1. The document discusses the history of Indo-Arab relations from the 1st century BC to the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate in the 13th century AD. It covers early trade relations, the spread of Islam, and military campaigns led by Muhammad bin Qasim, Mahmud of Ghazni, and Muhammad of Ghori that expanded Muslim rule in India. 2. Alberuni, an Arab scholar, accompanied Mahmud of Ghazni's raids and wrote extensively about Indian culture, society, and religions in his work Kitab al-Hind. 3. The Delhi Sultanate was established after Muhammad of Ghori's generals like Qutb-ud-din Aibak

1. Prepared By Dr.Rao
Faculty of History

2.  Periplus of the Erthrean Sea was the first book
to refer about Arabian traders who travelled to
Indian ports by their ships
 According to it trade – From Bharukutchch
(Bharonch)

3.  The history of Indo Arab relation is about 2000
years
 1 c BC trade relations between India and
Seleucian Empire, Bactria, Hekatomopylosia,
Egypt etc...
 Goods- Ivory, bones of tortoise, diamonds,
jewels, colours, iron, wood etc...

4.  The Arabians, till 7th century were the
worshippers of many gods and goddesses
image worshippers
 There were divided into many tribes- nomadic
life
 Play dice and drink alcohol
 Polygamous (man is married to more than one
wife)

5. • Hazrat Mahammad was born
• Lost his parents in his childhood and brought up by his
uncle
• At age of 25 he married to 40 years old widow khadiji
begam
• He hated image worship
• Muhammad- 570 CE – 8 June 632 CE
• According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet, sent to
preach
• Islam - A religion teaching by Mahammad
• When he began introduced a new religion, the majority
opposed him and turned him out of Kabu
• On 22nd July 622 – Macca to Madina (Hijrat)
• 630 Came back to Macca

6.  He consider God as Allah and also consider him
Omnipotent
 632 he died
 Islam spread in Central and western Asia
 First Four Caliphs-
Abubakar
Umar
Usman
Ali
Islam originated in early 7th century CE in the Arabian
Peninsula, in Mecca, and by the 8th century, the
Umayyad Caliphate extended from lberia in the west
to the Indus River in the east.

8.  Arab traders and travelers were very familiar
with India and were frequent visitors
 In the early 8th century some Arab ships were
plundered by pirates in Sindh
 Orphan daughters of the Muslim Marchents
who had died

9.  Hajjaj, the then ruler of the Muslim world,
asked for compensation from King Dahir of
Sindh which he denied
 In 712 AD, Hajjaj sent an army under the
commandment of Muhammad bin Qasim (son
in law of Khalifa Hajjaj) and his cousin
 Battle of Aror

10.  According to the Chachnama, the Umayyad
campaign against Arori Raja Dahir was due to
a pirate raid off the coast of the Sindhi coast
that resulted in gifts to the Ummayad caliph
from the king of Serendib (Srilanka) being
stolen
 The Chachnama is the oldest chronicles of the
Arab conquest of Sindh. It was translated in
Persian by an Arab named Muhammad Ali bin
Hamid bin Abu Bakr Kufi in 1216 CE

12.  17 years old-Muhammad bin Qasim
commander of Umayyad Kingdom defeated
the Dahir of Sindh
 Sindh Capital- Debal (Near Modern Karachi)
 Battle of Aror & Elephants
 He was killed at the Battle of Aror which took
place between his dynasty and the Arabs at the
banks of the Indus River
 Panni Bai- Wife of Dahir- War from the fort of
Rewar- Jauhar

13.  Qasim- Dahir daughters- Surya Devi & Parmal
Devi caught by him & taken away
 Complaint on Qasim by Surya Devi & Parmal
Devi to Caliph – Death sentence to Qasim
 About 150 years Caliphs dominance over Sindh
 Sindh region King Jai Singh accepted Islam
 Subadar of Sindh – Junaid Singh under Caliph
– He killed Jai Singh in 750 AD
 781 AD the dominance of the Caliph ended and
Sindh was divided into two parts with two
capitals- Aror & Multan

14.  1. Religious zeal
 2. Territorial zeal
 3. Fame of India’s wealth
 4. Accepted view's the attack of the pirates

15.  Alptgin – Founder of Ghazni
 Sabuktigin – AD 977
 986 AD Sabuktigin X Raja Jaipal of Hindu
Shahi family
 League of Hindus by Raja Jaipal with Rajas of
Kannauj & Kalinjar but too were defeated
 Sabuktigin was the first Muslim to attempt the
invasion of India from North-West

16.  Sabuktigin died in AD 997
 Mahamad of Ghazni come to power in AD
1000.

17.  Mahamad secured his position by obtaining
from Caliph- Al-Qadir Billah, The Khalifah of
Baghdad.
 Mahamad made various expeditions to Hind
from AD 1000 to AD 1026.
 Causes of attack on Hind- Religious fanatic
 Wealth

18. Year State Ruler of the State
1000 Frontier Region Hindu Shahi Kig Jaipal
1001 Peshawar Jaipal
1005 Bhatinda Vijay Raj
1006 Multan Daud Karmathi
1007-8 Multan Sukhpal
1008-9 Peshawar Anandpal
1009 Narayanpur Unknown
1010 Multan Sukhpal
1013-14 Thaneshwar Rajaram
1014 Nandan Trilochanpal
1015-16 Kashmir Sangram Lohar
1018-19 Mathura- Kannauj Pratihar & Rajya Pal
1019 Kannauj Vidyadhar Chandel
1021 Kashmir A Queen
1022 Gwalior& Kalinjar Gand Chandel
1025-26 Somnath Bhimdev
1027 Jats of Sindh The Jat leaders

19.  The jewels in the court of sultan of Mahmud of
Ghazni
 Authored a study of Indian culture Kitab-ul-
hind or Tahqiq-i-Hind (History of India)
 Alberuni was born in 973 AD in Khiza region
in Kath, the capital of the Afrighid dynasty
 He studied Islamic jurisprudence, theology,
grammar, mathematics, astronomy, medicine,
philosophy and most other sciences.

20.  In AD 1017, when Mahmud of Ghazni was the
ruler, most scholars, including Alberuni, were
taken to Ghazni, the capital of the Ghaznavid
dynasty.He was presented as prisoner to
moammad
 Alberuni was 44 years of age when he came to
India with Mahmud of Ghazni.
 He liked the Indian culture and learnt Sanskrit,
Indian philosophy and Socio-Economic
condition of this land.

21.  In his book Tahqiq-i-Hind, he described the
social, political, religious and economic
condition of India.
 Highlights choice parts of the Gita, the
Upanishads, Patanjali, Puranas, the four Vedas
scientific texts (by Nagarjuna, Aryabhata, etc.),
relating stories from Indian mythology to make
his point
 He also compared Indian thought to the Greek
thought of Socrates, Pythagoras, Plato,
Aristotle, Galen and others, and at times with
Sufi teaching. His book is a survey of India’s
life based on his studies and observations in
India between 1017 and 1030.
 .

22.  Mahmud ended the prosperity
 Penalized the people that the Hindus became
disgruntled like the dust particles
 Hindus suffer from some defects such as they
desire to live in isolation from other countries.
 Hindus considered the foreigners as
untouchable and boycotted them.
 The educational centres were subjugated by
Mahmud- As a result the educational centres
were concentrated in Kashmir, Banaras

23.  Indian society was cast-ridden.
 Several evil practices like child marriage,
prohibition of widow marriage, ‘Sati’ and
‘Jauhar’.
 He does not mention the system of dowry but
he writes about the Stree Dhan which the
relatives of girls present to her in-laws.
 4 castes + Antyaja (8)

24.  The entire country was divided into small
kingdom which occasionally used to quarrel
among themselves
 Malwa, Sindh, Kannauj and Kashmir
 The feeling of nationalism among the Indians
was almost absent.

25.  The Hindus of the rural regions worshipped
many gods and goddesses.
 Idol worship was prevalent. Brahmans had the
sole privilege of reading the Hindu scriptures.
 Only the Brahmans had the right to attain
salvation.
 Criticised the hypocrisy of Brahmins Scholars
that despite of explaining the scientific values
of ancient text they preferred misleading the
masses and keep them steeped in ignorance
and superstitious.

26.  Justice depended upon the witnesses and
before conducting witnesses
 it was necessary to take oaths. Also, there were
arrangements for oral justice.
 The Brahmanas were exempted from death
punishment. If a Brahman murdered someone,
he was required to repent through fasts,
prayers and charity.

27.  King was not the owner of the land. He took
land tax from the peasants at 1/6th of the
produce. The Brahmans were exempted from
the burden of paying taxes.

28.  He started his invasions from AD 1175
 According to Muslim Historians
 Jai Chandra was the most powerful king
 Jai Chandra X Prithivi Raj Chauhan
(Delhi)

29. Year Kingdom Ruler
1175 Multan Karmati
1176 Utchuh Karmati
1178 Anhilwars Naik Bibi (Bhima II princes)
1179 Peshawar Malik Khusroe
1181 Lahore Malik Khusroe
1182 Debal and Sindh Sumra
1185 Sialkot Malik Khusroe
1186 Lahore Malik Khusroe
1189 Bhatinda Chauhan Subedar
1191 Tarine Prithvi raj chauhan
1192 Tarine Prithvi raj chauhan
1193 Hansi, Kuhram, Sarsutha
Delhi
-
1194 Kannauj Kannauj
1195-96 Bayana Bayana
1196 Gwalior Gwalior

30.  He first invaded India in 1175 A.D.
 First Battle of Tarain (1191 A.D.)
 He seized the fortress of Bhatinda in 1189 A.D.
and then progressed into the kingdom of
Prithviraj Chauhan.
 Muhammad of Ghori was defeated by
Prithviraj in the First Battle of Tarain in 1191
A.D. and recovered Bhatinda.

31.  Tajuddin Yaldauz – Delhi
 Nasiruddin Qabacha – Governr of Mltan and
Uchch
 Aibak -Lahore, Pakistan

32.  Second Battle of Tarain (1192 A.D.)
 In the second battle of Tarain, the joined forces
of the Rajput rulers under Prithviraj were
defeated by Muhammad of Ghori.
 Prithviraj was held as a prisoner and later put to
death.
 The Turkish rule began for the first time in
Indian history with the end of The Second Battle
of Tarain.
 Qutb-ud-din Aibak was appointed as the
commander by Muhammad of Ghori

33.  Rajput Uprisings
 There were many Rajput mutinies between
1193 and 1198 A.D.
 Qutb-ud-din-Aibak defeated them and brought
many regions under his control.
 Muhammad of Ghori made Delhi as the
capital.

34.  Battle of Chandawar (1194 A.D.)
 Muhammad of Ghori defeated Jaichandra, the
greatest Rajput ruler of Kanauj and killed him
in the battle.
 Conquest of Bengal and Bihar
 Muhammad-bin-Baktiyar Khilji, one of the
commanders of Muhammad of Ghori
destroyed Vikramasila in 1202 and Nalanda
Universities in 1203A.D.

35.  Death of Muhammad of Ghori
 He was assassinated on 25th March 1206 A.D. in
Central Asia by some Shia rebels and
Khokhars.
 He is considered to be the real founder of the
Turkish Empire in India because of his various
invasions and subjugations of the Rajput
territories in North India.