This document discusses cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). It provides background on how heart failure causes delayed and disorganized electrical activation and contraction of the ventricles. CRT works by resynchronizing ventricular activation and contraction using biventricular pacing. Several clinical studies are summarized that demonstrate how CRT improves cardiac function and structure, exercise capacity, quality of life, and reduces hospitalizations and mortality for patients with heart failure and intraventricular conduction delays.
Fundación EPIC _ Tendencias actuales en TAVI y desafíos futuros.Fundacion EPIC
Presentación de la ponencia "Tendencias actuales en TAVI y desafíos futuros" por el Doctor Rodés-Cabau en los Diálogos EPIC_Retos Clínicos en Válvulas Transcatéter/ Clinical Challenges in TAVR today, el 10 de Mayo de 2018 en Barcelona (España)
postgraduate education for cardiothoracic anaesthesia and intensive care doctors in cardiac operations on patients with unstable ischemic heart disease
Rationale: Coronary artery spasm is common ischemic heart disease. It is a serious clinical cardiovascular issue. Nitrates such as nitroglycerine have a pivotal role in the management of coronary artery disease.
Patient concerns: A 45-year-old married, officer, heavy smoker, Egyptian male patient presented with acute excruciating severe chest pain and combined electrocardiographic ST-segment coronary artery spasms.
Diagnosis: Combined ST-segment coronary artery spasms of ST-segment elevations and ST-depressions were the most probable diagnosis.
Interventions: Electrocardiogram, echocardiography, and nitroglycerine intravenous infusion.
Outcomes: Dramatic response of both clinical and electrocardiographic combined ST-segment coronary artery spasms to nitroglycerine.
Lessons: A combined ST-segment coronary artery spasms including ST-segment elevation and ST-depression may be present in the same ECG. The dramatic efficacy of later using nitroglycerine in the management of combined ST-segment coronary artery spasms.
XIII Reunión anual de la sección de Insuficiencia Cardiaca de la SEC
OVIEDO, 16-18 JUNIO 2016 HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO CENTRAL DE ASTURIAS (HUCA)
http://secardiologia.es/insuficiencia/cientifico/ic-oviedo-2016
Conferencia invitada: Presentacion de la Guía de Insuficiencia Cardiaca 2016 de la SEC
VIERNES, 17 DE JUNIO 18:00-18:30 SALÓN DE ACTOS
Presenta: José Luis Lambert Rodríguez (Presidente de la Sección de Insuficiencia Cardiaca)
José Ramón González Juanatey, Santiago de Compostela
Similar to 2005 roma, convegno regionale, la terapia di resincronizzazione cardiaca nello scompenso cardiaco (20)
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
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- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
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disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
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effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
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É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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2005 roma, convegno regionale, la terapia di resincronizzazione cardiaca nello scompenso cardiaco
1. ““ Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy ”Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy ”
Stefano Nardi, MD
AZIENDA OSPEDALIERA SANTA MARIA TERNIAZIENDA OSPEDALIERA SANTA MARIA TERNI
DIPARTIMENTO CARDIOTORACOVASCOLAREDIPARTIMENTO CARDIOTORACOVASCOLARE
STRUTTURA COMPLESSA DI CARDIOLOGIASTRUTTURA COMPLESSA DI CARDIOLOGIA
UNITA’ OPERATIVA DI ARITMOLOGIA CARDIACAUNITA’ OPERATIVA DI ARITMOLOGIA CARDIACA
LABORATORIO DI ELETTROFISIOLOGIA ED ELETTROSTIMOLAZIONELABORATORIO DI ELETTROFISIOLOGIA ED ELETTROSTIMOLAZIONE
3. Quality of Life
for HF patients Overall perception of health
36
45
55
48
48
52
56
58
70
Heart Failure NYHA Class IV
Heart Failure NYHA Class III
Heart Failure NYHA Class II
Chronic Bronchitis
Valve disease symptomatic
AF symptomatic
Angina
Depression
General population
Hobbs FDR, et al. Eur Heart J 2002
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
4. Sinus
node
AV
node
Bundle
branch or
diffuse block
Delayed conduction
• Delayed AV sequence
• Mitral regurgitation
• Decreased filling time
Delayed Ventricular ActivationDelayed Ventricular Activation
What is abnormal in the HF pts?What is abnormal in the HF pts?
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
5. SinusSinus
nodenode
AVAV
nodenode
BundleBundle
branch orbranch or
diffuse blockdiffuse block
Delayed conductionDelayed conduction
• Abnormal RV-LV
sequence
• Abnormal LV activation
sequence
• Segmentary dyskinesia
• Aggravation of mitral
regurgitation
• Disynchrony of RV and
LV filling flows
Dyssynchrony Ventricular ContractionDyssynchrony Ventricular Contraction
What is abnormal in the HF pts?What is abnormal in the HF pts?
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
6. • Reduced LVEF remains the single most
important risk factor for overall mortality
and SCD.1
• Increased risk is measurable at EF above
30%, but an EF ≤30% is the single most
powerful independent predictor for SCD.2
1
Prior SG, Aliot E, Blonstrom-Lundqvist C, et al. Task Force on Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of
Cardiology. Eur Heart J, Vol. 22; 16; August 2001.
2
Myerburg RJ, Castellanos A. Cardiac Arrest and Sudden Cardiac Death, in Braunwald E, Zipes DP, Libby P, Heart
Disease, A textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 6th
ed. 2001. W.B. Saunders, Co., p. 895.
Relationship of SCDRelationship of SCD
and LV Dysfunctionand LV Dysfunction
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
7. Which is the prognostic value
of QRS width ?
• VEST study analysis
• NYHA Class II – IV pz
• 3,654 ECGs digitally
scanned
• Age, creatinine, LVEF,
heart rate, and QRS
duration found to be
independent predictors
of mortality
• Relative risk of widest
QRS group 5x greater
than narrowest
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Days in Trial
CumulativeSurvival
QRS
Duration
(msec)
<90
90-120
120-170
170-220
>220
Adapted from Gottipaty et al. JACC
1999; 33(2):145A (abstract 847-4)
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
8. CHF Population
6.5 Mio
NYHA III + IV (30 - 35%)
1.95 Mio
Wide QRS (10 - 30%)
Resynchronization Rx
Target Population:
195’000
650’000
Incidence = 580’000 (9.0%)
Mortality = 300’000 (4.6%)
CHF Population in EuropeCHF Population in Europe
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
10. • Optimizes AV contraction sequence
• Reduces pre-systolic mitral regurgitation
• Improves atrial preloading of the ventricle
• Increases filling time
Mechanism IMechanism I
Atrio-Ventricular SynchronyAtrio-Ventricular Synchrony
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
What does pacing changeWhat does pacing change??
11. OAVD Restores AV Synchrony
PP RR
INTRINSICINTRINSIC
AorticAortic
pressurepressure
LVLV
pressurepressure
PPPP
PeakPeak
atrial systoleatrial systole
Start ofStart of
LV systoleLV systole
Diastolic
Mitral
Regurgitation
Maximum
Effective Preload
PP VV
PACEDPACED
PPPP
SynchronizedSynchronized
LV and atrialLV and atrial
systolessystoles
Auricchio et al, PACE 1998
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
13. LV Lead Implant
Historical Evolution
• Thoracic epicardial LV lead - 1994 1
• RV lead adapted for transvenous LV implant - 1996 2
• CS lead adapted for transvenous LV implant -1997 3
• Special designed transvenous LV lead - 1998 4
• Guiding catheter sheath for LV lead delivery -1998 5
1. Bakker et al. PACE 1994; 2. Cazeau et al. PACE 1996;
3.Daubert et al. PACE 1997; 4. Gras et al. PACE 1998
5. Lurie et al. Circulation 1998
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
16. Auricchio et al., NASPE ‘99
PATH-CHF:
Inclusion Criteria (42 pts)
• Dilated cardiomyopathy of any etiology
• NYHA Class III (> 6 months) or NYHA IV
• Optimal individual drug therapy
• QRS duration >120 msec
• PR Interval >150 msec
• Sinus rate > 55 bpm
• No conventional pacemaker indication
PATHCHF
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
17. 4 weeks
4 weeks
One Year
4 weeks
Acute Testing at Implant
Randomization Prior to Discharge
Pre-OP Evaluation
Best Unichamber Biventricular
No Pace No Pace
Biventricular Best Unichamber
Best Chronic Pacing Mode
FlexStim
PATH CHF:
Study Design PATHCHF
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
18. MUSTIC
Inclusion Criteria (67 pts)
• Dilated cardiomyopathy of any etiology
• NYHA Class III
• Optimal individual drug therapy
• LBBB and QRS duration >150 msec
• LVEF<35% and LVEDD>60mm
• 6-MWT<450m
• SR & no conventional pacemaker indication
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
19. Results Active
pacing
Inactive
pacing
p
6-min w (m) 399 ± 100 326 ± 134 .0001
QOL score 29.6 ± 21.3 43.2 ± 22.8 .0002
VO2 (ml/min/Kg) 16.2 ± 4.7 15 ± 4.9 0.02
S.Cazeau et al NEJM 2001;344:873-80S.Cazeau et al NEJM 2001;344:873-80
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
MUSTIC
Results (67 pts)
25. Control 225 214 204 197 191 179 70
CRT 228 218 213 209 204 201 99
Patients At RiskPatients At Risk
70%70%
75%75%
80%80%
85%85%
90%90%
95%95%
100%100%
00 11 22 33 44 55 66
Months After RandomizationMonths After Randomization
EventFreeEventFreeSurvivalSurvival(%)(%)
CRTCRT
ControlControl
P = 0.033P = 0.033
Relative risk = 0.60;Relative risk = 0.60;
95% CI (0.37, 0.96)95% CI (0.37, 0.96)
Time to Death or
Worsening HF requiring Hospitalization
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
MIRACLE
26. Survival
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Months Since Randomization
%ofPatientsSurviving
Control n=402 CRT n=415
P=0.42
W.T. Abraham for MIRACLE and MIRACLE ICD Investigators
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
MIRACLE and MIRACLE ICD Trials
27. QOL & Functional Capacity
6 Months in Moderate to Severe HF
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
P<0.001 P=0.02 P=0.017P<0.001
QoL Score
(MLWHF)
Avg. Change
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
MIRACLE MUSTIC SR MIRACLE ICD Contak CD
P<0.001 P=0.006P=0.007
Data sources:
MIRACLE: Circulation 2003;107:1985-90 MUSTIC SR: NEJM 2001;344:873-80
MIRACLE ICD:JAMA 2003;289:2685-94 Contak CD: JACC 2003;2003;42:1454-59
Control CRT
NYHA Class
Proportion
Changing 1
or more
Classes
Improve. ↓
Not
Reported
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
28. Exercise Capacity
6 Months in Moderate to
Severe HF
-20
0
20
40
60 P<0.001 P=0.36 P=0.029
P<0.001
6 Min Walk
Avg. Change
(m)
00
0
1
2
3
MIRACLE MUSTIC SR MIRACLE ICD Contak CD
P<0.001
P=0.029
P=0.04
P=0.003
Data sources:
MIRACLE: Circulation 2003;107:1985-90 MUSTIC SR: NEJM 2001;344:873-80
MIRACLE ICD:JAMA 2003;289:2685-94 Contak CD: JACC 2003;2003;42:1454-59
Control CRT
Peak VO2
Avg. Change
(mL/kg/min)
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
29. Mortality/Morbidity
from Published Randomized, Controlled
Trials Risk reduction with CRT
Study
(n random.) FU
Mor-
tality &
Hosp.
Mortal.
& HF
Hosp.
Mor-
tality
HF
Mort.
HF
Hosp.
MIRACLE
(n=453)
6 Mo NR 39%* 27% NR 50%*
MIRACLE ICD
(n=369)
6 Mo 2% 0% 0% NR NR
Contak CD
(n=490)
3-6 Mo NR NR 30% NR 18%
Meta-analysis
(n=1634)
3-6 Mo NR NR 23% 51%* 29%*
* P < 0.05
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
30. Effects on Cardiac Function
and Oxidative Stress
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,20
0,22
0,24
500 600 700 800 900
dP/ dtmax (mm/ Hg/ s)
MVO2/HR(RelativeUnits)
Dobutamin
LV Pacing
P< 0.05
Nelson et al. Circulation 2000
Myocardial Oxidative
Metabolism
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
LV RV
kmono(min-1
)
p=
0.86
p=
0.62
n=8
Myocardial Efficiency
Work Metabolic Index
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
mmHG·L·m-2
Baseline CRT
p =0.024
Ukkonen et al. Circulation 2003
n=7
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
31. CRT Does Not Promote
Ventricular Arrhythmias
• Analyzed 1,044 patients
with ICDs from 2 trials:
– CONTAK CD
– MIRACLE ICD
• Odds ratio (CI):
0.92 (0.67 – 1.27)
Patients with VT or
VF during Follow-up
17,2%
18,4%
No CRT CRT
Proportion
Bradley DJ, et al. JAMA 2003
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
32. Baseline
ex CPX
Implant
Attempt
Successful
Implant
Control
ICD
CRT
CRT + ICD
Pre-discharge
Randomization
6 Month
Follow-up
6 Month
Follow-up
CRT
Double
Blinded
Stable
Medical
Therapy
≤ 1
week
• Class NYHA II
• Intent to treat analyses
• Comparison between groups
• Core labs: metabolic exercise,
echocardiography, and
neurohormone data
CRT
Long term follow up
every 6 months
CPX
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
MIRACLE ICD II
33. 210 Class II 429 Class III/IV
98 Completed 6M FU 82 Completed 6M FU
2 Death 2
1 Missed 6M FU 1
101 Control (ICD+OPT) 85 CRT (CRT+ICD+OPT)
639 Enrolled and Implant Attempted
19 Unsuccessful 191 (91%) Successful
186 Randomized
5 not randomized
- 1 death
- 4 LV lead dislodge.
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
MIRACLE ICD II
34. Left Ventricular End
Systolic Diameter
200
250
300
350
400
cm3
Base 6 Mo
P=0.01
Reverse Remodeling in Class II CHF
Left Ventricular End
Diastolic Diameter
200
250
300
350
400
cm3
Base 6 Mo
P=0.04
Left Ventricular
Ejection Fraction
20
22
24
26
28
30
%
Base 6 Mo
P=0.02
• Control (n=85) ♦ CRT (n=69)
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
MIRACLE ICD II
35. Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Related Risks
Com plicat ions ( 1)
4,8
3,7
1,5
1,0
1,8
0,3
10,6
10,0
2,3
2,4
1,7
0,3
0 5 10 15
Unsucess. Implant
LV Lead
Coronary Sinus
Infection
30 day mortality
Procedure death
Percent of Pat ient s
MIRACLE+CONTAK
CD+MIRACLE ICD
InSync III/Attain
4193
Reduced Procedure Time w it h
I ncreased Experience (2)
60
120
180
240
300
Up t o first
5
Next 6 t o
10
Next 11
more
Cent er-based experience
ImplantTime(minutes)
P < 0.001
Study Period Attempts
Primary
LV Lead
MIRACLE 11/98 – 12/00 591 Attain 2187
Contak CD 2/98 – 12/00 517 EasyTrak
MIRACLE ICD 10/99 – 8/01 636 Attain 4189
InSync III 11/00 – 6/02 334 Attain 4193
1. Greenberg, et al.
PACE 2003;26(4p2):
952 (Abstract 93)
2. Unpublished data.
Medtronic. Inc.
36. Cumulative Enrollment in C.R.T.Cumulative Enrollment in C.R.T.
Randomized TrialsRandomized Trials
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
1999 2001 2003 2005
Results Presented
CumulativePatients
PATH CHF
MUSTIC SR
MUSTIC AF
MIRACLE
CONTAK CD
MIRACLE ICD
PATH CHF II
COMPANION
MIRACLE ICD II
CARE HF
•• Actual ProjectedActual ProjectedDOUG SMITHDOUG SMITH
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
37. 0
5000
10000
15000
Baseline Post-implant
Intensive care
Cardiology
Others
Patient Cost Baseline: 12,784 Euro
Patient Cost (Implant included): 12,362 Euro
Patient Cost Post-implant: 1,680 Euro
Hospital costs per patient
Cost Effectiveness
Analysis of Biventricular
Pacing in HF
Curnis A 2001
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
38. Relative Cost of CRT
Cost per patient
$0$20$40$60
CRT+ I CD
CRT
Hip/ knee replace
PTCA
CABG
Dialysis
$ t housands
Total Annual Expenditures
$0 $5 $10 $15 $20
$ Billions
Doug Smith:
Doug Smith:
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
39. Weight of Evidence: CRT
• More than 4000 patients evaluated in
randomized controlled trials
• Consistent improvement in QOL, functional
status, and exercise capacity
• Strong evidence for reverse remodeling
– ↓ LV volumes and dimensions
↑ LV ejection fraction
– ↓ Mitral regurgitation
Courtesy of Dr. Bill Abraham
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
40. Reduced Mortality
in Heart Failure
ACE-I & Beta Blockade
Reduce Mortality
11,5%
15,6%
12,4%
7,8%
0%
4%
8%
12%
16%
SOLVD-T MERIT-HF
+ CIBIS II
1YearMortality
Placebo Treatment
Further Reduction
with CRT + ICD
for Higher Risk Patients
CHF
Mortality
Sudden
Cardiac
Death
CRT
ICD
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
41. Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
• CRT in NYHA class II ?
• Which implication in pts with
unstable Haemodinamic profile ?
• CRT in chronic Atrial Fibrillation ?
• CRT in Right Bundle Branch Block ?
• QRS<120ms or QTc dispersion ?
• “Up-grading” in RVA pacing ?
Actual Key QuestionsActual Key Questions
42. Creating Realistic
patients expectations
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
• Approximately two-third of patients should experience
improvement (responders vs. non-responders)1
• Some patients may not experience immediate improvement
43. • Have patients set their own goals of what they
would like to do following CRT:
Grocery shopping, Decreasing Lasix dose
Walking to the mailbox without stopping,
Lying flat to sleep
• Encourage them to be part of the group that
responds to their therapy
Cardiac Resynchronization TherapyCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Creating Realistic
patients expectations
Editor's Notes
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HF is a progressive disease with no therapeutic option to cure the illness. This graph shows the correlation between the severity of HF expressed by the 4 NYHA functional classes and survival as well as hospitalization. You can see a very clear decrease of survival (or in other words: an tremendous increase of mortality) and an increase in the frequency of hospital admissions with increasing NYHA function class.
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Main purpose: Remind all of the poor quality of life that burdens heart failure patients
Key messages:
Patients with heart failure have statistically significant impairment of all aspects of their quality of life when compared with other chronic disorders.
Additional information:
From a community screening study involving over 4,000 people in Birmingham, UK.
The SF 36 is a standard quality of life instrument that should be familiar to most clinicians. The lower the score, the more significant is the perceived impairment.
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Bakker P, Meijburg H, de Jonge N, van Mechelen R, Wittkampf F, Mower M, Thomas A. Beneficial effects of biventricular pacing in congestive heart failure. PACE 1994;17:820 (abstract 318). CPI study of 5 NYHA Class III/IV pts with DCM, complete LBBB and prolonged PR interval. DDD pacemaker implanted with endocardial RV lead and epicardial LV lead. LV capture lost in 1 pt at 3 months, who had improved initially. 4 pts improved at least 1 NYHA Class at 3 months.
Cazeau S, Ritter Ph, Lazarus A, Gras D, Backdach H, Mundler O, Mugica J. Multisite pacing for end-stage heart failure: early experience. PACE 1996;19[II]:1748-1757. Initial experience on 8 pts with wide QRS (mean 200 35 ms) and end-stage HF (NYHA Class IV) with biventricular pacing including 5 pts with transvenous LV system.
Daubert JC, Ritter Ph, Gras D, Pavin D, Cazeau S, Mabo Ph. Use of specifically designed coronary sinus leads for permanent left ventricular pacing: preliminary experience. PACE 1997; 20[II]:? (NASPE abstract 17). 15 pts, mean follow-up 6 months (2-10) with either model 2188 or custom 2879 (2188 with different bend) implanted in the LV. Successful implant in 11 pts (73%). 1.3±0.7 V pacing threshold acutely vs. 1.9±1.0 V threshold chronically. No lead dislodgment or other lead-related complication was observed. “In conclusion, this preliminary experience is encouraging in terms of feasibility, safety and long term results. Further improvement in lead configuration is needed to increase implantation success rate.”
Gras D, Mabo Ph, Tscheliessnigg KH, Pedersen AK, Tang T. Early results regarding implant procedures of a new biventricular atrial synchronized pacing system. PACE 1998; 21[II]:824 (NASPE Abstract). 18 DCM pts. 16 successful implants (89%), 14 in lateral vein, 2 in GCV. Total procedure duration: 101 35 min. Fluoroscopic time: 24 12 min.
Lurie K, , Benditt D, Samiah N, Blanc JJ. A transvenous “Long Guiding Sheath” technique for permanent left ventricular pacing lead implantation in patients with heart failure. Circulation 1998; 98[17]: I-841 (abstract 4414). Report on use of a 45 cm radiopaque peel away introducer sheath by Daig for LV lead placement. The steps: 1) sheath is placed in SVC as introducer; 2) EP catheter (Daig CSL) is put through the sheath and introduced into the CS; 3) A venogram is obtained using the EP catheter; 4) sheath is advanced over the EP catheter into the CS; 5) EP catheter is removed; 6) LV lead (std RV leads used) is placed through the sheath into the CS. 80% success rate with no complications in 20 pts.
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Main purpose: Demonstrate evidence of left ventricular reverse remodeling.
Key messages:
Following 3 months of chronic cardiac resynchronization, LV volumes return slowly to baseline, pre-implant levels after the device is turned off indicating reverse remodeling.
On the other hand, mitral regurgitation increases acutely, a finding corroborated by Breithardt and colleagues (J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:765–70).
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Key Points: (Note – a subset of the 453 patients provide the paired data)
Measures of both cardiac function and cardiac structure showed improvement with cardiac resynchronization.
A 4.6 percentage point improvement in LVEF within the CRT group of patients contrasted significantly with a reduction of 0.2 percentage points in the Control group.
Likewise, patients receiving CRT showed a reduction in mitral regurgitation (-2.7 cm2)that was statistically significantly greater than the modest improvement (-0.5 cm2) observed within the Control group of patients.
The reduction in left ventricular end diastolic diameter of 3.5 mm for CRT patients was significant compared with no change on average for Control group patients.
Other Information:
Echocardiographic results are from a single observer at a core laboratory (University of Pennsylvania).
All data are paired; data for the same patients are shown for each time point.
While ventricular pacing spikes were often observed on the simultaneously recorded ECG, each echo study was blinded with regard to identity and analyzed individually and without reference to echocardiographic images or knowledge of measurements from other studies of the same patient.
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Key Points: (Note – a subset of the 453 patients provide the paired data)
Peak VO2 had virtually no change in the Control group of patients compared with a 1.1 ml/kg/min improvement for CRT group patients. The treatment effect was statistically significant.
Total exercise time during the cardiopulmonary exercise test showed similar results. A modest average improvement by Control group patients was overshadowed by an increase of over 1 minute by the patients receiving CRT.
Other Information:
Cardiopulmonary exercise results were assessed by a core laboratory (University of Cincinnati).
All data are paired; data for the same patients are shown for each time point.
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The MIRACLE study was not powered to study mortality. However, you can conclude from the results here that cardiac resynchronization does not worsen survival.
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Combined Results: These studies were NOT powered for survival, therefore we will not make mortality claims for the InSync and InSync ICD devices. Medtronic is conducting a European study in Europe with the primary end points of Mortality and Morbidity, called CARE-HF. It will enroll 800 patients and is randomized 1:1 to optimal drug therapy only, or optimal drug therapy + biventricular pacing.
The conclusion one can deduce from this graph is that CRT does not appear to worsen survival.
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Main purpose: Show concordance of proof from randomized controlled trials that CRT improves quality of life and functional status.
Key messages:
Results from blinded studies that randomized 1,000 NYHA Class III/IV heart failure patients with a wide QRS show that CRT dramatically improves patients’ perceived quality of life and the clinicians’ assessment of functional status.
The so-called placebo effect was expected. These studies were designed to assess whether there was a treatment effect, and all consistently demonstrated a positive effect.
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Main purpose: Show concordance of proof from randomized controlled trials that CRT improves exercise capacity.
Key messages:
From the graph on top, 3 of the 4 randomized trials showed that CRT improves this measure of sub-maximal exercise capacity.
All studies showed that CRT improves peak VO2, regarded as a more objective measure of exercise and functional capacity, compared to control.
Additional information:
The authors of the MIRACLE ICD paper make the following comment on the discrepancy in the 6 minute walk test:
“However, the absence of a positive treatment effect on the 6-MW contrasts with these earlier trials, and with the improvements observed in this study with the more objective measurements of peak oxygen consumption and treadmill exercise duration. Whether these discrepancies are due to differences between patient populations, or to the different timing of the 6-MW test (performed before instead of after CRT system implantation) remains uncertain.”
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Main purpose: Illustrate improvements in mortality and hospitalization with CRT and CRT + ICD on top of optimal medical therapy
Key messages:
Neither MIRACLE, nor MIRACLE ICD, nor Contak CD were powered to detect differences in mortality or hospitalizations.
Additional information:
Reprints of MIRACLE: UC200200338EN
Reprints of JAMA meta-analysis: UC200303498 EN
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Main purpose: Respond to safety concern that CRT may be an “electronic positive inotrope.”
Key messages:
CRT improves cardiac function and efficiency without increased myocardial oxygen consumption.
Additional information: Graph at left: Comparison of mechanoenergetic responses to LV free wall electrical stimulation vs intravenous dobutamine. Absolute values are shown for dP/dtmax (abscissa) and for heart rate (HR)-adjusted MVO2 index (ordinate). Both sets of studies had similar dP/dtmax baseline and increase because of intervention. However, dobutamine significantly raised MOV2, whereas pacing/stimulation reduced it (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: unlike inotropes, CRT does not increase myocardial oxygen consumption with improved systolic performance. EF is improved by a more efficient, rather than stronger, contraction.
Graph at right: Acute positron emission tomography study in 8 HF pts with wide QRS. Compared atrial pacing to atrial synchronized biventricular pacing (CRT). Stroke volume index increased without increasing LV oxidative metabolism with CRT.
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Main purpose: Address safety concern that CRT is pro-arrhythmic
Key messages:
No difference between CRT and no CRT in the number of patients with VT/VF events
Additional information:
These data come from a meta-analysis of CRT. The two studies combined assessed CRT in patients with a pre-existing indication fro an ICD. VT/VF events are collected in the devices’ (InSync ICD, Contak CD) diagnostics.
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Backup Only:
7 pts did not maintain treatment assignment 4 due to brady indication, 3 due to worsening HF, data included based on intention to treat principle
There were 9 pts who did not have their 6 mo follow up data in the database as of the the database closure date :
5 of 9 Medtronic received follow up form after PMA update data cutoff
1 of 9 died but from had not yet been received
3 of 9 status unknown at time of PMA Update
Overall study visit compliance is 98% (2247 due, 2203 completed)
27 of 579 enrolled met inclusion/exclusion criteria (97%)
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Main purpose: Explain the risks of a CRT system implant to referral clinicians. Based on Medtronic’s MIRACLE study program and on Guidant’s Contak CD trial. Source of complications is abstract presented at NASPE 2003.
Key messages:
Each clinical trial utilized a clinical events review committee to evaluate complications, including defined procedure-related mortality.
Chiefly due to challenging venous anatomy, implants have been unsuccessful in approximately 10% of patients attempted.
Complication rates by category appeared to be reduced with the Medtronic Attain 4193, with an over-the-wire delivery system, used in the InSync III trial.
Coronary sinus dissection or perforation generally were resolved without further complication.
For comparison, the 30-day mortality in the CABG-PATCH and the AVID trials were 5.4% and 2.4% respectively.
Left ventricular lead complications, primarily dislodgements, occurred in 9% of all cases (4% in the InSync II study).
There is a learning curve. Implant times came down with increased center-based experience.
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Main purpose: Show that a large number of patients have been studied in completed and ongoing randomized controlled studies of CRT. Use in conjunction with previous slide.
Key messages:
Over 3000 patients have been enrolled in randomized controlled clinical trials presented to date.
When CARE-HF, another landmark trial assessing mortality and hospitalization, is reported, close to 4,000 patients will have been studied.
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Main purpose: Respond to concern that CRT/CRT + ICD is too expensive.
Key messages:
Like cardiac resynchronization therapy, a variety of medical procedures exist to help improve patients’ quality of life, clinical status, and survival. Many of these procedures –and their associated costs – are accepted as standard of care.
Total annual expenditures for CRT and CRT+ICD remain relatively minor when compared with other standards of care.
CRT and CRT+ICD devices last 4 to 6 years
Additional information:
US data only. Data sources:
All except dialysis: Weighted DRG payment for 2003 using the number of discharges in 2000: HCUPnet, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/data/hcup/hcupnet.htm.
Dialysis: Medicare 2000 payment per patient: The United States Renal Data System (USRDS), 2002. www.usrds.org
+This cost comparison is meant for illustrative purposes only; it is not intended as a therapeutic comparison.
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Main purpose: Set up discussion for next slide.
Key messages:
Despite the significant contributions of ACE inhibitors and beta blockers to help heart failure patients live longer, the annual mortality of heart failure patients remains high.
As previously shown, moderate to severe heart failure patients with a wide QRS are at higher risk.
Cardiac resynchronization and ICD therapies can help this higher risk group live longer
Additional information:
SOLVD-T was a landmark trial reported in 1991 that showed ACE inhibitors reduced mortality in symptomatic heart failure patients. The MERIT-HF (metroprolol study in Europe and North America) and the CIBIS II (bucindilol in Europe) studies reported in 1999, demonstrated that the addition of beta blockade to conventional treatment, including ACE-inhibitors, further improved survival. The results from these trials are consistent with those reported from the US cardvedilol trial.
As reported in the same review paper, if one extracts NYHA III/IV patients from the combined CIBIS II, MERIT-HF and US carvedilol trials, 1- year mortality in the control and treatment groups are 15.15 and 9.5% respectively.
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It is very important that a patient set his/her own goals to therapy that are realistic.
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It is very important that a patient set his/her own goals to therapy that are realistic.