This study evaluated antibody responses to the Pv200L fragment of Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-1 (PvMSP-1) in individuals from 4 malaria-endemic regions in Brazil. Plasma samples from 261 P. vivax infected individuals were tested for antibodies to Pv200L by ELISA. The frequency of antibody responders ranged from 71.9-98.7% between regions and correlated with malaria transmission intensity. Higher antibody levels were also associated with greater past exposure to malaria parasites. Results provide evidence that Pv200L elicits naturally acquired antibodies and could be a potential vaccine candidate.
Viruses infect plants through wounds or insect vectors and use host cell machinery to replicate their genomes and produce proteins. They move between cells via plasmodesmata or transport streams. Pathogenesis involves implantation, local replication, spread to target organs, and shedding from the plant. Strategies to control plant viruses include eliminating sources and infected plants, controlling vectors, breeding resistance, and using cross-protection methods like satellite RNAs or transgenic expression of antiviral genes. RNA interference is now a primary tool for inducing virus resistance by degrading viral genomes.
Viral diseases can be reduced through several methods. Coat protein mediated resistance involves transforming plants with the viral coat protein gene, which allows the plant to resist infection from that virus or related viruses. Antisense RNAs can also be used, where small untranslatable RNAs pair with and degrade target viral RNA sequences. RNA interference is a natural antiviral response in plants where dicer enzymes produce small interfering RNAs that guide the RNA induced silencing complex to cleave homologous viral RNA transcripts.
Dr. Kurt Stevenson - Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance and Management in ...John Blue
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance and Management in Hospital and Community Settings - Issues for Human Population Medicine - Dr. Kurt Stevenson, The Ohio State University Medical Center, from the 2012 NIAA One Health Approach to Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Symposium, October 26-27, 2012, Columbus, OH, USA.
More presentations at:
http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2012-one-health-to-approach-antimicrobial-resistance-and-use
This document discusses carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) strains. It finds that while the ST258 strain is the most common carrier of the bla-KPC gene responsible for carbapenem resistance, non-ST258 strains like ST514, ST11, and ST13 also play an important role in the dissemination and epidemiology of CRKP worldwide. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to characterize 70 CRKP isolates, identifying 62 as ST258 and 7 as non-ST258 strains. Rep-PCR clustering found that some non-ST258 strains carried the bla-KPC gene as well, showing the epidemiological significance of non-ST258 CRKP cannot be dismissed
Genetic Engineering of Papaya for Ring Spot VirusAmandeep Kaur
This document summarizes the development of genetically engineered papaya in Hawaii that are resistant to Papaya Ring Spot Virus (PRSV). Researchers introduced the coat protein gene of PRSV into papaya plants, which provided resistance. Transgenic papaya plants were tested and shown to be protected from PRSV infection, while unmodified plants developed symptoms. Two new virus-resistant varieties, SunUp and Rainbow, were developed and approved for commercial production in Hawaii in 1998 to rescue the papaya industry from devastating PRSV outbreaks.
Vancomycin Resistance Genes in Various Organisms- An Insilico StudyCSCJournals
Abstract Glycopeptide antibiotics are widely used to treat many serious infections caused by gram positive bacteria particularly, methicillin resistant Enterococci and Staphyllococcus sp. Emergence of commonly acquired resistance in bacterial pathogens has lead to clinical complications and threat to human health. The resistance in these organisms is conferred by several Van genes like VanA, VanB, VanD, VanC and VanM. Knowledge of presence of Van genes in various organisms was felt necessary prior to molecular investigation. Therefore, in this insilico study the DNA sequence information was used and screening was carried out for Van gene sequences. Results indicate that many pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria, fungal, viral and protozoan pathogens, other organisms like fishes, mammals possess Van like sequences. The present findings provide first hand information on extent of Vancomycin antibiotic resistance in many organisms and emphasize further investigation of the significance of these genes using molecular and bioinformatics tools to help minimize human sufferings.
1. The authors developed technologies to genetically engineer virulent phage banks that could rapidly detect and control emergent pathogenic bacteria.
2. Their approach involves modifying phage genes associated with host range using a technique called TAPE that introduces random mutations while preserving other gene regions, allowing for a wide diversity of variants.
3. They then recombinantly insert the modified genes into the genomes of wild-type phages using a technique called AB-Accus that reversibly interrupts the phage lytic cycle to allow for efficient recombination.
4. This allows production of large phage banks containing variants that could detect and destroy diverse gram-negative bacterial species, providing a flexible means to address emergent outbreaks.
Physiological effects of virus infected plants78686
This document summarizes the physiological effects of virus-infected plants. It discusses how viruses use host cell machinery to replicate their genomes and produce viral proteins, which can disturb host cell balance. This leads to various symptoms, like chlorosis and necrosis. On a cellular level, it impacts nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, cell walls, respiration, photosynthesis, transpiration, and specific enzyme activities. During active viral replication, it may divert carbon fixation away from sugars towards amino acids and organic acids to produce building blocks for viral components. Overall, viral infection generally reduces photosynthetic activity through various biochemical and physical changes to the host cell.
Viruses infect plants through wounds or insect vectors and use host cell machinery to replicate their genomes and produce proteins. They move between cells via plasmodesmata or transport streams. Pathogenesis involves implantation, local replication, spread to target organs, and shedding from the plant. Strategies to control plant viruses include eliminating sources and infected plants, controlling vectors, breeding resistance, and using cross-protection methods like satellite RNAs or transgenic expression of antiviral genes. RNA interference is now a primary tool for inducing virus resistance by degrading viral genomes.
Viral diseases can be reduced through several methods. Coat protein mediated resistance involves transforming plants with the viral coat protein gene, which allows the plant to resist infection from that virus or related viruses. Antisense RNAs can also be used, where small untranslatable RNAs pair with and degrade target viral RNA sequences. RNA interference is a natural antiviral response in plants where dicer enzymes produce small interfering RNAs that guide the RNA induced silencing complex to cleave homologous viral RNA transcripts.
Dr. Kurt Stevenson - Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance and Management in ...John Blue
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance and Management in Hospital and Community Settings - Issues for Human Population Medicine - Dr. Kurt Stevenson, The Ohio State University Medical Center, from the 2012 NIAA One Health Approach to Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Symposium, October 26-27, 2012, Columbus, OH, USA.
More presentations at:
http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2012-one-health-to-approach-antimicrobial-resistance-and-use
This document discusses carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) strains. It finds that while the ST258 strain is the most common carrier of the bla-KPC gene responsible for carbapenem resistance, non-ST258 strains like ST514, ST11, and ST13 also play an important role in the dissemination and epidemiology of CRKP worldwide. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to characterize 70 CRKP isolates, identifying 62 as ST258 and 7 as non-ST258 strains. Rep-PCR clustering found that some non-ST258 strains carried the bla-KPC gene as well, showing the epidemiological significance of non-ST258 CRKP cannot be dismissed
Genetic Engineering of Papaya for Ring Spot VirusAmandeep Kaur
This document summarizes the development of genetically engineered papaya in Hawaii that are resistant to Papaya Ring Spot Virus (PRSV). Researchers introduced the coat protein gene of PRSV into papaya plants, which provided resistance. Transgenic papaya plants were tested and shown to be protected from PRSV infection, while unmodified plants developed symptoms. Two new virus-resistant varieties, SunUp and Rainbow, were developed and approved for commercial production in Hawaii in 1998 to rescue the papaya industry from devastating PRSV outbreaks.
Vancomycin Resistance Genes in Various Organisms- An Insilico StudyCSCJournals
Abstract Glycopeptide antibiotics are widely used to treat many serious infections caused by gram positive bacteria particularly, methicillin resistant Enterococci and Staphyllococcus sp. Emergence of commonly acquired resistance in bacterial pathogens has lead to clinical complications and threat to human health. The resistance in these organisms is conferred by several Van genes like VanA, VanB, VanD, VanC and VanM. Knowledge of presence of Van genes in various organisms was felt necessary prior to molecular investigation. Therefore, in this insilico study the DNA sequence information was used and screening was carried out for Van gene sequences. Results indicate that many pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria, fungal, viral and protozoan pathogens, other organisms like fishes, mammals possess Van like sequences. The present findings provide first hand information on extent of Vancomycin antibiotic resistance in many organisms and emphasize further investigation of the significance of these genes using molecular and bioinformatics tools to help minimize human sufferings.
1. The authors developed technologies to genetically engineer virulent phage banks that could rapidly detect and control emergent pathogenic bacteria.
2. Their approach involves modifying phage genes associated with host range using a technique called TAPE that introduces random mutations while preserving other gene regions, allowing for a wide diversity of variants.
3. They then recombinantly insert the modified genes into the genomes of wild-type phages using a technique called AB-Accus that reversibly interrupts the phage lytic cycle to allow for efficient recombination.
4. This allows production of large phage banks containing variants that could detect and destroy diverse gram-negative bacterial species, providing a flexible means to address emergent outbreaks.
Physiological effects of virus infected plants78686
This document summarizes the physiological effects of virus-infected plants. It discusses how viruses use host cell machinery to replicate their genomes and produce viral proteins, which can disturb host cell balance. This leads to various symptoms, like chlorosis and necrosis. On a cellular level, it impacts nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, cell walls, respiration, photosynthesis, transpiration, and specific enzyme activities. During active viral replication, it may divert carbon fixation away from sugars towards amino acids and organic acids to produce building blocks for viral components. Overall, viral infection generally reduces photosynthetic activity through various biochemical and physical changes to the host cell.
This document summarizes a study on an outbreak of Acinetobacter baumannii at a 210-bed general hospital wing and 10-bed ICU in Taiwan. The study used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to analyze strains of A. baumannii isolated from infected patients, which revealed a dominant strain with over 80% similarity present in most cases. Control measures including improved hand hygiene and patient cohorting were able to control the outbreak. PFGE is concluded to be a critical technique for identifying bacterial strains and acquiring information to guide treatment during outbreak investigations.
Baculovirus-Insect cell expression system is one of the most popular eukaryotic expression systems for research and industrial applications. There are several advantages of using the baculovirus-Insect cell expression system, such as improved solubility, ability to incorporate post-translational modifications, and higher yield of secreted proteins.
Cloning and sequence analysis of banana streak virus dna. harper 1998Paloma Susan
Banana streak virus (BSV) causes severe problems for banana cultivation. The researchers cloned and sequenced the genome of a Nigerian isolate of BSV. The genome was found to be 7,389 base pairs and organized similarly to other badnaviruses, with three open reading frames. Comparison showed BSV is distinct from but closely related to sugarcane bacilliform virus. PCR primers designed from the sequence data detected BSV sequences in banana plants, indicating portions of the BSV genome may integrate into the banana genome. The BSV sequence provides a basis for more sensitive PCR-based detection methods.
This document summarizes the physiological effects of virus infection in plants. It discusses how viruses use the host cell's protein synthesis machinery to produce viral proteins and replicate their nucleic acids. This process can disrupt the host cell's balance and cause symptoms. Specifically, it outlines how virus infection can affect the host plant's nucleic acids and proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, cell wall compounds, respiration, photosynthesis, transpiration, hormones, and low molecular weight compounds. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the various physiological changes that can occur in plants as a result of virus infection.
This document describes a study that used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) from various bacterial species for phylogenetic analysis. The researchers designed universal primers that could amplify nearly full-length 16S rDNA from many bacterial genera. They demonstrated that this method allowed phylogenetic analysis of fastidious or pathogenic bacteria directly from lyophilized cultures without requiring cultivation. As an example, they amplified, cloned, sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed the 16S rDNA of Anaplasma marginale, placing it within the genera Rickettsia and Ehrlichia.
Gene therapy involves delivering genetic material to cells to alter their instructions for a therapeutic purpose. The first human gene therapy trial was conducted in 1990, though no gene therapy products are commercially available yet. Key goals for gene therapy strategies are to administer treatments easily, achieve long-term therapeutic effects from a single application, and target effects specifically to diseased cells with few side effects. Choosing the right viral vector depends on factors like the target cells and desired gene expression level and duration.
Molecular Basis for Genetic Resistance of Fusarium virguliforme, the Causal A...Chloe Siegel
This poster was presented at the Undergraduate Research Symposium at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. It summarizes a semester-long research project I participated in through the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences.
Tumor viruses can infect cells through either a lytic or latent life cycle. In the latent cycle, the virus genome integrates into the host cell DNA and causes cellular transformation by interfering with normal cell growth control mechanisms. This transformation allows infected cells to proliferate unchecked and form tumors. There are two major classes of tumor viruses - DNA and RNA viruses. DNA tumor viruses like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus can contribute to cancers like hepatocellular carcinoma and cervical cancer. RNA tumor viruses are retroviruses that carry the enzyme reverse transcriptase and integrate their RNA genome into host cell DNA, possibly inserting oncogenes that drive transformation.
I have a serious deal but i'm looking for God fearing person that will handle the deal for me while i finish my studies.If you are interested, contact me Direct to my personal email address here amandadiarra@hotmail.com
1. Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) vectors utilize the circular, double-stranded DNA genome of BPV. The BPV genome contains early and late regions and can transform cells without integrating.
2. There are three main types of BPV vectors. All contain the transforming 69% fragment of BPV and bacterial sequences. One type inserts a gene of interest, another adds a stimulating gene, and the third uses the full BPV genome.
3. Transformation efficiency is highest with the full BPV genome due to an enhancer in the non-transforming region. Stimulating genes can replace this enhancer's function when parts of the genome are removed. BPV vectors provide amplified
Design and Evaluation of a 16S-based Integrated Solution to Study Bacterial D...Thermo Fisher Scientific
Analysis of 16S sequences in microbial population gives a quick
overview of the community diversity, and is usually performed by
sequencing one or two hypervariable regions (V-regions), amplified as
a single PCR fragment. We developed a novel approach that
simultaneously surveys multiple V-regions in the 16S rRNA gene.
In the first design of PCR primer pools, V-regions 2, 3, 4, 6-7, 8 and 9
were amplified as individual ~200 bp fragments in one of two multiplex
PCR reactions. The primer pools covered more than 80% of
eubacterial sequences in the GreenGenes database with perfectly
matched primer pairs for at least one V-region. In the second design
the amplicons are longer, 300-400 bp products
Our data analysis module classified individual reads by mapping them
to the reference libraries. With the fragment sizes ranging between
200-300 bp, we achieved genus and, in many cases species level
taxonomic resolution, depending on which V-region was evaluated.
In an initial evaluation we tested the complete solution (PCR
chemistry, workflow and software) on two mock community DNA
samples from BEI resources: HM-276D - even community, with equal
number of rDNA copies for each of 20 bacteria and HM-783D–
staggered community, with variable number of rDNA copies. Several
V-regions were amplified by our primer sets for every organism in the
mock community. The number of classified reads in each V-region for
every bacteria depended on both primer complementarity and ease of
sequencing of the particular PCR fragment. Our approach of
interrogating multiple V-regions and sequencing both amplicon strands
improved system robustness against both PCR and sequencing
biases.
The 314v2 chip achieved 1:100 sensitivity (detection of all organisms
in the staggered mock community with 10^4-10^6 rDNA copies/PCR).
Increased sequencing depth (316v2 and 318v2) increased sensitivity
to 1:1000 (10^3-10^6 rDNA copies).
With human samples, we observed no PCR cross-reactivity with
human DNA and were able to identify and determine characteristic Vsignatures
of several important species. The signatures not only help
to increase the confidence in the organism presence and ID, but may
potentially enable strain differentiation.
Survey of multiple V-regions is useful in monitoring changes in the
microbial community composition
The document summarizes the development of three types of LAB-based (lactic acid bacteria-based) vaccines described in a Ph.D. thesis. It describes (1) the development of a safer plasmid DNA vaccine using L. lactis that obtained comparable antibody responses to an E. coli vector but lower CD8+ T cell activation, (2) the production of the peanut allergen Ara h 2 in L. lactis and its authenticity, and (3) the use of LAB for antigen delivery by presenting antigens on their surface and through adhesion mechanisms aided by molecules like the mannose-binding adhesin.
This document summarizes seven strategies that plant viruses use to translate multiple proteins from a single mRNA, which is necessary because the host cell's translation system normally produces only one protein per mRNA. The strategies described are: 1) having a multipartite genome with multiple RNA segments, 2) producing proteins from a polyprotein via proteolytic cleavage, 3) using subgenomic RNAs, 4) read-through of stop codons to produce extended proteins, 5) leaky scanning of ribosomes, 6) internal initiation of translation, and 7) frameshifting during translation. Examples are provided for many plant viruses that employ each strategy, such as bromoviruses having multipartite genomes and potyviruses expressing via a poly
This document discusses satellite RNA, which are small non-coding RNAs that depend on helper viruses for replication and encapsidation. It provides 3 key points:
1) Satellite RNAs alter symptoms of their helper viruses. They do not encode their own replication machinery and instead rely on the helper virus and plant cells. This makes them useful for studying helper virus replication.
2) Satellite RNAs can accumulate to high levels and be developed into expression vectors. They compete with helper virus RNA for replication, which can reduce accumulation of the helper virus.
3) Satellite RNAs can modulate or exacerbate disease symptoms depending on their sequence and interaction with the helper virus strain and host plant. They may attenuate symptoms
SynTuraTM technology was developed to generate RNA viral quality control standards. It involves inserting viral RNA sequences into bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), creating chimeric viruses. Specifically, the 341 bp 5' non-translated region of HCV was inserted, creating SynTuraTM HCV. SynTuraTM HCV replicates like wild-type BVDV, can be grown to high titers over 1E8 IU/ml, and behaves similarly to native HCV in molecular assays. It provides a safe, stable, and reproducible alternative to native HCV for use as a positive control and quantification standard.
This document discusses antiviral drugs and summarizes their mechanisms and classifications. It describes how viruses work at a cellular level and replicates inside host cells. It then classifies antiviral drugs based on their mechanism of action, including how they target different stages of the viral life cycle like entry, replication, assembly and release. Specific drugs are explained like amantadine, which targets influenza viruses, and nucleoside analogues including acyclovir which act as chain terminators during viral DNA synthesis. Interferons are also summarized as potent natural antiviral proteins produced by infected cells.
1. Viruses can undergo genetic changes through various mechanisms such as random mutation, recombination, reassortment, and gene amplification/reduction.
2. Mutation occurs via changes to the nitrogen bases in the DNA or RNA genome, such as single nucleotide changes or insertions/deletions.
3. Recombination involves the exchange of genetic material between viral genomes through mechanisms like classic recombination seen in DNA viruses, copy-choice recombination in retroviruses, and site-specific recombination.
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci with vanA gene in treated municipal wastewat...Sara Rodas
Enterococci bacteria that are resistant to the antibiotic vancomycin (VRE) pose a major public health risk. The study analyzed samples from wastewater treatment plant effluents, gull feces, hospital patients, and hospital surfaces to determine if the plants are reservoirs for VRE and if they contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance. VRE bacteria carrying resistance genes were isolated from the wastewater effluents, indicating that the treatment plants do not eliminate all pathogens and resistant bacteria and can transport VRE into the environment.
This document discusses Plasmodium vivax, the parasite that causes benign tertian malaria. It focuses on the reticulocyte binding protein 1a (RBP1a) of P. vivax. The study aimed to characterize RBP1a functionally and immunologically. Recombinant RBP1a fragments were produced and used to immunize animals. The antibodies produced bound to RBP1a as shown by ELISA. Different RBP1a antigen fragments were tested for binding to human reticulocytes. RBP1a was found to bind trypsin and chymotrypsin sensitive receptors on reticulocytes in a sialic acid independent manner. This study supports the
Certa Servicios Periciales - Peritos de Seguros y Comisarios de Averíasathworz
CERTA SERVICIOS PERICIALES es una empresa pericial que ofrece servicios de peritación en toda Galicia. Cuenta con una red de más de 15 peritos ubicados en las principales ciudades gallegas para poder atender cualquier encargo de forma rápida. Los peritos tienen formación académica y experiencia en múltiples disciplinas así como formación específica en seguros. La empresa se enfoca en ofrecer servicios periciales de calidad a compañías de seguros y particulares.
This document summarizes a study on an outbreak of Acinetobacter baumannii at a 210-bed general hospital wing and 10-bed ICU in Taiwan. The study used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to analyze strains of A. baumannii isolated from infected patients, which revealed a dominant strain with over 80% similarity present in most cases. Control measures including improved hand hygiene and patient cohorting were able to control the outbreak. PFGE is concluded to be a critical technique for identifying bacterial strains and acquiring information to guide treatment during outbreak investigations.
Baculovirus-Insect cell expression system is one of the most popular eukaryotic expression systems for research and industrial applications. There are several advantages of using the baculovirus-Insect cell expression system, such as improved solubility, ability to incorporate post-translational modifications, and higher yield of secreted proteins.
Cloning and sequence analysis of banana streak virus dna. harper 1998Paloma Susan
Banana streak virus (BSV) causes severe problems for banana cultivation. The researchers cloned and sequenced the genome of a Nigerian isolate of BSV. The genome was found to be 7,389 base pairs and organized similarly to other badnaviruses, with three open reading frames. Comparison showed BSV is distinct from but closely related to sugarcane bacilliform virus. PCR primers designed from the sequence data detected BSV sequences in banana plants, indicating portions of the BSV genome may integrate into the banana genome. The BSV sequence provides a basis for more sensitive PCR-based detection methods.
This document summarizes the physiological effects of virus infection in plants. It discusses how viruses use the host cell's protein synthesis machinery to produce viral proteins and replicate their nucleic acids. This process can disrupt the host cell's balance and cause symptoms. Specifically, it outlines how virus infection can affect the host plant's nucleic acids and proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, cell wall compounds, respiration, photosynthesis, transpiration, hormones, and low molecular weight compounds. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the various physiological changes that can occur in plants as a result of virus infection.
This document describes a study that used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) from various bacterial species for phylogenetic analysis. The researchers designed universal primers that could amplify nearly full-length 16S rDNA from many bacterial genera. They demonstrated that this method allowed phylogenetic analysis of fastidious or pathogenic bacteria directly from lyophilized cultures without requiring cultivation. As an example, they amplified, cloned, sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed the 16S rDNA of Anaplasma marginale, placing it within the genera Rickettsia and Ehrlichia.
Gene therapy involves delivering genetic material to cells to alter their instructions for a therapeutic purpose. The first human gene therapy trial was conducted in 1990, though no gene therapy products are commercially available yet. Key goals for gene therapy strategies are to administer treatments easily, achieve long-term therapeutic effects from a single application, and target effects specifically to diseased cells with few side effects. Choosing the right viral vector depends on factors like the target cells and desired gene expression level and duration.
Molecular Basis for Genetic Resistance of Fusarium virguliforme, the Causal A...Chloe Siegel
This poster was presented at the Undergraduate Research Symposium at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. It summarizes a semester-long research project I participated in through the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences.
Tumor viruses can infect cells through either a lytic or latent life cycle. In the latent cycle, the virus genome integrates into the host cell DNA and causes cellular transformation by interfering with normal cell growth control mechanisms. This transformation allows infected cells to proliferate unchecked and form tumors. There are two major classes of tumor viruses - DNA and RNA viruses. DNA tumor viruses like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus can contribute to cancers like hepatocellular carcinoma and cervical cancer. RNA tumor viruses are retroviruses that carry the enzyme reverse transcriptase and integrate their RNA genome into host cell DNA, possibly inserting oncogenes that drive transformation.
I have a serious deal but i'm looking for God fearing person that will handle the deal for me while i finish my studies.If you are interested, contact me Direct to my personal email address here amandadiarra@hotmail.com
1. Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) vectors utilize the circular, double-stranded DNA genome of BPV. The BPV genome contains early and late regions and can transform cells without integrating.
2. There are three main types of BPV vectors. All contain the transforming 69% fragment of BPV and bacterial sequences. One type inserts a gene of interest, another adds a stimulating gene, and the third uses the full BPV genome.
3. Transformation efficiency is highest with the full BPV genome due to an enhancer in the non-transforming region. Stimulating genes can replace this enhancer's function when parts of the genome are removed. BPV vectors provide amplified
Design and Evaluation of a 16S-based Integrated Solution to Study Bacterial D...Thermo Fisher Scientific
Analysis of 16S sequences in microbial population gives a quick
overview of the community diversity, and is usually performed by
sequencing one or two hypervariable regions (V-regions), amplified as
a single PCR fragment. We developed a novel approach that
simultaneously surveys multiple V-regions in the 16S rRNA gene.
In the first design of PCR primer pools, V-regions 2, 3, 4, 6-7, 8 and 9
were amplified as individual ~200 bp fragments in one of two multiplex
PCR reactions. The primer pools covered more than 80% of
eubacterial sequences in the GreenGenes database with perfectly
matched primer pairs for at least one V-region. In the second design
the amplicons are longer, 300-400 bp products
Our data analysis module classified individual reads by mapping them
to the reference libraries. With the fragment sizes ranging between
200-300 bp, we achieved genus and, in many cases species level
taxonomic resolution, depending on which V-region was evaluated.
In an initial evaluation we tested the complete solution (PCR
chemistry, workflow and software) on two mock community DNA
samples from BEI resources: HM-276D - even community, with equal
number of rDNA copies for each of 20 bacteria and HM-783D–
staggered community, with variable number of rDNA copies. Several
V-regions were amplified by our primer sets for every organism in the
mock community. The number of classified reads in each V-region for
every bacteria depended on both primer complementarity and ease of
sequencing of the particular PCR fragment. Our approach of
interrogating multiple V-regions and sequencing both amplicon strands
improved system robustness against both PCR and sequencing
biases.
The 314v2 chip achieved 1:100 sensitivity (detection of all organisms
in the staggered mock community with 10^4-10^6 rDNA copies/PCR).
Increased sequencing depth (316v2 and 318v2) increased sensitivity
to 1:1000 (10^3-10^6 rDNA copies).
With human samples, we observed no PCR cross-reactivity with
human DNA and were able to identify and determine characteristic Vsignatures
of several important species. The signatures not only help
to increase the confidence in the organism presence and ID, but may
potentially enable strain differentiation.
Survey of multiple V-regions is useful in monitoring changes in the
microbial community composition
The document summarizes the development of three types of LAB-based (lactic acid bacteria-based) vaccines described in a Ph.D. thesis. It describes (1) the development of a safer plasmid DNA vaccine using L. lactis that obtained comparable antibody responses to an E. coli vector but lower CD8+ T cell activation, (2) the production of the peanut allergen Ara h 2 in L. lactis and its authenticity, and (3) the use of LAB for antigen delivery by presenting antigens on their surface and through adhesion mechanisms aided by molecules like the mannose-binding adhesin.
This document summarizes seven strategies that plant viruses use to translate multiple proteins from a single mRNA, which is necessary because the host cell's translation system normally produces only one protein per mRNA. The strategies described are: 1) having a multipartite genome with multiple RNA segments, 2) producing proteins from a polyprotein via proteolytic cleavage, 3) using subgenomic RNAs, 4) read-through of stop codons to produce extended proteins, 5) leaky scanning of ribosomes, 6) internal initiation of translation, and 7) frameshifting during translation. Examples are provided for many plant viruses that employ each strategy, such as bromoviruses having multipartite genomes and potyviruses expressing via a poly
This document discusses satellite RNA, which are small non-coding RNAs that depend on helper viruses for replication and encapsidation. It provides 3 key points:
1) Satellite RNAs alter symptoms of their helper viruses. They do not encode their own replication machinery and instead rely on the helper virus and plant cells. This makes them useful for studying helper virus replication.
2) Satellite RNAs can accumulate to high levels and be developed into expression vectors. They compete with helper virus RNA for replication, which can reduce accumulation of the helper virus.
3) Satellite RNAs can modulate or exacerbate disease symptoms depending on their sequence and interaction with the helper virus strain and host plant. They may attenuate symptoms
SynTuraTM technology was developed to generate RNA viral quality control standards. It involves inserting viral RNA sequences into bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), creating chimeric viruses. Specifically, the 341 bp 5' non-translated region of HCV was inserted, creating SynTuraTM HCV. SynTuraTM HCV replicates like wild-type BVDV, can be grown to high titers over 1E8 IU/ml, and behaves similarly to native HCV in molecular assays. It provides a safe, stable, and reproducible alternative to native HCV for use as a positive control and quantification standard.
This document discusses antiviral drugs and summarizes their mechanisms and classifications. It describes how viruses work at a cellular level and replicates inside host cells. It then classifies antiviral drugs based on their mechanism of action, including how they target different stages of the viral life cycle like entry, replication, assembly and release. Specific drugs are explained like amantadine, which targets influenza viruses, and nucleoside analogues including acyclovir which act as chain terminators during viral DNA synthesis. Interferons are also summarized as potent natural antiviral proteins produced by infected cells.
1. Viruses can undergo genetic changes through various mechanisms such as random mutation, recombination, reassortment, and gene amplification/reduction.
2. Mutation occurs via changes to the nitrogen bases in the DNA or RNA genome, such as single nucleotide changes or insertions/deletions.
3. Recombination involves the exchange of genetic material between viral genomes through mechanisms like classic recombination seen in DNA viruses, copy-choice recombination in retroviruses, and site-specific recombination.
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci with vanA gene in treated municipal wastewat...Sara Rodas
Enterococci bacteria that are resistant to the antibiotic vancomycin (VRE) pose a major public health risk. The study analyzed samples from wastewater treatment plant effluents, gull feces, hospital patients, and hospital surfaces to determine if the plants are reservoirs for VRE and if they contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance. VRE bacteria carrying resistance genes were isolated from the wastewater effluents, indicating that the treatment plants do not eliminate all pathogens and resistant bacteria and can transport VRE into the environment.
This document discusses Plasmodium vivax, the parasite that causes benign tertian malaria. It focuses on the reticulocyte binding protein 1a (RBP1a) of P. vivax. The study aimed to characterize RBP1a functionally and immunologically. Recombinant RBP1a fragments were produced and used to immunize animals. The antibodies produced bound to RBP1a as shown by ELISA. Different RBP1a antigen fragments were tested for binding to human reticulocytes. RBP1a was found to bind trypsin and chymotrypsin sensitive receptors on reticulocytes in a sialic acid independent manner. This study supports the
Certa Servicios Periciales - Peritos de Seguros y Comisarios de Averíasathworz
CERTA SERVICIOS PERICIALES es una empresa pericial que ofrece servicios de peritación en toda Galicia. Cuenta con una red de más de 15 peritos ubicados en las principales ciudades gallegas para poder atender cualquier encargo de forma rápida. Los peritos tienen formación académica y experiencia en múltiples disciplinas así como formación específica en seguros. La empresa se enfoca en ofrecer servicios periciales de calidad a compañías de seguros y particulares.
Talking Social TV 2 with Ed Keller and Beth RockwoodKeller Fay Group
Almost no topic captures more attention in the media and marketing trade press than social TV. Keller Fay has been undertaking an ambitious research project on behalf of the Council for Research Excellence (CRE) to help the industry better understand the role of social media in driving television viewing behavior. Ed Keller and Discovery’s Beth Rockwood unveiled the new research findings at the Advertising Research Foundation’s Re:Think 2014.
This document proposes a novel channel estimation scheme for a RAKE receiver operating in a time-varying multipath channel. The approach uses Lagrange interpolation to combine channel estimates from pilot symbols over one chip duration, enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio and improving estimate quality. Simulation results show the bit error rate is minimized when 60% of transmit power is allocated to the pilot channel.
Excellcomm is a professional services company providing human resource management, organizational development, and other services in the Middle East and Central Asia regions. Their HR services include consulting, surveys, developing HR policies and procedures, training and development programs, payroll services, and head hunting. They aim to provide strategic and tangible benefits to clients through customized and interactive consulting solutions.
Joel Nickelsen “Growing Lean – The New Paradigm”Elemica
This document discusses the concept of "Lean Growth", which argues that cost and capital efficiency are the foundation for long-term profitability, and that lean operations can create a virtuous cycle of growth. It provides examples of how companies in various industries have achieved significant improvements and growth by applying principles of focus, simplicity, and speed across their organizations, processes, costs, capital efficiency, and more. The document also outlines Applied Value's framework and top five principles for Lean Growth.
Local Govt & the 1st Amendment: Legislative Voting as "Speech" & Union Grieva...inversecondemnation
The document summarizes two recent U.S. Supreme Court cases relating to state and local government law. In Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan, the Court upheld a Nevada law requiring elected officials to recuse themselves from voting when they have a conflict of interest. In Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri, the Court applied the balancing test for government employee speech to union grievances filed by a police chief. The cases allowed states and local governments broad discretion in regulating elected officials and managing employees.
Este documento analiza y compara el grafismo y la identidad visual de Antena 3 y Telecinco en televisión y páginas web. Describe la evolución de sus logotipos a lo largo del tiempo, muestra ejemplos de su imagen antigua y actual, y analiza aspectos como la programación, informativos, canales TDT y diseño de las páginas web de ambas cadenas.
El documento describe un programa de investigación llamado Menfis que mide la eficacia de la publicidad en términos de recuerdo. Menfis ha medido la publicidad en televisión, cine, diarios, revistas y radio a lo largo de los años. Más recientemente, ha comenzado a medir la publicidad en internet mediante un estudio que registra la navegación de usuarios y mide su recuerdo de anuncios específicos. El estudio ha encontrado que el formato del anuncio afecta su visibilidad y recuerdo.
Este documento presenta claves para comprender la ciudad y cómo anunciar el Evangelio en el contexto urbano. Explica que la ciudad es un lugar complejo y plural donde conviven diferentes culturas y realidades sociales. También describe nuevas formas de evangelización urbana como la renovación de parroquias, la sectorización, los ministerios y comunidades. El objetivo es que la Iglesia salga al encuentro de las personas en la ciudad a través de respuestas pastorales diversas y una presencia cercana y misericordiosa.
Este documento presenta un nuevo Reglamento de Seguridad en Construcciones para actualizar la normativa sobre seguridad en construcciones en el país. El reglamento establece disposiciones generales sobre seguridad en construcciones, medidas de seguridad para el almacenamiento de materiales, demoliciones y otras actividades de construcción. El objetivo es reducir la accidentabilidad en el sector de la construcción, que ha aumentado debido a la falta de actualización de las normas de seguridad.
This document discusses phishing email fraud and provides tips for recognizing and avoiding phishing attempts. It describes different types of phishing like email, text, voice, and spear phishing. It explains how phishers try to trick users into providing personal information or installing malware. The document advises being cautious of unsolicited emails with poor grammar, suspicious links or attachments. It recommends verifying sender identity and not clicking links without ensuring the destination is legitimate. It introduces security awareness training resources to help users learn best practices for avoiding phishing scams.
This document provides an annual report for TCS (Tata Consultancy Services) for the fiscal year 2013-2014. It includes the following sections:
1. Financial highlights showing 29.9% revenue growth to Rs. 81,809 crore and 37.7% net profit growth to Rs. 19,164 crore.
2. Letters from the CEO talking about the company's strong performance, investments in new technologies, commitment to developing employees, and partnerships with customers.
3. Information about the board of directors, leadership team, customers, employees, community initiatives, and commitments to the future.
4. Financial statements and reports including the balance sheet, statement of profit and loss, cash
La evaluación debe ser útil y práctica, cumpliendo con características como flexibilidad metodológica, sensibilidad social y participación de todos los sectores involucrados. Tiene como objetivo principal la mejora a través de medir la eficacia y eficiencia de los programas y generar pautas para el futuro. Existen dos tipos de evaluación: formativa para el seguimiento del programa y sumativa para determinar hasta qué punto se cumplieron los objetivos al final del programa.
Este documento presenta diferentes opciones de productos de contención secundaria de ECOWAY para prevenir derrames de líquidos. Explica que la contención secundaria debe tener una capacidad mayor al volumen del envase primario según la normativa. Luego describe brevemente diferentes productos como pallets, pisos, fundas, rampas, bateas, bandejas, estanterías, embudos y tanques antiderrame que cumplen con esta función de contención. Resalta las ventajas de los productos de ECOWAY como su flexibilidad, livi
This document summarizes information about malaria vaccines. It discusses how malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by mosquitoes. Four species can infect humans. Current vaccines target different stages of the parasite's life cycle, including pre-erythrocytic, blood, and sexual stages. Challenges to vaccine development include the parasite's ability to evade the immune system through antigenic variation. Several candidate vaccines are discussed that target different stages, but none have achieved high levels of efficacy and durability.
1. The study characterized antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum invasion ligands EBA-140 and EBA-181 in individuals from malaria-endemic areas of Brazil and Cameroon.
2. Responses differed between populations, with African individuals strongly reacting to most EBA fragments while Brazilian individuals from Mato Grosso reacted weakly and those from the Amazon had elevated but lower responses than Africans.
3. When compared to responses against other malaria proteins, the Brazilian population appeared to have more variable ability to recognize P. falciparum invasion ligands, distinct from the African population.
This study evaluated the frequency of asymptomatic Plasmodium carriers (APCs) among blood donors in four blood banks in the Brazilian Amazon region. Blood samples from 400 donors who passed screening were tested using PCR to detect Plasmodium DNA. The positivity rate varied from 1-3% between blood banks, with an overall rate of 2.3%. All positive samples contained mixed infections of P. vivax and P. falciparum. While screening methods used by the blood banks did not detect the infections, PCR revealed its superiority for detecting low levels of parasites. The results emphasize the need to improve screening for APCs in blood banks in malaria endemic areas to control transfusion-transmitted malaria.
This document describes the development of a PCR-RFLP assay to identify Plasmodium species and variants of P. vivax infecting Anopheles mosquitoes. Specific primers were designed that target regions of the circumsporozoite gene to distinguish P. falciparum, P. malariae, and P. vivax variants VK210, VK247, and P. vivax-like. The assay was tested on artificially infected mosquitoes and showed good agreement with nested PCR. The PCR-RFLP method provides a sensitive way to detect Plasmodium species and variants, which can help understand malaria transmission dynamics.
This study evaluated the distribution of Plasmodium vivax variants (VK210, VK247, and P. vivax-like) in three areas of Brazil using a new GFM-PCR-ELISA technique. All variants were found in all three areas. VK210 was most commonly found as a single infection while the others occurred in mixed infections. VK210 was associated with the highest parasitemia levels while P. vivax-like had the lowest. Parasitemia clearance times did not differ based on variant or treatment schedule. The new technique was accurate for epidemiological surveys of the vivax complex.
Malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum is a major public health concern in Cameroon and Africa, responsible for high rates of morbidity and mortality. While control measures have been effective, an effective vaccine is needed to achieve global malaria elimination goals. This study analyzed genetic diversity in the merozoite surface protein 1 (msp1) gene of P. falciparum isolates from Mount Cameroon. It found 45 distinct DNA fragments in samples from 81 of 173 infected individuals, indicating significant intragenic recombination contributing to parasite diversity. Understanding this diversity is important for vaccine development against P. falciparum.
Expression and Purification of the Plasmodium berghei Apical Membrane Antigen-1Nathan Jones
This document summarizes the production and purification of the Plasmodium berghei Apical Membrane Antigen-1 (PbAMA-1) protein for use as a vaccine candidate in mice. The PbAMA-1 gene was amplified from P. berghei genomic DNA and cloned into an expression vector. This plasmid was transformed into E. coli cells for protein expression. The expressed PbAMA-1 protein was purified using nickel affinity and size-exclusion chromatography. Analysis by SDS-PAGE and western blot confirmed the purified protein had the correct size and identity. The purified PbAMA-1 protein is now being tested in mice for its ability to protect against blood stage and sporozoite stage
This study evaluated four recombinant proteins representing the 19 kDa C-terminal region of the Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP119) for detecting P. vivax antibodies in human serum samples. The sensitivity of an ELISA using the recombinant proteins to detect antibodies in 200 samples from individuals with P. vivax infection ranged from 90-93.5%. Specificity using control samples without P. vivax exposure was 98.3-100%. The study demonstrates the potential of an ELISA using recombinant MSP119 proteins for serological detection of P. vivax infection.
This study investigated the relationship between variants of the glycophorin B (GPB) gene and susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum infection in the Brazilian Amazon. The researchers found that individuals carrying the GYPB*S allele were more likely to be infected with P. falciparum than those without this allele. Sequence analysis of GYPB also suggested it has been under natural selection due to malaria. This study provides evidence that genetic variation in GPB receptor influences the ability of P. falciparum to invade red blood cells in this population.
This study investigated the relationship between variants of the glycophorin B (GPB) gene and susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum infection in the Brazilian Amazon. The researchers found that individuals carrying the GYPB*S allele were more likely to be infected with P. falciparum than those without this allele. Additionally, population genetics analysis suggested that natural selection has shaped patterns of genetic diversity at the GYPB locus. This study provides evidence that genetic variation in GPB influences susceptibility to P. falciparum infection in this population.
1) Malaria vaccines aim to prevent infection, decrease disease severity, and reduce transmission. However, developing an effective malaria vaccine is challenging due to the parasite's high mutation rate and ability to evade the immune system.
2) Most research focuses on P. falciparum since it causes the most mortality. Potential vaccine candidates target different stages of the parasite's life cycle and include antigens like CSP, AMA1, MSP1, and Pfs25.
3) SPf66 was the first malaria vaccine tested in humans but showed limited efficacy. RTS,S is the most advanced candidate vaccine and has demonstrated up to 50% efficacy in clinical trials. However, more research is still needed to develop
This document summarizes a study that investigated the influence of HLA-DRB1 alleles on the production of antibodies against malaria antigens in individuals naturally infected with Plasmodium vivax in Brazil. The study found an association between HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR5 alleles and lack of antibody response to the amino terminal region of the circumsporozoite protein (CSP). It also found an association between HLA-DR3 and higher antibody response to merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1). No significant associations were found between HLA-DRB1 alleles and antibody responses to other malaria antigens tested.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the influence of HLA-DRB1 alleles on the production of antibodies against malaria antigens in individuals naturally infected with Plasmodium vivax in Brazil. The study found an association between HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR5 alleles and lack of antibody response to the amino terminal region of the circumsporozoite protein (CSP). It also found an association between HLA-DR3 and higher antibody response to merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1). No significant associations were found between HLA-DRB1 alleles and antibody responses to other malaria antigens tested.
1) The study evaluated the performance of the OptiMal malaria rapid diagnostic test under different storage conditions of 25°C, 30°C, and 39°C for 24, 48, and 72 hours.
2) The test detected all 111 positive blood samples except for 2 low parasitemia Plasmodium malariae samples.
3) The study suggests that the OptiMal test can be used for malaria diagnosis in Brazilian regions, though further research is needed to evaluate its performance under different environmental conditions like humidity.
This study aimed to investigate the presence of arboviruses like dengue virus in clinical samples from 111 malaria patients in the Amazon region of Brazil.
Dengue virus serotype 2 was detected in two patients from Novo Repartimento, Pará who also had active Plasmodium vivax malaria infections. Despite limited data, concurrent dengue and malaria infections are likely more common in the Amazon region than detected, as both diseases co-circulate and have similar transmission vectors and clinical presentations, making dual diagnosis possible. Further research is needed to better understand the frequency of co-infection in this region.
Presentation 8: Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a versatile pathogen that can adapt ...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/
International Technical Seminar/Workshops on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND)
This study characterized 10 novel human monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) against PfCelTOS, a Plasmodium falciparum protein important for malaria parasite infection. The Mabs were produced using Kymouse technology. Initial tests using western blot and dot blot assessed antibody reactivity to full length PfCelTOS and its termini. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) then provided quantitative results and determined fine specificity mapping of the Mabs. Cross-reactivity between other Plasmodium species was also examined. Immunofluorescent assays found that a few Mabs strongly bound epitopes in the C and N terminus regions of PfCelTOS on sporozoite surfaces. Further examination of
Chloroquine resistant malaria,vaccines for malariaJonaid Ali
This document summarizes information about chloroquine resistant malaria and vaccines for malaria. It discusses the history and life cycle of the malaria parasite, mechanisms of drug resistance, treatment approaches including chloroquine and new drug combinations, and the development of vaccine candidates like RTS,S that target different stages of the parasite's life cycle. Key points covered include how chloroquine resistance first emerged and spread, the use of artemisinin combination therapies to address resistance, and clinical trials underway to evaluate vaccine candidates aimed at prevention, transmission blocking, and reducing disease severity.
MVI is working with ICGEB in India to develop a vaccine against Plasmodium vivax. This effort includes Bharat Biotech, which will manufacture the vaccine for preclinical and initial safety trials in adults. The vaccine aims to prevent infection, decrease infection intensity, and prevent malaria transmission.
This document analyzes the frequency of two polymorphisms (C282Y and H63D) in the HFE gene in malaria patients and blood donors from four states in the Brazilian Amazon region. The study found:
1) No individuals were homozygous for the C282Y polymorphism, and only 5 heterozygous individuals were detected, all from Pará State.
2) The most common genotype for the H63D polymorphism was heterozygous in both patient groups.
3) Allele frequencies for the H63D polymorphism were higher than for the C282Y polymorphism, consistent with other studies on Brazilian populations.
1. Researchers studied Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from Colombia, Peru, and Brazil to determine the invasion pathways and ligand polymorphisms used.
2. They found that most isolates from Colombia and Peru invade red blood cells through an atypical pathway that is resistant to all enzyme treatments, unlike known pathways.
3. This unusual pathway was associated with specific variants of PfRh2a, PfRh5, and EBA-181 ligands, suggesting these proteins play a major role in this pathway. The study demonstrates diversity in invasion mechanisms between regions.
This study examined 51 Brazilian Plasmodium falciparum isolates for polymorphisms in the Pfmdr1 gene thought to be associated with chloroquine resistance. 49 of the isolates were found to be resistant to chloroquine in vitro, while all were sensitive to mefloquine, amodiaquine, and quinine. The isolates were analyzed for three Pfmdr1 polymorphisms: Asn86Tyr, Asn1042Asp, and Asp1246Tyr. Asn86Tyr was not detected in any isolates, while Asn1042Asp was found in 50 isolates and Asp1246Tyr was found in all 51 isolates. This provides support that As
This document analyzes genetic variation at the Pfs48/45 gene and microsatellite loci in 255 Plasmodium falciparum isolates from 5 populations. It finds:
1) Alleles and haplotypes of 5 SNPs in the Pfs48/45 gene varied extremely between populations, much more so than alleles at 11 neutral microsatellite loci.
2) Measurements of between-population allele frequency variation (FST) were 4-7 times higher for Pfs48/45 than microsatellites, both within and between continents.
3) The highly skewed Pfs48/45 patterns suggest divergent selection on the protein's amino acid sequence between populations, indicating it may determine game
This study compared ELISA and PCR-ELISA techniques for detecting human Plasmodium parasites in Anopheles mosquitoes from the Amazon region of Brazil. The PCR-ELISA technique confirmed all positive and negative ELISA results but detected additional Plasmodium species in 5 of the 32 positive mosquitoes that were not detected by ELISA alone. The PCR-ELISA is more sensitive than ELISA for detecting human malaria parasites in mosquitoes.
1) O documento analisa os casos de malária no estado de Santa Catarina entre 1996-2001, com 5,5% das 4.707 amostras sendo positivas.
2) Plasmodium vivax causou 69% dos casos, Plasmodium falciparum 25,6%, infecções mistas 5% e Plasmodium malariae 0,4%.
3) 67,4% dos casos foram importados e 32,6% autóctones, com aumento de casos importados nos anos subsequentes.
This study analyzed genetic diversity and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum in 5 populations in the Brazilian Amazon region. Microsatellite markers were analyzed in 196 parasite isolates. There was significant multilocus linkage disequificance within populations, particularly those with fewer mixed infections. However, most isolates had unique multilocus genotypes, indicating genetic diversity. Genetic divergence between populations was substantial but did not correlate simply with geographical distance. The findings suggest distinct population structures and minimal gene flow between foci in the region.
This study investigated genetic mutations associated with chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum samples from the Brazilian Amazon region. The study analyzed 40 samples from 4 localities for mutations in the pfmdr1, cg2, and pfcrt genes. It found 100% of samples contained mutations in pfmdr1 codons 184, 1042, and the cg2 gamma region associated with chloroquine resistance. Most samples also contained the pfcrt K76T mutation, except some from Porto Velho which matched a Thai resistant genotype. This research contributes to understanding the molecular basis of widespread chloroquine resistance in this region.
1. The study developed a new PCR/RFLP technique to identify the 3 genotypes of Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein (VK210, VK247, and P. vivax-like) using DNA extracted from blood samples.
2. The technique uses PCR amplification of the central immunodominant region of the CSP gene followed by restriction enzyme digestion and fragment analysis to distinguish the genotypes.
3. Testing demonstrated the technique could accurately identify the genotypes using plasmid controls for each variant, and that it had high sensitivity detecting parasitemia levels as low as 0.0069 parasites per microliter.
We present evidence of Plasmodium vivax infection in two homozygous FY*B-33 (Duffy-negative) individuals from the Brazilian Amazon region. Molecular analysis confirmed P. vivax infection through detection of P. vivax small subunit rRNA and circumsporozoite protein genes. One individual had a mixed infection of VK210 and P. vivax-like genotypes, while the other was infected with VK210. Both individuals also had antibodies to the P. vivax merozoite surface protein 1. This provides rare evidence that P. vivax may be capable of invading Duffy-negative red blood cells in some regions, though additional studies are needed to better understand this finding.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed Duffy blood group genotypes in Plasmodium vivax malaria patients and blood donors in four areas of the Brazilian Amazon region. The study found:
1) A high frequency of the FYA/FYB genotype in both patients and donors, followed by FYB/FYB.
2) Some Duffy genotypes showed significant differences in frequency between patients and donors.
3) Individuals with the FYA/FYB genotype may have higher susceptibility to malaria, while the presence of the FYB-33 allele could provide resistance.
Mixed Plasmodium falciparum infections were common in four areas of the Brazilian Amazon region. Molecular diagnosis found 73% of infections were single P. falciparum infections, while 27% were mixed infections, mostly double infections. Mixed infections were associated with weaker clinical malaria symptoms like lower rates of fever and headache compared to single P. falciparum infections. The study highlights the need for improved malaria diagnosis to better understand mixed infections and their impact on disease severity.
This study investigated the frequencies of ABO blood group genotypes and alleles in Plasmodium falciparum malaria patients and blood donors from the Brazilian Amazon region. The researchers found that over half of individuals had the ABO*O01O01 genotype. The ABO*AO01 genotype was the second most common. No significant differences were detected in genotype or allele frequencies between the malaria patients and blood donors. Analysis of O alleles found the O1 variant allele to be most frequent in both groups, with no evidence of the homozygous O2 allele.
1. A study analyzed genetic and immune response differences between P. vivax circumsporozoite (CS) genotypes VK210 and P. vivax-like.
2. Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA and CytB genes found high similarity between the genotypes, with zero nucleotide diversity, placing them in the same clade.
3. Individuals infected with P. vivax-like had a lower antibody response against CS repetitive region peptides than those with VK210, suggesting variation is limited to the CS repetitive region.
1) Field isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from Colombia and Peru were found to invade red blood cells through an atypical pathway that was resistant to all enzyme treatments, unlike what is typically seen.
2) The invasion pathways and ligand polymorphisms differed between Colombian, Peruvian, and Brazilian isolates, with Peruvian isolates showing a combination of Colombian and Brazilian characteristics.
3) The atypical resistant pathway was associated with specific variants of PfRh2a, PfRh5 and EBA-181, which may be major players in this pathway based on expression levels.
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Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
2. P. VIVAX MSP-1 200L: SEROLOGICAL ANALYSES 59
of the asymptomatic carriers.22,23 Because of this, the samples in E. coli according to standard methods,20 and purified by
were collected in four different sites of the Amazon region of immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) with
Brazil: Macapá, (Amapá State); Novo Repartimento (Pará Ni-nitrilotriacetic acid matrix (Qiagen, Brazil), dialyzed against
State); Porto Velho (Rondônia State); and Plácido de Castro phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 4°C, and reprocessed
(Acre State). Macapá is the capital of the state of Amapá several times to reduce E. coli contaminants. Final batches of
and is located on the Amazon River with a tropical forest. rPv200L were analyzed for homogeneity and purity by sodium
Its estimated population is 366,486 inhabitants and its annual dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-
parasitic index (API) was 6.0 in 2009. Porto Velho is the capital PAGE) and analytical reverse-phase high-performance liquid
of the State of Rondônia in the upper Amazon River basin, chromatography (HPLC).
with 383,425 inhabitants and an API of 53.7 last year. Plácido Assessment of the antibody response. Human plasma samples
de Castro is located at the border of Rondônia and Amazonas were evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
states, it has a population of 18,235 inhabitants and its API (ELISA) for the presence of naturally acquired antibodies
was 20.6 in 2009. Novo Repartimento is a gold mining area in to rPv200L, as described elsewhere.20 Briefly, flat-bottomed,
southeastern Pará State. Its population is estimated as 55,759 96-well microplates (Nunc Maxisorp, Rochester, NY) were
habitants and had an API of 15.4 last year. The climate in these coated with 100 mM of rPv200L per well and incubated
areas is characterized as tropical with no dry season; the mean overnight at 4°C. Microplates were blocked for 2 hours
monthly precipitation level is at least 60 mm. with PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20 and 1% bovine serum
Study subjects and blood samples. A total of 261 adult albumin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). After one wash with T-PBS,
individuals were evaluated in this study following a protocol samples diluted 1:200 were added and incubated for 1 hour
approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the at room temperature. Plates were washed five times with
Faculty of Medicine, São José do Rio Preto. All participants PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20, and secondary antihuman
were enrolled according to the following criteria: sought immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody labeled with alkaline
medical assistance for clinical malaria symptoms, were > 18 phosphatase (Sigma) was added at a final dilution of 1:4000.
years of age, and had a positive P. vivax malaria diagnosis Plates were incubated for 1 hour at room temperature, washed
by thick blood film. We excluded from the study pregnant with T-PBS, and developed with p-nitrophenylphosphate
women, patients < 18 years of age, and no other concomitant (Sigma). The reaction was stopped after 15 minutes with 10 uL
illness. Participants were asked to sign a written consent form of 1N NaOH and read at 405 nm. Every sample was tested in
before blood samples were drawn. Epidemiological data such triplicate. The ELISA IgG cutoff was defined as the average of
as age, gender, past history of malaria, and current infection negative control samples plus three standard deviations. The
information were obtained from a specific interview and results were expressed as an index of reactivity (IR = OD405
also from medical records. Five mL of peripheral blood was values of tested sample divided by the value of the cutoff).
collected by venipuncture from each of the individuals using Values of IR < 1.0 were considered negative, values of IR ≥ 1.0
tubes containing EDTA. Approximately 3 mL of plasma and < 10 were considered positive (antibody titers estimated to
was then stored at −80°C until use, and the remaining cell vary from 1:200 until 1:3,200), whereas values of IR ≥ 10 were
volume was used for malaria diagnose confirmation by using a considered highly positive (antibody titers estimated to vary
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. between 1:3,200–51,200).
Parasite detection. Patients were examined to confirm the Statistical analysis. Analyses were performed using R
P. vivax malaria diagnose by using Giemsa stained thick blood version 2.8.1 statistical software (The R Foundation for
smear. Slides were kept at room temperature and parasite Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria [http://www.rproject
density was quantified after examination of 200 microscopic .org]). Differences among the frequencies of responders were
fields at l.000× magnification under oil-immersion. All slides analyzed using Pearson’s χ2 or, alternatively, the Fisher’s exact
were examined by two independent well-trained microscopists test. Comparisons of antibody level (IR) were performed using
who were unaware of each result according to the Ministry the Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc Bonferroni’s pairwise
of Health in Brazil recommended procedures.24 Additionally, comparisons. Relationship between the antibody responders
diagnose was confirmed in all samples by using an PCR and previous malaria episodes was analyzed by binary logis-
technique.25 For the PCR technique DNA samples were tic regression. Differences were considered significant when
extracted from frozen pellets of infected erythrocytes using P value ≤ 0.05, and when Bonferroni’s correction was performed
the Easy-DNATM extraction kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), P value ≤ 0.017 or P value ≤ 0.008, respectively, to the number
and a semi-nested PCR using specific small-subunit (SSU) of compared groups (3 or 4).
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) primers.25 Briefly, two rounds of
amplification were performed with oligonucleotide primers RESULTS
that target small sub-unit rRNA genes of Plasmodium. The first
round (35 cycles) used a pair of universal (i.e., genus-specific) Frequency and level of antibodies to Pv200L in the four
primers, P1 and P2, whereas the second round (18 cycles) used Amazonian communities. An average of 65 individuals per
the species-specific reverse primers F2, V1 and M1 combined study area was evaluated for a total of 261 subjects. The overall
with the universal forward primer P1. Oligonucleotide primer frequency of antibodies that recognized the Pv200L in ELISA
sequences and detailed PCR protocols are given elsewhere. was 89.3%. The average IR was 5.5 and 17.6% of samples
P.vivax Pv 200L protein. The Pv200L protein was showed high antibody titers (IR ≥ 10). Significant differences
expressed as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli as (P = 0.000001, Fisher’s exact test) in responder frequency
described previously.20 The protein encodes the fragment among the four study sites were observed (Table 1).
containing amino acid residues 121–416 of the P. vivax In Macapá, the lowest percentage of positive Pv200L anti-
MSP-1. The fragment was amplified, cloned, and expressed bodies in individuals was detected (71.9%), whereas Novo
3. 60 STORTI-MELO AND OTHERS
Table 1
Frequency and antibody levels of Pv200L in sera of infected individu-
als with Plasmodium vivax in four areas from Brazilian Amazon
region
Index of reactivity (IR) –
antibody level
Antibody
Area Samples (n) frequency (%)* Average > 1 (%) > 10 (%)
Macapá 64 71.9 4.4 59.4 12.5
Novo Repartimento 76 98.7† 6 80.3 18.4
Porto Velho 55 96.4‡ 5.7 78.2 18.2
Placido de Castro 66 89.4 6.2 68.2 21.2
Total 261 89.3 5.5 71.7 17.6
* Fisher’s exact test (P = 0.000001) analyzing the four areas.
† Macapá vs. Novo Reartimento (P = 0.000002).
‡ Macapá vs. Porto Velho (P = 0.0004), Bonferroni’s correction P value ≤ 0.008.
Figure 2. Correlation between the frequency of samples for IR
Repartimento had the highest frequency of responders (98.7%). values and the number of previous malaria episodes. Individuals (N =
200) were grouped according to the number of previous malaria infec-
In the post hoc analysis by Bonferroni’s pairwise comparisons tions. The number of individuals of each group was 10, 82, and 108 for
(significant P value ≤ 0.008), Macapá frequencies were statisti- zero, 1 or 2, and 3 or more previous malaria groups, respectively. The
cally lower compared with Novo Repartimento (P = 0.000002) index of reactivity (IR) values are: IR < 1 (negative), IR > 1 (posi-
and Porto Velho (P = 0.0004). tive), and IR > 10 (high positive). The frequency of sample for each IR
value was statistically different between the three groups (P = 0.006
Taken together, the four study areas were statistically differ- Pearson χ2 test).
ent (P = 0.0008, Kruskal-Wallis test) in terms of antibody levels
(estimated using IR values). The lowest antibody titers were with one or two previous malaria episodes, and (3 or more)
detected in Macapá subjects (average of IR = 4.4) and the low- individuals with at least three previous malaria episodes. We
est frequency of high responders (IR ≥ 10; 12.5%). On the other found that the frequency of Pv200L antibody-positive samples
hand, the highest average IR (6.2) was found in Plácido de was statistically different among these three groups (Figure 2;
Castro with a frequency of 21.2% of high responders (Table 1). P = 0.006, Pearson χ2). The percentage of individuals that did
Figure 1 indicates each individual IR value plotted by endemic not recognize Pv200L (IR < 1 or negative) was significantly
area. Individuals from Macapá were the only ones presenting higher in the (0) group (40%) as compared with Group 1
bottom line antibody concentrations. The IR values were used (1 or 2 episodes; 12.2%) and to Group 3 (3 or more; 7.4%)
to construct a boxplot by area that can also be seen in Figure 1, (P = 0.042 and P = 0.010, respectively, Pearson χ2). None of
Macapá presented lower median and confidence interval val- the individuals of the primary-infection group presented high
ues than others. Statistical pairwise comparisons (Bonferroni’s antibody titer (IR > 10) (Figure 2). This tendency was also
correction, P value ≤ 0.008) confirmed that the lowest antibody confirmed by binary logistic regression analysis.The percentage
responses occurred in Macapá; Macapá versus Porto Velho, of responders in the primary-infected group was compared
P = 0.0011; Macapá versus Plácido de Castro, P = 0.0039; with the other groups. The odds ratio (OR) for groups with 1
Macapá versus Novo Repartimento, P = 0.0000. or 2 and 3 or more previous malaria infections was OR = 4.8
Relationship between frequency and level of antibodies (P = 0.031) and OR = 8.3 (P = 0.004), respectively.
with previous malaria episodes. Findings showed a correlation Correlation between Pv200L antibody levels and the num-
between the frequency and antibody levels and number of ber of previous malaria infections showed that all primary
previous malaria episodes. For this, plasma samples from 200 infected (0) had lower IR values (Figure 3) with average of IR
individuals were separated and categorized according to the (IR = 2.0) lower than average of IR of all patients (other three
number of previous malaria episodes and then further divided
into three groups: (0) primary infected, (1 or 2) individuals
Figure 1. Antibody levels to Pv200L in individuals from four areas Figure 3. Correlation between antibody levels to Pv200L and
of the Brazilian Amazon region. Individual value plot of index of reac- number of previous malaria episodes. Individual value plot of index of
tivity (IR) and boxplot of the median values of IR in each area with reactivity (IR) for primary infected (0), with 1 or 2, and 3 or more pre-
confidence intervals: CI (Macapá, median = 1.5 and CI = 1.1–2.4; Porto vious malaria groups and boxplot of the median of IR for number of
Velho, median = 3.8 and CI = 2.6–5.3; Plácido de Castro, median = previous malaria groups and the confidence intervals: CI (0, median =
2.7 and CI = 2.1–4.7; and Novo Repartimento, median = 4.1 and CI = 1.46 and CI = 0.3–4.7; 1 or 2, median = 3.8 and CI = 2.7–4.5; and 3 or
3.4–5.5). The * represents outliers. more, median = 3.1 and CI = 2.5–5.1). The * represents outliers.
4. P. VIVAX MSP-1 200L: SEROLOGICAL ANALYSES 61
groups; IR = 5.4). However, this difference was significant only discrepant differences observed. Macapá had the lowest API
between primary infected (0) and the three or more malaria (6.0 in 2009) that can justify the low frequency and the low
episode groups (P = 0.010, Kruskal-Wallis test, Bonferroni’s level of antibody that was found. On the other hand, Porto
correction P value ≤ 0.017). Velho presented the highest API (53.7) followed by Plácido
de Castro (20.6) and Novo Repartimento (15.8). Interestingly,
Novo Repartimento but not Porto Velho showed the highest
DISCUSSION frequency of responders. Another possible explanation is the
In this study, we confirmed the high prevalence of individu- characteristics of P. vivax and P. falciparum transmission in
als in malaria-endemic areas of Brazil who develop antibodies each site. Although individuals with patent P. falciparum infec-
specific to the Pv200L fragment of the P. vivax MSP- 1 upon tion do not recognize the N-terminal recombinant protein
exposure to natural infection. The mean number of individuals of P. vivax MSP-1,36 a combination of previous P. vivax and
presenting antibodies to the Pv200L in this study was higher P. falciparum infections may have an unpredictable outcome
(89.3%) than that previously reported in Colombia (72.8%) in terms of the human antibody response.9
where transmission intensity is lower than the Amazon For that reason, we evaluated whether there was a corre-
region. There were significant differences in the frequency of lation between the frequency and antibody levels and the
responders and in antibody levels among the four study sites. number of past malaria infections. To answer this question,
Although we could not reliably record the number of previous the samples were classified according to the number of previ-
episodes in individuals with multiple previous infections, the ous malaria in three groups: (0), (1 or 2), and (3 or more) past
surprisingly high difference in antibody titers, which ranged malaria episodes. As expected, the analysis showed that the fre-
from negative (IR < 1 = 10.7%) to highly positive (IR > 10 = quency of responders and the antibody levels to Pv200L frag-
17.7%), indicates that some of the individuals may have been ment was higher in those individuals with a greater number of
exposed to numerous P. vivax infections, certainly more than previous malaria infections. Although two previous Brazilian
in Colombian individuals who presented significantly lower studies did not show this tendency for the N-terminal of the
titers (103–5 × 105)20,26 In the latter study, individuals were not P. vivax MSP-1,9,28 our data are in agreement with another
only exposed to lower transmission intensity but a proportion study in which the proportion of responders to PvMSP-1
was Fy− volunteers with only a transient exposure to limited variants increased during subsequent infections.38 Moreover,
amounts of circulating merozoites.26 in studies that evaluated the C-terminal of the MSP-131 and
Several studies in Brazil7,9,27,28 and other countries29–32 have other parasite proteins, such as DBP-II39,40 and AMA-131,41
demonstrated the high antigenicity of different regions of the a positive correlation was also observed between the increase
P. vivax MSP-1. The previously described antibody specificity, in the antibody response and the number of past malaria epi-
particularly to the C-terminal region (42-kD and 19-kD sub- sodes. These data taken together suggest that multiple infec-
fragments), correlates with inhibition of blocking parasite inva- tions can provide a boost for the production of the specific
sion in vitro33,34 and induction of protective immunity in animal antibodies. As observed in the initial evaluation of Pv200L in
models.19,35 We have focused considerable efforts on the genetic Colombia, the higher antibody responses in infected patients
and immunological characterization of the N-terminal (Pv200L) as compared with healthy individuals with previous exposure
fragment of P. vivax MSP-120 and have found that it has not only to malaria may be explained by an immune boosting by para-
significant antigenicity both in human and animals, but it dis- sites after natural infection and may provide advantages for
plays high immunogenicity in mice and monkeys and induces boosting of antibody response induced by vaccination.20
partial protection against experimental parasite challenge in In summary, results of this study provide evidence that
Aotus monkeys vaccinated with the same protein tested here. Pv200L is an immunogenic fragment of the N-terminal region
These results are in agreement with those of other seroepi- of the P. vivax MSP-1 in naturally exposed individuals from the
demiologic studies that used longer fragments from N-terminal Brazilian Amazon. Observed differences among the study areas
of PvMSP-1.7,21,36 Although the C-terminal region of MSP-1 may be explained by the frequency of malaria exposure in each
was referred to in Brazil as the most immunogenic,9,28 high region and that it might also be associated with the wide varia-
antibody levels (IR > 10) and IR average corroborates Pv200L tions found in the malaria transmission pattern, parasite poly-
high antigenicity in naturally acquired malaria. Moreover, morphisms, and the genetic background of human populations.
reduced risk of P. vivax infection and clinical protection Additional studies regarding the fine specificity of antibodies
against malaria were, in fact, associated with antibodies to a to the Pv200L fragment and factors that modulate immune
specific N- terminal fragment from MSP-1.7 We must point out responses against heterologous parasitic proteins, especially in
that maybe the same protection may not occur with other anti- other geographical areas, are warranted to improve the under-
gens from the N-terminal region, however, it is an extrapola- standing of the immunology of malaria with an eye toward
tion that should be considered. Inhibitory antibodies specific identification of viable malaria vaccine candidates.
for the 19-kD C-terminal of P. falciparum MSP-1 were not
correlated with delayed appearance of infection but, actually, Received January 21, 2010. Accepted for publication April 19, 2010.
declined significantly in 2 months after treatment, which might Acknowledgments: We acknowledge all individuals enrolled in this
have contributed to the risk of reinfection.27,37 Herein, all indi- study. We thank the following people for assistance in obtaining sam-
ples: Carlos Eugênio Cavasini, Aline Barroso, Maria Cristina Figueredo,
viduals were infected at the time of sampling.
and Mauro Tada; to Luiz Hildebrando Pereira da Silva for facilities
In Brazil, the antibody response profile was variable in the at CEPEM; Augusto Valderrama and David Narum for their valuable
different areas, whereas Macapá showed the lowest frequency contribution in production of the Pv200L recombinant protein; and to
and antibody levels among studied areas; Novo Repartimento Claudia L. Garcia for technical support with the manuscript.
displayed the highest frequency of responders (98.7%). Financial support: Work reported in this manuscript was funded in
Several reasons, not mutually exclusive, may account for the part by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
5. 62 STORTI-MELO AND OTHERS
(FAPESP), São Paulo State, Brazil (02/09546-1) and in part by the surface protein (MSP1)-structure, processing and function.
Conselho Nacional para o Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 87 (Suppl 3): 37–42.
(CNPq), Brasília, Brazil (302353/03-8). LMSM is a PhD student 11. Holder AA, 1988. The precursor to major merozoite surface
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Mesquita Filho and supported by scholarship from FAPESP. Work 72–97.
in Colombia was jointly sponsored by COLCIENCIAS (grant 1106- 12. McBride JS, Newbold CI, Anand R, 1985. Polymorphism of a high
04-16489), the Ministry of Social Protection (grant 2304-04-19524) molecular weight schizont antigen of the human malaria para-
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Infectious Diseases (NIAID Grant no. 49486/TMRC) and through 13. Putaporntip C, Jongwutiwes S, Sakihama N, Ferreira MU, Kho
an International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research NIAID/ WG, Kaneko A, Kanbara H, Hattori T, Tanabe K, 2002. Mosaic
ICEMR grant no U 19AI089702. organization and heterogeneity in frequency of allelic recombi-
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