de = 0.95 nm) same content and element distribution was also observed
which allow inclusion of more material in the clusters and at the other martensite/austenite interface (not shown in
ensure that after exclusion of the clusters no residual material Fig. 4a). The average chemical composition within the
remains. The composition of the matrix without the particles region is summarized in the table in Fig. 4b. The enrich-
is presented in Table 1. ment factors reveal strong compositional increase of Ti,
Mo and Si, and strong depletion of Al. The relative concen-
3.1.4. Observation of compositional changes within the trations of Fe, Ti and Mo within that region are 75:17:8,
martensite/austenite interface region suggesting the formation of a Laves phase, which accord-
By computing the isoconcentration surfaces for all sol- ing to Thermo-Calc should be formed at a composition
ute elements from the experimental data we detected of Fe 67 at.%, Ti 23 at.%, and Mo 10 at.%.
changes in composition of Mo, Ti and Si in the martens-
ite/austenite interface region. Fig. 4a shows isosurfaces 3.2. Thermodynamic calculations
for Mo, Ti and Si concentrations of 5, 8 and 3 at.%, respec-
tively. The position of this region overlaps with the posi- 3.2.1. Prediction of the phase equilibrium composition
tion of the isoconcentration surface plotted at 18 at.% Using Thermo-Calc, the equilibrium compositions of sta-
Mn and, more specifically, corresponds to the range of ble phases at 450 °C were calculated taking into account the
the highest Mn gradient. A similar region with nearly the total nominal composition of the alloy and all possible
6. O. Dmitrieva et al. / Acta Materialia 59 (2011) 364–374 369
Table 2
Equilibrium phases at 450 °C in the investigated maraging-TRIP steel as obtained by Thermo-Calc calculations quantified in terms of molar fractions
(TCFE6 database).
Phase Mole fraction Fe Mn Ni Ti Mo Al Si C
bcc 0.576 95.972 3.064 0.098 0.165 0.113 0.494 0.094 –
fcc 0.377 67.251 27.569 4.887 0.053 0.077 0.041 0.122 –
Laves 0.046 65.911 0.763 – 22.321 11.005 – – –
TiC 0.001 – – – 54.046 – – – 45.954
competing phases available in the database [28,29]. The most of the nanoprecipitates were indeed associated with
results of the Gibbs energy minimization technique predicts dislocations, which supports the assumption that the pipe
four phases in thermodynamic equilibrium: body-centered mechanism may strongly assist diffusion within the mar-
cubic (bcc: ferrite/martensite), face-centered cubic (fcc: aus- tensite. In order to take into account the variation of com-
tenite), TiC and a Laves phase. The calculated molar frac- position in the ferrite due to the precipitation of particles,
tions for each phase and their chemical compositions are an average composition was used for the ferrite phase
listed in Table 2. It is important to point out that such calcu- (see Fig. 5b). Martensite is not included as a separate phase
lation does not predict the presence of the nanosized parti- in the thermodynamic and kinetic databases as the thermo-
cles due to the limited availability of thermodynamic data dynamic properties of martensite are very much the same
related to various other possible intermetallic phases in com- as those of ferrite. Therefore, in the thermodynamic calcu-
plex maraging steels. At a temperature of 450 °C, a Mn con- lations, martensite is represented as ferrite. The kinetic
tent of about 26.7 and 3.3 at.% is expected in the retained parameters, however, may deviate between the two phases
austenite and in the ferrite (martensite), respectively. owing to the defect structure and distortion of the martens-
ite. To date, no detailed information is available on the
3.2.2. Diffusion simulations using DICTRA effect of these conditions on possible changes in the kinetic
For simulation of the kinetic behavior in the vicinity of parameters between ferrite and martensite.
the martensite/austenite interface, linear cell geometry is The size of the cell is fixed during the simulation
appropriate [30]. The kinetic effects to be studied are con- (20 lm), whereas the interface between the two regions is
fined to very small spatial ranges. Within this scale the mobile. The conditions at the moving interface are deter-
interfaces are planar in shape and their movement is verti- mined by the local equilibrium assumption, i.e. the chemi-
cal to the plane. The size of the cell was chosen as 20 lm cal potentials of all diffusing elements assume the same
(see Fig. 5a). The cell was divided into two regions, one value in ferrite and austenite. The value of the potentials
corresponding to ferrite, the other to austenite. The space is controlled by the mass balance condition. Diffusion of
in each region is discretized as a linear grid. The distribu- Mn, Mo, Ni, Si and Ti atoms was considered in the calcu-
tion of the grid points is chosen with a high density close lation. The simulation was performed for an aging temper-
to the interface. The grid is defined in terms of geometric ature 450 °C and stopped at 180,000 s (50 h).
series. The compositions of ferrite and austenite were taken The composition profile of Mn between ferrite and aus-
according to the values determined via the APT character- tenite after an annealing time of 50 h at 450 °C is presented
ization for the austenitic and martensitic matrices, respec- in Fig. 6. The interface has moved towards the ferrite side,
tively. In the martensitic matrix we detected a slight Mn leaving behind an austenite layer with drastically changed
depletion down to 10.3 at.%. This can be attributed to composition. This result is in qualitative agreement with
the formation of nanoprecipitates. Within martensite, a the experimental data presented in Fig. 2b. However, the
large number of lattice defects, particularly dislocations, width of the predicted Mn-rich interfacial layer is too small
enhance the atomic diffusion in this phase. Our previous and, correspondingly, the extent of the Mn depletion zone
TEM-based studies on this material [12,13] revealed that in ferrite is also relatively small. This discrepancy indicates
Fig. 5. (a) Linear cell model set-up with ferrite and austenite as used in the DICTRA simulation. The spatial grid is defined in terms of a geometric series
with a high density of grid points close to the interface. (b) Composition of the austenite and ferrite phases used as input for the DICTRA simulation.
7. 370 O. Dmitrieva et al. / Acta Materialia 59 (2011) 364–374
that the mobility of Mn in the martensitic matrix must be
higher than it is in ferrite. Therefore, the simulations were
repeated with increased mobilities of the elements in the
ferrite. The results of the simulations with a factor 12
and 45, respectively, for the enhanced mobilities in mar-
tensite are shown in Fig. 7. The result in Fig. 7b (45 times
enhanced Mn mobility in martensite) is in excellent agree-
ment with the experimental results in Fig. 2b. This applies
for the depletion profile of Mn in the martensite and also
for the Mn-enriched interface zone.
In view of this good agreement, the profiles of the other
elements should also be analyzed. Fig. 8a shows the com-
position profiles of some of the elements for a mobility fac-
tor of 45. Fig. 8b presents the predicted enrichment or
depletion of the other elements, respectively, in the same
way as for the experimental results. The partitioning ten-
Fig. 6. DICTRA calculation of the Mn distribution at the martensite/
austenite phase boundary. Martensite is thermodynamically and kineti- dencies of the elements are the same as observed in the
cally treated as ferrite. The calculation was done for 450 °C (aging experiment (compare Figs. 3a and b and 8a and b). The
temperature). The result is shown for the 180,000 s time step (50 h). predicted enrichment of Mn and Ni and the depletion of
Mo within the interfacial austenite layer are in good quan-
titative agreement with the experiments. For Ti and Si, the
decrease is less pronounced in the simulation than in the
experiment.
We estimated the mean diffusion paths of Mn atoms in
both phases using the diffusion coefficients obtained for
450 °C using DICTRA (Mob2 database). The diffusion con-
stant of Mn atoms in a bcc iron matrix (ferrite) was
Dbcc = 1.75 Â 10À22 m2 s–1 and in the fcc iron matrix
Dfcc = 5.86 Â 10À24 m2 s–1. The mean diffusion path k of
Mn atoms for an aging time of t = 48 h was calculated using
the volume diffusion equation for cubic metals: k = (6tD)½.
The mean diffusion path of Mn atoms in the bcc lattice was
about 13 nm and in the fcc lattice only about 2.5 nm. Thus,
the diffusion length of Mn in bcc is significantly larger than in
the fcc lattice. When correcting the mobility of the atoms by
a factor of 45, as explained above, the diffusion constant in
ferrite (which can be then treated as martensite) is
7.56 Â 10À21 m2 s–1. For this case, the mean diffusion path
of Mn in bcc increases from 13 to about 90 nm.
4. Discussion
4.1. Phase boundary motion with infinite interface mobility in
the DICTRA approach
The global equilibrium calculated with Thermo-Calc
(see Table 2) predicts a high amount of Mn in the retained
austenite (27.6 at.%) and a low value (3 at.%) in ferrite.
Hence, during aging a redistribution of Mn is expected.
However, the global equilibrium only indicates the long
term trends. The actual situation at the phase boundary
is controlled by a local equilibrium.
It is not possible to visualize graphically equilibria in
multicomponent systems. Therefore, the following discus-
Fig. 7. DICTRA calculation of the Mn distribution at the martensite/
austenite interface. Martensite is thermodynamically and kinetically sion will be done considering only three components: Fe,
treated as ferrite, but the mobility of the elements is increased by a factor Mn and Ni. Fig. 9 shows the ternary phase diagram at
of 12 (a) and 45 (b), respectively. 450 °C. The initial compositions of martensite (filled
8. O. Dmitrieva et al. / Acta Materialia 59 (2011) 364–374 371
Fig. 8. Results of DICTRA calculations. (a) Composition profiles of all elements included in the DICTRA simulation. (b) Quantitative characterization of
the calculated profiles. (c) Element contents at the new interface between martensite and austenite at 450 °C for the given global composition.
than in the matrix. The range of possible local equilibrium
tie-lines is thus confined to those originating from Ni con-
centrations in martensite below the value in the a-matrix,
a=c
i.e. xNi < xa . This composition range is marked in Fig. 9
Ni
by a bold phase boundary. The operating local equilibrium
tie-line is defined by the fluxes of Ni and Mn. The interface
displacement caused by these fluxes must be the same for
every diffusing element. The resulting operating local tie-
line is indicated in Fig. 9, showing the difference to that
of global equilibrium.
Due to the low diffusivity in austenite, the fluxes lead to
an interface displacement towards martensite. The layer of
increased Mn is the result of the partitioning imposed by
the local equilibrium tie-line during the formation of aus-
tenite. Epitaxial formation of this aging-induced austenite
at the phase boundary of the existing austenite is likely.
The overall agreement between experiment and simula-
tion is very good. There is a slight difference in the Mn
composition at the martensite boundary though. The
experiments yield a value of about 5–6 at.% Mn, while
Fig. 9. Isothermal section of the Fe–Mn–Ni ternary system. The starting the simulation gives a value of 3 at.%. There are two pos-
composition of austenite (filled circle) and martensite (filled square) are sibilities to explain this difference. (i) It could be an effect of
indicated. The global equilibrium tie-line is shown as a broken line. The the resolution of the experiment. The transition from the
bold part of the ferrite phase boundary indicates the range of possible
local equilibrium tie-lines.
low concentration at the martensite boundary to the very
high concentration at the austenite interface occurs shar-
ply. It is, therefore, plausible that close to this abrupt tran-
square) and austenite (filled circle) are within the two-phase sition the Mn signal is slightly contaminated by the
region a + c. The global equilibrium tie-line is shown by a elevated Mn concentration, leading to a slightly increased
dotted line. The slope of the tie-lines indicates that at the composition close to the boundary. (ii) It could be due to
austenite phase boundary the level of both Mn and Ni the finite mobility of the interface. The local equilibrium
must be higher than in the matrix. Conversely, the level approach implies that the interface can move freely. A
of Mn and Ni at the martensite boundary must be lower finite mobility of the interface (see details in the next
9. 372 O. Dmitrieva et al. / Acta Materialia 59 (2011) 364–374
velocity, can be simulated for binary Fe–Mn on the basis
of two assumptions [33]. The first one is that the driving
force is proportional to the deviation from equilibrium:
DG ¼ vðxac Þ À xa
Mn Mn ð2Þ
where the indices ac denote the equilibrium concentration
in the a-phase (martensite) in equilibrium with c (austen-
ite), and xa is the Mn concentration in martensite at the
Mn
interface. In the case of partitioning Mn, the proportional-
ity factor v is negative. The second assumption is that the
diffusion in the parent martensitic a-phase leads to a con-
centration profile that can be described by an exponential
function:
z
xMn ¼ x0 þ ðxa À x0 Þ exp À
Mn ð3Þ
z0
Fig. 10. Velocity of the interface a/c as a function of time. with the spatial coordinate z = 0 at the interface. The width
parameter z0 follows from the values of M and D and the
section) leads to a slower interface velocity than that given equilibrium and overall (x0) concentrations [33]. Diffusion
by the local equilibrium. Consequently, the boundary con- of Mn in the austenite is so slow that it can be neglected.
dition has to be adapted such that the mass balance is in The experimental profile in Fig. 2b shows a Mn concen-
accordance with the velocity. This effect, however, should tration in the a-phase at the interface of 5–6 at.%, which is
become more relevant at rather high interface velocities. slightly larger than the equilibrium value of 3.3 at.%. This
In the present case of low temperature the interface velocity would imply a deviation from local equilibrium. Using the
is small (see Fig. 10). This velocity range is more than six value of the interface mobility M as an adaptable parame-
orders of magnitude smaller than usual velocities occurring ter and the same enhanced Mn diffusivity (factor 45) as
during the transition between austenite and ferrite at tem- used in the DICTRA simulations above, the Mn profile
peratures of about 700 °C or higher. We anticipate, there- in the martensitic phase can be adequately reproduced
fore, that the finite interface mobility effect might play a (Fig. 11). The final profile (t = 180,000 s) is given, but also
second-order role in the current case as discussed in more an intermediate stage, after 28,000 s. It is revealed that the
detail in the next section. deviation from equilibrium is larger in the earlier stages of
the transformation. The calculations were conducted for a
4.2. Phase boundary motion with finite interface mobility in value of v = –12.8 kJ mol–1, determined with Thermo-
the mixed-mode approach Calc, and a mobility of M = 2 Â 10–21 m4 J–1 s–1 at
T = 450 °C. The simulated results reveal an excellent
The simulation of a partitioning phase transformation
with DICTRA as outlined above is based on the assump-
tion that Mn diffusion is controlling the transformation
kinetics. In a more generalized mixed-mode approach
[33,34] the motion of the interface during the transforma-
tion is defined by its velocity, v, given by:
v ¼ MDG ð1Þ
where DG is the free-energy difference between the phases,
acting as the driving force for transformation, and M is the
interface mobility. In the purely diffusion-controlled trans-
formation, such as discussed above, M is assumed to be
infinite, which means that the interface instantaneously re-
acts to any deviation of the local concentration from equi-
librium, thus restoring the local equilibrium. If M is finite,
however, a certain balance is established between diffusion
(in the case of Mn in a increasing the interface concentra-
tion, which increases the driving force) and interface mo- Fig. 11. Results of the mixed-mode predictions of the Mn profile across
the austenite/martensite interfaces. In contrast to the DICTRA simula-
tion (decreasing the Mn concentration at the interface,
tion, here the interface mobility is taken into account [33]. The mixed-
which decreases the driving force). For given values of M mode simulation results for two aging times (red points: 28,000 s; yellow
and the diffusivity D, the resulting value of the interface points: 180,000 s) are plotted together with the experimental data (red and
concentration, and thus of the driving force and the black lines, see Fig. 2b).
10. O. Dmitrieva et al. / Acta Materialia 59 (2011) 364–374 373
agreement with the experiments (Fig. 11). The mobility The partitioning at the martensite/austenite interface
value, however, is distinctly smaller than the mobility data leads to the formation and growth of a new austenite layer
for the standard c ? a transformation around T = 800 °C, on the existing retained austenite with drastically changed
when extrapolating with the commonly used activation composition compared to the bulk. It is to be expected that
energy for the mobility of 140 kJ mol–1. such a layer will have an effect on the mechanical properties.
The mixed-mode approach uses the interface mobility as In the present case, this layer is likely to be one of the micro-
an adaptable parameter. This approach is particularly use- structural changes during aging that might be responsible
ful in cases where the transition is not fully controlled by for the unexpected increase in ductility after the annealing
diffusion. In such cases the local chemical equilibrium con- treatment [12]. The other contribution for increasing the
dition cannot be fulfilled. Instead, a difference in chemical ductility stems from the tempering of the martensitic matrix
potentials exists at the interface which provides the Gibbs during annealing and was reported elsewhere [36].
energy required for the motion of the interface. If the inter- By using the advanced APT technique we gained deep
face mobility is known and does act as a limiting kinetic insights into the chemical nature and dynamics of the mar-
factor, it may play an essential role in the formation of tensite/austenite phase boundary during aging. The theory-
the overall microstructure and hence should be included assisted 3-D chemical analysis at the nanoscale provides
in the corresponding predictions. significant enhancement of our understanding of partition-
ing affects and their relationship to phase transformation
4.3. Comparison and conclusions from the two simulation kinetics in multiphase steels.
methods
Appendix A. Supplementary material
The Mn distributions predicted by the calculations
revealed diffusion of Mn from the ferritic phase towards
Supplementary data associated with this article can be
the austenitic matrix and the accumulation of Mn at the
found, in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2010.
interface between these two regions. The composition pro-
09.042.
files obtained experimentally agree with the simulations pro-
vided that the mobilities of all alloying elements in
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