Daniel Macallair, Executive Director of the Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice (CJCJ) is a practitioner-in-residence at San Francisco State University (SFSU)'s Department of Criminal Justice Studies. These slides are from his Intervention Policies in Juvenile Justice course materials.
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6. Eugenics at Whittier
1. www.cjcj.org
ยฉ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
40 Boardman Place
San Francisco, CA 94103
California Progressive Era Policy Reforms: Seeking more Effective and Humane Institution
Issues confronting state leaders: Governor Hiram Johnson (1911-1917)
๏ผOngoing scandals involving violence, abuse, and
mismanagement
๏ผPoorly constructed and inadequate facilities
๏ผEducation programs incapable of meeting diverse
population
๏ผInadequate state funding
๏ผGrowing institutional population with little means
to segregate by age
๏ผNo separate facility for girls
๏ผAbsence of leadership and direction
2. www.cjcj.org
ยฉ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
40 Boardman Place
San Francisco, CA 94103
The Appointment of Fred G Nelles as Superintendent
of the Whittier State School
๏Eliminated the use of the Oregon Boot and the use of the
lash
๏Forbad use of the dark dungeon-like isolation cells
๏Initiated new construction with an intention of instituting a
cottage system on an โartistically landscapedโ campus
๏Successfully sought the establishment of separate girls
institution
๏Advocated for legislation designating Whittier as the
institution for the under age 16 and Preston as the institution
for the over age 16
๏Advocated the removal of youth deemed less intelligent
Fred G Nelles (Superintendent 1912-1924)
3. www.cjcj.org
ยฉ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
40 Boardman Place
San Francisco, CA 94103
The Oregon Boot: Preventing Runaways at Whittier
๏ง Invented by JC Gardner, the warden of
the Oregon State Penitentiary
๏ง Consisted of a stirrup that attached to a
boot with 20 lb weight the wrapped
around the ankle
๏ง Modified version used at Whittier the
weight rested directly on the youths
foot
๏ง Its use at Whittier was banned by Fred
Nelles who referred to it as a torture
device that inflicted permanent injuries
4. www.cjcj.org
ยฉ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
40 Boardman Place
San Francisco, CA 94103
Diagnosis, Eugenics, and Intelligence Testing : The Dark Side of Progressive
Era Juvenile Justice Reform
๏ง Charles Darwin, Herbert Spencer, Francis Galton
๏ง California sterilization law (1909)
๏ง Diagnosis, William Healy and the Child Guidance Clinic
Movement
๏ง Growing popularity of Eugenics and the belief that human
condition could be improved by controlling human reproduction
๏ง Louis Termanโs advocacy that his new Stanford-Binet IQ test
could measure innate human intelligence
๏ง Fred Nelles belief that institutional conditions could be improved
by removing youth deemed less intelligent
Louis Terman (1877-1956)
5. www.cjcj.org
ยฉ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
40 Boardman Place
San Francisco, CA 94103
Eugenics
โข A social philosophy which advocates the improvement of the
human condition by controlling human reproduction. The goal is
to prevent the passing of undesirable traits to the next generation
6. www.cjcj.org
ยฉ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
40 Boardman Place
San Francisco, CA 94103
IQ and the โdefective delinquentโ: Implementing reform school-based
Eugenics practices at Whittier
โข California sterilization law amended to allow operation to be carried out with parental or guardian consent (1913)
(later expanded to allow sterilization to be imposed by institutional authorities)
โข Nelles commissions Terman and Stanford University to conduct intelligence testing of youth at Whittier using
Stanford-Binet IQ scale (1914)
โข Dr. Harold Williams and Stanford team declare that Whittier youth were 15-25 times more likely to be
โfeeblemindedโ than general population youth
โข โFeeblemindednessโ declared to be more prevalent among females and certain races and ethnicities
โข Nelles successfully lobbies for creation of Division of Juvenile Research to administer IQ tests to all Whittier
youth (1915)
โข Youth identified as feebleminded were transferred to Sonoma State Hospital or the Pacific Colony to be
sterilized or to Preston to be separated.
โข Program gradually lost support following Nelles death in 1917 and the onset of the depression.
โข Bureau of Juvenile Research was eliminated at Whittier in 1941 following a series of scandals that fully
discredited its practices and its advocates
โข In 2003, Governor Gray Davis issued an apology to the victims of Californiaโs Eugenics and sterilization policies
7. www.cjcj.org
ยฉ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
40 Boardman Place
San Francisco, CA 94103
Where Sterilizations were Performed
Pacific Colony at Spadra Sonoma State Home
8. www.cjcj.org
ยฉ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
40 Boardman Place
San Francisco, CA 94103
State Issues Apology for Policy of Sterilization
March 12, 2003|Carl Ingram | Times Staff Writer
SACRAMENTO โ It was a dark chapter in American history. For more than half a century,
California and other states forcibly sterilized 60,000 mentally ill people as part of a misguided
national campaign to eliminate crime, "feeblemindedness," alcoholism, poverty and other
problems blamed for dragging society down.
On Tuesday, Gov. Gray Davis apologized, placing California in a small group of states that
have issued formal regrets.
"To the victims and their families of this past injustice," Davis said in a statement, "the people
of California are deeply sorry for the suffering you endured over the years. Our hearts are
heavy for the pain caused by eugenics. It was a sad and regrettable chapter ... one that must
never be repeated."