Petroleum is a naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons found beneath the Earth's surface. Crude oil is the chief source of transportation fuels after refining. Natural gas is also a mixture of hydrocarbons found naturally and is used after processing for power generation, fertilizers, manufacturing and limited transportation. The combustion of hydrocarbons releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Secondary recovery techniques like water or gas injection are commonly used when initial pressure drops and flow slows during petroleum extraction. Refineries use fractional distillation and other processes to separate crude oil into useful products like fuel oil, lubricants, diesel, kerosene and gasoline.

1. 1
Petroleum

2. 2
Hydrocarbons: organic compounds consisting of H and C
Petroleum: a thick, flammable, yellow-to-black mixture of
solid, liquid, and gaseous hydrocarbons that occurs naturally
beneath the Earth's surface.

3. 3
Crude oil
* Liquid mixture of naturally occurring hydrocarbons
* After refining: the chief source of transportation fuels
Natural gas
• After processing: used for power generation,fertilizers,
manufacturing, transportation (limited)
* Gaseous mixture of naturally occurring hydrocarbons
Combustion (burning) of hydrocarbons releases
carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere
Fuel + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Heat
In words:

4. 4
Oil And Gas Formation

5. 5
How crude would be searched under Earth Crust

6. 6
Extraction of crude from Earth Surface

7. 7

8. 8
Petroleum Recovery
As the pressure drops, flow slows and operators must use
“secondary recovery” techniques for to recover petroleum.
The most common technique: injection of water or gas.
Injection
well Production
well
water forced
downward
water enters pores, raises pressure;
“sweeps” petroleum in front of it
petroleum
rises

9. 9

10. 10

11. 11

12. 12

13. 13
residue
fuel oil
lubricants
diesel
kerosene
gasoline
naptha
gasesFractional
distillation
in a refinery
very schematic cartoon

14. 14
Cetane no.- Cetane number, Cetane rating or CN is an
indicator of the combustion speed of diesel fuel and
compression needed for ignition.
Octane no.- An octane rating, or octane number,
is a standard measure of the performance of an engine
or aviation fuel.

15. 15

16. 16

17. 17

18. 18

19. 19
List of refineries in India.
Indian Oil Corporation Limited Bihar Barauni
Indian Oil Corporation Limited Gujarat Koyali
Indian Oil Corporation Limited West Bengal Haldia
Indian Oil Corporation Limited Uttar Pradesh Mathura
Indian Oil Corporation Limited Haryana Panipat
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation LimitedMaharashtra Mumbai
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation LimitedAndhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam
HPCL-Mittal Energy Limited (HMEL) Punjab Bathinda
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited Maharashtra Mumbai
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited Kerala Kochi
BORL-Bharat Oman Refineries Limited Madhya Pradesh Bina

20. 20
Petroleum refining processes
Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes
and other facilities used in petroleum refineries to transform crude oil into
useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline or petrol,
kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils.
Unit operation include in petroleum refining
1. Distillation
2. Absorption
3. Extraction
4. Adsorption
5. Crystallization
6. Heat transfer
7. Fluid flow

21. 21