The arrival of Islam in South Asia began through trade contacts between Arab traders and parts of southern India in the early centuries CE. As these traders adopted Islam, they helped spread the new religion. The Muslim conquest of Sindh by Muhammad bin Qasim in 711 CE marked the first establishment of Muslim political rule in the region. Bin Qasim's successful campaign was launched in response to attacks on Arab merchant ships by pirates based in Sindh. Overall, Islam spread both peacefully through Sufi missionaries and merchants as well as through subsequent military campaigns by Turkic dynasties between 1000-1526 CE. The new religion had a significant impact on the culture and society of South Asia, influencing language
6 th lec.advent of islam in sub continentZainab Sami
The document summarizes the advent and early spread of Islam in the Indian subcontinent. It discusses how Arab traders first began visiting the Malabar coast during the reign of Caliph Umar in the 7th century. It then describes how the ruler of a small state near Bombay, Kiring Noor, was the first Indian to convert to Islam after being preached to by Sheikh Sharaf Bin Malik. The document goes on to explain the first military battles between Muslims and Indians during this period. It then outlines the initial phases of Muslim conquests in the subcontinent beginning with the Umayyad dynasty and Muhammad Bin Qasim's defeat of Raja Dahir, establishing Muslim rule over Sindh
The document summarizes the major events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the First War of Independence. It began as a mutiny of sepoys in the British East India Company's army on May 10th in Meerut over new cartridges for firearms that were rumored to be greased with animal fat. The rebellion quickly spread across northern and central India as many princely states and rulers supported the sepoys' efforts. However, the British were eventually able to regain major cities like Delhi and Lucknow through superior firepower and coordination. The rebellion was finally crushed in 1858, re-establishing British rule over India and resulting in policies that punished Muslims.
The document discusses the causes of the decline of the Mughal Empire in India, which ruled from 1526 to 1857. It identifies several key factors: 1) The death of the strong ruler Aurangzeb Alamgir in 1707 and the rise of weak successive rulers. 2) Aurangzeb's religious policies weakened unity. 3) The absence of clear rules of royal succession led to damaging succession conflicts. 4) Moral degeneration affected the nobility and administration. 5) The British victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and the demoralization of the Mughal army. 6) Additional contributing factors were Akbar's policies, lack of education and naval forces, the huge size
The document provides information on the Muslim advent in the Indian subcontinent from 712-1556 CE. It summarizes the campaigns of key Muslim rulers like Muhammad bin Qasim, Mahmud Ghaznavi, Muhammad Ghori, the Mamluk and Khalji sultans who established Islamic rule in parts of South Asia through military conquests and expansion of the Delhi Sultanate. Critical battles, territories captured, and administrative policies implemented are outlined. Key figures that advanced the reach of Muslim political control during this period are named.
This document outlines the 30 lectures of a Pakistan Studies course, covering topics such as:
- The ideology of Pakistan according to Quaid-e-Azam and Allama Iqbal
- The Aligarh Movement and contributions of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
- Major political developments from 1857-1918 and the Khilafat Movement
- Muslim politics in British India from 1924-1935 and Iqbal's 1930 presidential address
- The Lahore Resolution of 1940 and major political developments in 1945-46
- Constitution making from 1947-1956 and an overview of Pakistan's political history
- Additional topics include Pakistan's geography, natural resources, education system, and foreign policy.
Factors Leading to Muslim Separatism in the Sub-continent.pptxrayanbabur
The document outlines 15 factors that led to Muslim separatism and the desire for Pakistan in the Indian subcontinent: 1) The evolution of the Two-Nation Theory due to religious and ideological differences between Hindus and Muslims, 2) Cultural differences such as burial practices, 3) Social differences in food, clothing, and language, 4) Economic policies that disadvantaged Muslims, 5) Educational differences, 6) Political differences, 7) The British invasion of India and support of Hindus over Muslims, 8) The desire to establish an Islamic state, 9) The Urdu-Hindi controversy, 10) Hindu nationalism and militant organizations, 11) Congress rule from 1937-1939 that imposed Hindu culture, and 12) British economic, revenue
Muhammad Bin Qasim: conquerer of Sindh and MultanAbdul Rehman
Mohammad Bin Qasim
Al Hajaj Bin Yousaf
Reason for attack on Sindh
Mohammad Bin Qasim’s Attack on Sindh
Mohammad Bin Qasim was nephew of Al Hajaj Bin Yousaf
was instrumental in teaching Muhammad bin Qasim about combat and governance.
Because of the influence of Hajjaj, the young Muhammad bin Qasim was appointed the governor of Persia while in his teens.
During those times, some Muslim traders living in Ceylon died and the ruler of Ceylon sent their widows and orphans back to Baghdad.
Journey By Sea
Valuables for Hajaj Bin Yousaf
As the eight-ship caravan passed by the seaport of Daibul, pirates looted it and took the women and children prisoner.
Hajjaj demanded that Dahir return the Muslim captives and the looted items.
He also demanded that the culprits be punished.
Dahir said hat I have no control over the pirates and was, therefore, powerless to rebuke them.
Thus, in order to free the prisoners and to punish the guilty party, Hajjaj decided to undertake a huge offensive against Dahir.
Hajaj was ready to help the people of Sindh
With Muhammad bin Qasim محمد بن قاسم
The Umayyad caliphate ordered Muhammad Bin Qasim to attack over Sindh.
Mohammad Bin Qasim entered Daibul in 712 AD
He led 6,000 Syrian cavalry and at the borders of Sindh
Muhammad Bin Qasim first captured Debal, from where the Arab army marched along the Indus.
The ruler of Sindh Raja Dahir was staying in his capital Alor (Sukkur) about 500 kms. away.
Raja Dahir did not march to its defence immediately.
He conquered the Sindh and Punjab regions along the Indus River for the Umayyad Caliphate.
Muhammad Bin Qasim first captured Debal, from where the Arab army marched along the Indus.
At Rohri he was met by Dahir’s forces. Dahir died in the battle, his forces were defeated and Muhammad bin Qasim took control of Sind.
He continued his Victorious Progress in succession, Brahmanabad, Alor, Multan and Gujrat.
Now Muslims were the masters of whole Sindh and a part of Punjab up to the borders of Kashmir in the north.
He also established peace with a strong taxation system.
Hajjaj died in 714.
Suleman succeeded as the Caliph.
He was a bitter enemy of Hajjaj’s family.
He recalled Mohammad Bin Qasim from Sindh, who obeyed the orders .
When he came back, he was put to death on 715 AD at the age of twenty.
6 th lec.advent of islam in sub continentZainab Sami
The document summarizes the advent and early spread of Islam in the Indian subcontinent. It discusses how Arab traders first began visiting the Malabar coast during the reign of Caliph Umar in the 7th century. It then describes how the ruler of a small state near Bombay, Kiring Noor, was the first Indian to convert to Islam after being preached to by Sheikh Sharaf Bin Malik. The document goes on to explain the first military battles between Muslims and Indians during this period. It then outlines the initial phases of Muslim conquests in the subcontinent beginning with the Umayyad dynasty and Muhammad Bin Qasim's defeat of Raja Dahir, establishing Muslim rule over Sindh
The document summarizes the major events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the First War of Independence. It began as a mutiny of sepoys in the British East India Company's army on May 10th in Meerut over new cartridges for firearms that were rumored to be greased with animal fat. The rebellion quickly spread across northern and central India as many princely states and rulers supported the sepoys' efforts. However, the British were eventually able to regain major cities like Delhi and Lucknow through superior firepower and coordination. The rebellion was finally crushed in 1858, re-establishing British rule over India and resulting in policies that punished Muslims.
The document discusses the causes of the decline of the Mughal Empire in India, which ruled from 1526 to 1857. It identifies several key factors: 1) The death of the strong ruler Aurangzeb Alamgir in 1707 and the rise of weak successive rulers. 2) Aurangzeb's religious policies weakened unity. 3) The absence of clear rules of royal succession led to damaging succession conflicts. 4) Moral degeneration affected the nobility and administration. 5) The British victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and the demoralization of the Mughal army. 6) Additional contributing factors were Akbar's policies, lack of education and naval forces, the huge size
The document provides information on the Muslim advent in the Indian subcontinent from 712-1556 CE. It summarizes the campaigns of key Muslim rulers like Muhammad bin Qasim, Mahmud Ghaznavi, Muhammad Ghori, the Mamluk and Khalji sultans who established Islamic rule in parts of South Asia through military conquests and expansion of the Delhi Sultanate. Critical battles, territories captured, and administrative policies implemented are outlined. Key figures that advanced the reach of Muslim political control during this period are named.
This document outlines the 30 lectures of a Pakistan Studies course, covering topics such as:
- The ideology of Pakistan according to Quaid-e-Azam and Allama Iqbal
- The Aligarh Movement and contributions of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
- Major political developments from 1857-1918 and the Khilafat Movement
- Muslim politics in British India from 1924-1935 and Iqbal's 1930 presidential address
- The Lahore Resolution of 1940 and major political developments in 1945-46
- Constitution making from 1947-1956 and an overview of Pakistan's political history
- Additional topics include Pakistan's geography, natural resources, education system, and foreign policy.
Factors Leading to Muslim Separatism in the Sub-continent.pptxrayanbabur
The document outlines 15 factors that led to Muslim separatism and the desire for Pakistan in the Indian subcontinent: 1) The evolution of the Two-Nation Theory due to religious and ideological differences between Hindus and Muslims, 2) Cultural differences such as burial practices, 3) Social differences in food, clothing, and language, 4) Economic policies that disadvantaged Muslims, 5) Educational differences, 6) Political differences, 7) The British invasion of India and support of Hindus over Muslims, 8) The desire to establish an Islamic state, 9) The Urdu-Hindi controversy, 10) Hindu nationalism and militant organizations, 11) Congress rule from 1937-1939 that imposed Hindu culture, and 12) British economic, revenue
Muhammad Bin Qasim: conquerer of Sindh and MultanAbdul Rehman
Mohammad Bin Qasim
Al Hajaj Bin Yousaf
Reason for attack on Sindh
Mohammad Bin Qasim’s Attack on Sindh
Mohammad Bin Qasim was nephew of Al Hajaj Bin Yousaf
was instrumental in teaching Muhammad bin Qasim about combat and governance.
Because of the influence of Hajjaj, the young Muhammad bin Qasim was appointed the governor of Persia while in his teens.
During those times, some Muslim traders living in Ceylon died and the ruler of Ceylon sent their widows and orphans back to Baghdad.
Journey By Sea
Valuables for Hajaj Bin Yousaf
As the eight-ship caravan passed by the seaport of Daibul, pirates looted it and took the women and children prisoner.
Hajjaj demanded that Dahir return the Muslim captives and the looted items.
He also demanded that the culprits be punished.
Dahir said hat I have no control over the pirates and was, therefore, powerless to rebuke them.
Thus, in order to free the prisoners and to punish the guilty party, Hajjaj decided to undertake a huge offensive against Dahir.
Hajaj was ready to help the people of Sindh
With Muhammad bin Qasim محمد بن قاسم
The Umayyad caliphate ordered Muhammad Bin Qasim to attack over Sindh.
Mohammad Bin Qasim entered Daibul in 712 AD
He led 6,000 Syrian cavalry and at the borders of Sindh
Muhammad Bin Qasim first captured Debal, from where the Arab army marched along the Indus.
The ruler of Sindh Raja Dahir was staying in his capital Alor (Sukkur) about 500 kms. away.
Raja Dahir did not march to its defence immediately.
He conquered the Sindh and Punjab regions along the Indus River for the Umayyad Caliphate.
Muhammad Bin Qasim first captured Debal, from where the Arab army marched along the Indus.
At Rohri he was met by Dahir’s forces. Dahir died in the battle, his forces were defeated and Muhammad bin Qasim took control of Sind.
He continued his Victorious Progress in succession, Brahmanabad, Alor, Multan and Gujrat.
Now Muslims were the masters of whole Sindh and a part of Punjab up to the borders of Kashmir in the north.
He also established peace with a strong taxation system.
Hajjaj died in 714.
Suleman succeeded as the Caliph.
He was a bitter enemy of Hajjaj’s family.
He recalled Mohammad Bin Qasim from Sindh, who obeyed the orders .
When he came back, he was put to death on 715 AD at the age of twenty.
Decline of Mughals (1707-1857) -History of SubContinentAqib Syed
Decline of Mughals (1707-1857) -History of SubContinent
This Documentary was a project of History of Sub Continent. Dr Zabir Saeed Badar are supporting the "batch of 2019 BBA (Hons) Semester 7".
All the footage is recorded in Lahore Museum, Mall Road Lahore.
BBA Semester 7 (Batch 2015-2019)
GroupMembers:
Syed Aqib Ali
Mudassar Ahmad
Rizwan Naseer
Muhammad Huzaifa
Nimra Shafiq
Special Thanks to Prof. Zabir Saeed Badar.
You can watch a detailed video here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WF-tvxlflk&t=26s
The document provides an overview of the decline of the Mughal Empire in India. It discusses several key reasons for the empire's decline: [1] The huge empire became difficult to administer over its vast geographic area; [2] The high costs of putting down rebellions and fighting invaders drained imperial finances; [3] Succession disputes between heirs to the throne wasted resources and weakened the empire. Additional factors included the growing pleasure-seeking of the nobility, weakening central control, and the arrival of European powers like the British who were able to take control by 1857, marking the end of the Mughal Empire.
The Partition of Bengal in 1905 divided the province along religious lines into West Bengal (with a Hindu majority) and East Bengal (with a Muslim majority). This was done by the British to weaken the Bengali nationalist movement and implement a policy of divide and rule. It sparked widespread protests through boycott and non-cooperation movements. While the British reacted with arrests and force, the movement united Hindus and Muslims and gave strength to the growing Indian independence movement despite eventually losing momentum due to splits.
Most historians believe that Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE, approximately 600 years after the founding of Christianity.
Sher Shah Sur was a 16th century ruler of India who established the Sur Empire from 1540 to 1555. He instituted major administrative reforms, building on the foundations of the Delhi Sultanate. Some key reforms included establishing a uniform coinage and taxation system, constructing a grand trunk road connecting major cities, and promoting education. Sher Shah proved to be a gifted military leader, conquering much of northern India and defeating the Mughal emperor Humayun twice in battle. Though his reign was brief, Sher Shah is remembered as one of the most effective rulers in the subcontinent for his transformative administrative policies.
1) Several enlightened Muslim leaders in British-ruled India worked to reawaken Islam and the idea of Muslim nationalism in the early 20th century.
2) Figures like Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar and Allama Iqbal advocated for Muslim independence and a separate Muslim state through writings, speeches, and political organizing.
3) Chaudhry Rehmat Ali later coined the name "Pakistan" in his pamphlet "Now or Never" to refer to a separate Muslim homeland for India's Muslims comprising the regions of Punjab, Northwest Frontier Province, Kashmir, Sindh, and Baluchistan.
The document summarizes the causes and events of the War of Independence of 1857 in India against British rule. It discusses how the British East India Company gradually expanded control over the Indian subcontinent from the early 1600s through a series of battles and annexing territories. Tensions rose due to the British doctrines of lapse and annexing states, economic exploitation, and interference in religious affairs. The war began with Indian soldier mutinies in Meerut and Delhi in May 1857 and spread to major uprisings in Kanpur, Jhansi, and Lucknow led by Nana Sahib, Rani Laxmibai, and Begum Hazrat Mahal. While the rebels made initial gains, lack of unity and
The First Battle of Panipat was fought in 1526 between Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire in India, and Ibrahim Lodhi, the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. Babur had around 15,000 troops with artillery versus Ibrahim's larger but unprepared army of around 100,000 men. During the battle, Babur's use of gunpowder weapons like cannons frightened Ibrahim's elephants and gave his smaller army an advantage. Ibrahim was killed during the battle, marking the end of the Delhi Sultanate and the beginning of the Mughal Empire under Babur's rule.
Pakistan has a variety of physical features that include mountain ranges, plains, plateaus, and deserts. The northern parts of the country contain the highest mountains in the world, including the Himalayas and Karakoram Range. Lower mountain ranges are also located in the north and northwest. The Indus River flows through major plains in the north and south and empties into an delta. Additional physical features include the Salt Range plateau in the northeast, Balochistan plateaus in the west, and desert regions including the Thal, Cholistan, Nara, and Tharparkar deserts.
The All India Muslim League was formed on December 30, 1906 in Dhaka in response to the political situation in British India. Over 3,000 delegates attended the annual conference of the Mohammadan Educational Conference, where a resolution was passed to form the Muslim League as a separate political party for Muslims. Sir Agha Khan was elected the first president, with the headquarters established in Aligarh. The initial objectives of the Muslim League were to remain loyal to the British and protect Muslim rights and interests.
The Mughal Empire ruled India for over 200 years from the early 1500s to the early 1700s. It reached its peak under rulers like Akbar and Shah Jahan, but began declining after Aurangzeb due to factors like his religious policies that divided Hindus and Muslims, weak successors, lack of a clear succession law, a poor economy, and the rise of new regional powers and foreign invaders like the British and Persians. The last Mughal emperors were unable to maintain control, leading to the collapse of the dynasty and British control over India.
Pakistan has diverse physical features including mountains, plains, plateaus and deserts. The northern mountains include the Karakoram, Himalaya, and Hindu Kush ranges. The Indus plains make up 20% of Pakistan and are divided into upper, lower, and deltaic plains. Pakistan also contains the Thar desert in the southeast, Thal desert between the Indus and Jhelum rivers, and the Baluchistan plateau in the southwest. Major mountain ranges, rivers, and agricultural regions define Pakistan's varied terrain.
Islam spread peacefully throughout India over many centuries through trade and Sufi mystics, not by force or violence. Arab traders introduced Islam to coastal regions in the 7th century. While some areas came under Muslim political rule in the 8th century, local religions and social structures were left intact. People often converted to Islam in whole castes to escape the oppression and lack of social mobility within the caste system. Islam appealed for its message of equality. By the time Muslim rule ended in many areas, Islam had become deeply integrated into Indian society.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan became an inspiration for the Pakistan Movement through his establishment of the Aligarh Muslim University and promotion of the two-nation theory, which argued that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations. He urged Muslims to pursue modern education to succeed under British rule. The All-India Muslim League was later founded in 1906 to represent Muslim political interests, organizing the Muslim community's campaign for self-determination that ultimately led to the establishment of Pakistan after the 1940 Pakistan Resolution.
The document discusses the various causes that led to the decline of the Mughal Empire in India, which ruled from 1526 to 1857. It identifies several key factors, including the death of the powerful emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, weak rulers who succeeded him, lack of a clear succession law, moral degeneration among the nobility, the British victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757, a demoralized army, lack of scientific education and naval forces, a huge empire difficult to govern, and ultimately the arrival of the British.
The All-India Muslim League was established in 1906 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was founded to advocate for the political rights of Muslims in British India and was led by Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk as its first honorary president. The Muslim League aimed to discuss and address the social issues facing Muslims and request a greater role for locals in government administration. Muhammad Ali Jinnah later joined the Muslim League in 1913 and became its president in 1916.
Mahmud of Ghazni and Mohammad of Ghur were rulers from the 11th-12th century who invaded northern India from their power bases in Ghazni and Ghur, located in modern day Afghanistan. Mahmud raided India 17 times between 1001-1025, plundering wealthy temples and cities to fund his empire. Mohammad of Ghur conquered the Rajput kingdoms in the late 12th century and established the Delhi Sultanate under his general Qutb al-Din Aibak, laying the foundations for Turkic rule in northern India.
Syed Ahmed Shaheed Bravely was a religious scholar born in 1786 in Rai Bareli, India who fought against British rule. He joined the army of Nawab Amir khan in 1810 and fought the British. In 1821 he went on Hajj and spent a year and a half in Hejaz before launching a jihad movement against the British and Sikhs in 1826. On May 6, 1831, Syed Ahmed was martyred in a battle near Balakot fighting against the Sikh army under Sher Singh.
Role of Deoband Ulama ... Its 1857* Sorry!ISYousafzai
The document summarizes the role of Deobandi ulama (Islamic scholars) in strengthening the foundation of the Indian freedom movement between 1857-1924. It discusses how the ulama participated in the War of Independence in 1857 and later movements. It describes how the ulama of Deoband adopted an independent line from both the Congress and Sir Syed, establishing Deoband as a center for religious guidance. It outlines the ulama's involvement in the Khilafat Movement and support for Gandhi, as well as later criticism of blindly following the Congress. It concludes that the religious scholars played an important role in providing ideological support for the two-nation theory and eventual independence movement.
The document summarizes the advent and spread of Islam in South Asia. It describes how Arab traders first brought Islam to coastal areas of India in ancient times through trade. It then discusses the Muslim conquest of Sindh in 712 CE led by Muhammad bin Qasim, which established Muslim rule in the region. Under bin Qasim's tolerant policies, Islam spread further as locals embraced the new faith to escape oppression. Sufis and saints then played a major role in further propagating Islam throughout South Asia in subsequent centuries, establishing Sufi orders that attracted many converts.
Advent of islam and impacts in the indian subcontinentHassan BilaL
The document provides background information on the history of India before and during the advent of Islam. It discusses the ancient Indus Valley civilization and subsequent rulers like the Mauryans who helped unify parts of India. It then describes the political, social, religious and economic conditions in India prior to the arrival of Islam, which was marked by social discrimination and political fragmentation. It summarizes the initial Muslim conquest under Muhammad bin Qasim in the early 8th century and the establishment of Muslim rule over subsequent centuries under various dynasties until the decline of the Mughal Empire in the mid-19th century. It also outlines some of the political, social and religious impacts of Muslim rule in India, including administrative unification and
Decline of Mughals (1707-1857) -History of SubContinentAqib Syed
Decline of Mughals (1707-1857) -History of SubContinent
This Documentary was a project of History of Sub Continent. Dr Zabir Saeed Badar are supporting the "batch of 2019 BBA (Hons) Semester 7".
All the footage is recorded in Lahore Museum, Mall Road Lahore.
BBA Semester 7 (Batch 2015-2019)
GroupMembers:
Syed Aqib Ali
Mudassar Ahmad
Rizwan Naseer
Muhammad Huzaifa
Nimra Shafiq
Special Thanks to Prof. Zabir Saeed Badar.
You can watch a detailed video here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WF-tvxlflk&t=26s
The document provides an overview of the decline of the Mughal Empire in India. It discusses several key reasons for the empire's decline: [1] The huge empire became difficult to administer over its vast geographic area; [2] The high costs of putting down rebellions and fighting invaders drained imperial finances; [3] Succession disputes between heirs to the throne wasted resources and weakened the empire. Additional factors included the growing pleasure-seeking of the nobility, weakening central control, and the arrival of European powers like the British who were able to take control by 1857, marking the end of the Mughal Empire.
The Partition of Bengal in 1905 divided the province along religious lines into West Bengal (with a Hindu majority) and East Bengal (with a Muslim majority). This was done by the British to weaken the Bengali nationalist movement and implement a policy of divide and rule. It sparked widespread protests through boycott and non-cooperation movements. While the British reacted with arrests and force, the movement united Hindus and Muslims and gave strength to the growing Indian independence movement despite eventually losing momentum due to splits.
Most historians believe that Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE, approximately 600 years after the founding of Christianity.
Sher Shah Sur was a 16th century ruler of India who established the Sur Empire from 1540 to 1555. He instituted major administrative reforms, building on the foundations of the Delhi Sultanate. Some key reforms included establishing a uniform coinage and taxation system, constructing a grand trunk road connecting major cities, and promoting education. Sher Shah proved to be a gifted military leader, conquering much of northern India and defeating the Mughal emperor Humayun twice in battle. Though his reign was brief, Sher Shah is remembered as one of the most effective rulers in the subcontinent for his transformative administrative policies.
1) Several enlightened Muslim leaders in British-ruled India worked to reawaken Islam and the idea of Muslim nationalism in the early 20th century.
2) Figures like Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar and Allama Iqbal advocated for Muslim independence and a separate Muslim state through writings, speeches, and political organizing.
3) Chaudhry Rehmat Ali later coined the name "Pakistan" in his pamphlet "Now or Never" to refer to a separate Muslim homeland for India's Muslims comprising the regions of Punjab, Northwest Frontier Province, Kashmir, Sindh, and Baluchistan.
The document summarizes the causes and events of the War of Independence of 1857 in India against British rule. It discusses how the British East India Company gradually expanded control over the Indian subcontinent from the early 1600s through a series of battles and annexing territories. Tensions rose due to the British doctrines of lapse and annexing states, economic exploitation, and interference in religious affairs. The war began with Indian soldier mutinies in Meerut and Delhi in May 1857 and spread to major uprisings in Kanpur, Jhansi, and Lucknow led by Nana Sahib, Rani Laxmibai, and Begum Hazrat Mahal. While the rebels made initial gains, lack of unity and
The First Battle of Panipat was fought in 1526 between Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire in India, and Ibrahim Lodhi, the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. Babur had around 15,000 troops with artillery versus Ibrahim's larger but unprepared army of around 100,000 men. During the battle, Babur's use of gunpowder weapons like cannons frightened Ibrahim's elephants and gave his smaller army an advantage. Ibrahim was killed during the battle, marking the end of the Delhi Sultanate and the beginning of the Mughal Empire under Babur's rule.
Pakistan has a variety of physical features that include mountain ranges, plains, plateaus, and deserts. The northern parts of the country contain the highest mountains in the world, including the Himalayas and Karakoram Range. Lower mountain ranges are also located in the north and northwest. The Indus River flows through major plains in the north and south and empties into an delta. Additional physical features include the Salt Range plateau in the northeast, Balochistan plateaus in the west, and desert regions including the Thal, Cholistan, Nara, and Tharparkar deserts.
The All India Muslim League was formed on December 30, 1906 in Dhaka in response to the political situation in British India. Over 3,000 delegates attended the annual conference of the Mohammadan Educational Conference, where a resolution was passed to form the Muslim League as a separate political party for Muslims. Sir Agha Khan was elected the first president, with the headquarters established in Aligarh. The initial objectives of the Muslim League were to remain loyal to the British and protect Muslim rights and interests.
The Mughal Empire ruled India for over 200 years from the early 1500s to the early 1700s. It reached its peak under rulers like Akbar and Shah Jahan, but began declining after Aurangzeb due to factors like his religious policies that divided Hindus and Muslims, weak successors, lack of a clear succession law, a poor economy, and the rise of new regional powers and foreign invaders like the British and Persians. The last Mughal emperors were unable to maintain control, leading to the collapse of the dynasty and British control over India.
Pakistan has diverse physical features including mountains, plains, plateaus and deserts. The northern mountains include the Karakoram, Himalaya, and Hindu Kush ranges. The Indus plains make up 20% of Pakistan and are divided into upper, lower, and deltaic plains. Pakistan also contains the Thar desert in the southeast, Thal desert between the Indus and Jhelum rivers, and the Baluchistan plateau in the southwest. Major mountain ranges, rivers, and agricultural regions define Pakistan's varied terrain.
Islam spread peacefully throughout India over many centuries through trade and Sufi mystics, not by force or violence. Arab traders introduced Islam to coastal regions in the 7th century. While some areas came under Muslim political rule in the 8th century, local religions and social structures were left intact. People often converted to Islam in whole castes to escape the oppression and lack of social mobility within the caste system. Islam appealed for its message of equality. By the time Muslim rule ended in many areas, Islam had become deeply integrated into Indian society.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan became an inspiration for the Pakistan Movement through his establishment of the Aligarh Muslim University and promotion of the two-nation theory, which argued that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations. He urged Muslims to pursue modern education to succeed under British rule. The All-India Muslim League was later founded in 1906 to represent Muslim political interests, organizing the Muslim community's campaign for self-determination that ultimately led to the establishment of Pakistan after the 1940 Pakistan Resolution.
The document discusses the various causes that led to the decline of the Mughal Empire in India, which ruled from 1526 to 1857. It identifies several key factors, including the death of the powerful emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, weak rulers who succeeded him, lack of a clear succession law, moral degeneration among the nobility, the British victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757, a demoralized army, lack of scientific education and naval forces, a huge empire difficult to govern, and ultimately the arrival of the British.
The All-India Muslim League was established in 1906 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was founded to advocate for the political rights of Muslims in British India and was led by Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk as its first honorary president. The Muslim League aimed to discuss and address the social issues facing Muslims and request a greater role for locals in government administration. Muhammad Ali Jinnah later joined the Muslim League in 1913 and became its president in 1916.
Mahmud of Ghazni and Mohammad of Ghur were rulers from the 11th-12th century who invaded northern India from their power bases in Ghazni and Ghur, located in modern day Afghanistan. Mahmud raided India 17 times between 1001-1025, plundering wealthy temples and cities to fund his empire. Mohammad of Ghur conquered the Rajput kingdoms in the late 12th century and established the Delhi Sultanate under his general Qutb al-Din Aibak, laying the foundations for Turkic rule in northern India.
Syed Ahmed Shaheed Bravely was a religious scholar born in 1786 in Rai Bareli, India who fought against British rule. He joined the army of Nawab Amir khan in 1810 and fought the British. In 1821 he went on Hajj and spent a year and a half in Hejaz before launching a jihad movement against the British and Sikhs in 1826. On May 6, 1831, Syed Ahmed was martyred in a battle near Balakot fighting against the Sikh army under Sher Singh.
Role of Deoband Ulama ... Its 1857* Sorry!ISYousafzai
The document summarizes the role of Deobandi ulama (Islamic scholars) in strengthening the foundation of the Indian freedom movement between 1857-1924. It discusses how the ulama participated in the War of Independence in 1857 and later movements. It describes how the ulama of Deoband adopted an independent line from both the Congress and Sir Syed, establishing Deoband as a center for religious guidance. It outlines the ulama's involvement in the Khilafat Movement and support for Gandhi, as well as later criticism of blindly following the Congress. It concludes that the religious scholars played an important role in providing ideological support for the two-nation theory and eventual independence movement.
The document summarizes the advent and spread of Islam in South Asia. It describes how Arab traders first brought Islam to coastal areas of India in ancient times through trade. It then discusses the Muslim conquest of Sindh in 712 CE led by Muhammad bin Qasim, which established Muslim rule in the region. Under bin Qasim's tolerant policies, Islam spread further as locals embraced the new faith to escape oppression. Sufis and saints then played a major role in further propagating Islam throughout South Asia in subsequent centuries, establishing Sufi orders that attracted many converts.
Advent of islam and impacts in the indian subcontinentHassan BilaL
The document provides background information on the history of India before and during the advent of Islam. It discusses the ancient Indus Valley civilization and subsequent rulers like the Mauryans who helped unify parts of India. It then describes the political, social, religious and economic conditions in India prior to the arrival of Islam, which was marked by social discrimination and political fragmentation. It summarizes the initial Muslim conquest under Muhammad bin Qasim in the early 8th century and the establishment of Muslim rule over subsequent centuries under various dynasties until the decline of the Mughal Empire in the mid-19th century. It also outlines some of the political, social and religious impacts of Muslim rule in India, including administrative unification and
The Abbasid Caliphate declined due to peasant revolts, high taxes, civil wars during succession disputes, and the use of Turkish slaves in the army. This led to invasions by the Buyids, Seljuk Turks, and finally the Mongols. Islam spread to South and Southeast Asia through trade along maritime routes and the teachings of Sufi mystics, with most converts in port cities. While some areas like mainland Asia and Bali resisted due to Buddhism and Hinduism, Indian cultural influences spread to the Muslim world through the Delhi Sultanate's rule.
The Abbasid Caliphate declined due to peasant revolts, high taxes, civil wars during succession disputes, and the use of Turkish slaves in the army. This led to invasions by the Buyids, Seljuk Turks, and finally the Mongols. Islam spread to South and Southeast Asia through trade along maritime routes and the teachings of Sufi mystics, with most converts in port cities. While some areas like mainland Asia and Bali resisted due to Buddhism and Hinduism, Indian cultural influences spread to the Muslim world after the invasions of Mahmud of Ghazni and the Sultanate of Delhi.
The document provides a history of Islam in India from the 8th century to 1857 CE. It discusses several key points:
- The first mosque in India was built in 629 CE in Kerala by Malik Bin Dinar.
- The first major conquest of areas in modern day Pakistan was led by Muhammad bin Qasim in 711 CE, establishing the dominion of the Umayyad Caliphate in Sindh and southern Punjab.
- Several powerful Islamic dynasties and empires ruled parts of India over subsequent centuries, including the Delhi Sultanate from 1206-1526 CE and the Mughal Empire from 1526-1858 CE, introducing Islamic traditions and contributing to cultural
The document discusses the spread of Islam from the 7th century onwards from the Arabian peninsula to three continents within half a century. It notes that Islam spread primarily through religious appeal and conversion rather than by force, except in Arabia where some tribes were warred against for not accepting Islam. It then discusses various Muslim invasions and rulers in India from the 11th century onward, including the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire. It also briefly mentions the political aspects of Islam derived from the Quran and traditions of the Prophet Muhammad.
The advent of Islam in South Asia began with Arab traders who brought the religion through trade routes between Arabia and India. Muslim rule was established after Muhammad bin Qasim's conquest of Sindh in 712 at the order of the Umayyad Caliph to punish the local ruler, Raja Dahir, for attacking Arab traders and imprisoning Muslims. Bin Qasim defeated Dahir's forces and brought peace and prosperity to Sindh by restoring order and crushing pirates, while allowing religious freedom and generous treatment of locals. This opened the region to Islamic influences and the flourishing of trade.
The document summarizes the key factors that led to the formation and evolution of Muslim society in the Indian subcontinent, including:
1. Muslim traders who had commercial links with the subcontinent dating back to the Indus Civilization period helped establish early cultural and economic ties.
2. Generals like Muhammad bin Qasim and Mahmud Ghaznavi conquered parts of the subcontinent and established Muslim rule through military campaigns starting in the 8th century.
3. Rulers of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire from the 13th-18th centuries enforced Islamic law and promoted conversion, patronizing ulama (Islamic scholars) and Sufis.
4. Suf
The Sufis played a key role in spreading Islam in the Indian subcontinent through their missionary work, exemplary character, and humanitarian activities. They established Sufi orders and fraternities that attracted many converts to Islam. The Sufis emphasized spiritual worship, simplicity, and equality, which appealed to many in India's rigid caste system. Their khanqahs, or centers, provided spiritual guidance, food for the poor, and promoted religious harmony. Major Sufi orders like the Chishtiyah and Suhrawardiyah helped establish Islam throughout South Asia.
The document provides an overview of Muslim rule in pre-colonial India, beginning with the Arab conquest of Sindh in the 8th century led by Muhammad bin Qasim. Arab administration followed the principles of not acquiring land and respecting local practices. Cultural exchange flourished during this period. Turkish Muslim dynasties later expanded rule, including the Ghaznavids and Ghurids. The Delhi Sultanate was established in 1206 and marked the beginning of Indo-Islamic culture through the fusion of indigenous and Muslim customs. It reorganized administration and the military and promoted development.
the concept of islamic and civilizationnNursKitchen
The document summarizes the origins and early spread of Islam. It describes:
- Pre-Islamic Arabia which was divided into tribes and lacked strong political entities. The Kaaba shrine in Mecca was an important pilgrimage site.
- The life and teachings of the prophet Muhammad who received revelations from God and promoted strict monotheism and social justice. He migrated to Medina and his followers rapidly converted many Arab tribes.
- The five pillars of Islam that unified believers - profession of faith, prayer, almsgiving, fasting during Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Mecca.
- How the early Islamic state expanded rapidly under the first four caliphs, motivated by jihad
The document discusses the origins and background of Pakistan's ideology. It describes how Muslim leaders like Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Allama Iqbal, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah advocated for Muslim nationalism and identity in the subcontinent. They contributed to the awakening of Muslims through their ideas and teachings, which helped develop the concept of Pakistan as a separate homeland for Muslims in India based on the two-nation theory. The document also outlines the aims and objectives for the creation of Pakistan as an Islamic democratic state based on principles of sovereignty of God, justice, equality and protection of Muslim culture and identity.
The document discusses the origins and background of Pakistan's ideology. It describes how Muslim leaders like Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Allama Iqbal, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah advocated for Muslim nationalism and identity in the subcontinent. They contributed to the awakening of Muslims through their ideas and teachings, which helped develop the concept of Pakistan as a separate homeland for Muslims in India based on the two-nation theory. The document also outlines the aims and objectives for the creation of Pakistan as an Islamic democratic state based on principles of sovereignty of God, justice, equality and protection of Muslim culture and identity.
The ideology of Pakistan originated from the Two-Nation Theory promoted by influential Muslim leaders in the Indian subcontinent like Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Allama Iqbal, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. They worked to raise awareness among Muslims about their distinct religious and cultural identity from Hindus, contributed to the development of Pakistani nationalism, and advocated for a separate homeland for Muslims in order to preserve Islamic beliefs and practices. This ultimately led to the creation of Pakistan as an independent Muslim state in 1947.
The document discusses the origin and background of Pakistan's ideology. It outlines how Muslim leaders like Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Allama Iqbal, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah advocated for Muslim nationalism and identity in the subcontinent. They contributed to the awakening of Muslims through their ideas and teachings, and played important roles in the development of the two-nation theory, which ultimately led to the creation of Pakistan as a separate homeland for Muslims.
The document summarizes the origins and spread of Islam. It began in 7th century Arabia, founded by the prophet Muhammad. The religion's core beliefs are the five pillars of Islam. After Muhammad's death, the new Islamic civilization expanded rapidly across Asia, Africa, and into Europe. The Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates presided over the golden age of early Islamic rule and civilization.
The history of South Asia began with evidence of human activity dating back 75,000 years ago. Two early civilizations were the Indus Valley Civilization from around 3300-1300 BCE, and the Vedic period from 1500-500 BCE. During this Vedic period, Indian culture matured and major religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism emerged. From 500 BCE to 1200 CE, South Asia was dominated by numerous independent kingdoms, with only two major empires - the Mauryan Empire from 300-200 BCE and the Gupta Empire from 300-500 CE. The early Islamic period from 1200-1500 CE saw the rise of the Delhi Sultanate, which controlled northern India and briefly expanded to cover
The document discusses developments in religion, folk art, and language in medieval India. It notes that new religious movements like Sufism, Sikhism, and the Bhakti movement contributed to India's composite culture during this time. Islam influenced many aspects of Indian culture, as seen through famous monuments representing Indo-Islamic culture. Regional folk arts and languages also evolved significantly during this period.
The document discusses the advent of Islam in Bengal through various means:
1) Arab traders brought Islam to the Bengal coast as early as the 8th century through maritime trade.
2) The Muslim conquest of Bengal began in the 13th century when Turkic armies invaded and established rule over the region.
3) Sufi preachers greatly contributed to the spread of Islam by establishing khanqahs (Sufi centers) and missionary activities that attracted converts.
4) Lower caste Hindus and Buddhists converted to Islam to escape social inequalities, while some upper caste Hindus also converted through marriage or ideological attraction to Islamic ideals.
1. Charles Darwin was a British naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing species diversity during a five-year voyage.
2. His observations of mockingbirds and other species on the Galapagos Islands led him to hypothesize that organisms could diversify into new species when isolated on different islands.
3. Darwin published his theory of evolution by natural selection in 1859 in his book On the Origin of Species, wherein he argued that variations within a species provided different chances of survival and reproduction in their environment.
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was a 19th century Indian scholar and reformer who founded the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, now known as Aligarh Muslim University. After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, he advocated for Muslims to loyally serve the British and to focus on education in order to empower themselves. He formed groups to promote science, education and political awareness among Indian Muslims. He advised Muslims to stay out of politics initially and focus on acquiring modern education and skills.
The Khilafat movement was a religious movement launched in the Indian subcontinent to protect the Ottoman Empire, which was captured by the British government after World War I. It was started in 1919 by Ali brothers Maulana Muhammad Ali Johr and Shaukat Ali in response to the Allied powers defeating the Ottoman Empire in World War I. The goals of the movement were to preserve the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire, maintain control of holy places by Muslims, and oppose the Treaty of Severes which divided former Ottoman lands. Hindus also participated for a time under Gandhi's leadership through non-violent non-cooperation with British rule. However, the movement ended after the Chauri Chaura incident of violence caused Gand
The document discusses the morphology and modifications of roots in plants. It describes the main regions and functions of typical roots, including the root cap, meristematic region, region of elongation, region of root hairs, and region of maturation. It also discusses two main root systems - tap roots and adventitious roots. Tap roots develop from the radicle and form a main tap root with branches. Adventitious roots develop from other parts like stems and leaves. Some roots are modified for specialized functions like storage, respiration, support, and parasitism.
The biosphere consists of all ecosystems and living organisms on Earth, spanning from deep underground to high in the atmosphere. It originated around 3.5 billion years ago as primitive prokaryotes developed photosynthesis, producing oxygen and enabling more complex lifeforms. The biosphere benefits from nutrient recycling within food webs and exchanges between the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. To help maintain this balance, the UN established biosphere reserves to foster sustainable relationships between human activities and natural environments.
- The document summarizes DNA sequencing techniques and DNA cloning methods that are used in genetic engineering and biological research.
- It describes how DNA sequencing relies on the principle of complementary base pairing and how the first automated sequencing technique was chain termination sequencing developed by Sanger.
- It explains how DNA cloning involves inserting foreign DNA into plasmids, which are then inserted into bacterial cells to produce multiple copies of the gene of interest for research purposes. Restriction enzymes and ligases are used to combine DNA fragments.
Sedimentary rocks form from the consolidation of sediments and are divided into clastic, chemical, and biochemical types. Clastic rocks like sandstone and shale form from weathered fragments transported by wind, water, or ice. Chemical rocks like limestone precipitate directly from solution. Biochemical rocks such as coal form from the remains of living organisms. Sedimentary structures and fossils within rocks provide clues about depositional environments. Sedimentary rocks are economically important resources for construction materials, energy, and industrial minerals.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
1. Arrival of Islam in South Asia
Long before the advent of Islam in Arabia, the Arabs used to visit the coast
of Southern India, which then provided the link between the ports of South
and South East Asia.
After the Arab traders became Muslim, they brought Islam to South Asia.
A number of local Indians living in the coastal areas embraced Islam.
However, it was the Muslim conquests in Persia, including the provinces of
Kirman and Makran, which brought the Arabs face to face with the then ruler
of Sindh, who had allied with the ruler of Makran against the Muslims.
But, it was not until the sea borne trade of the Arabs in the Indian Ocean was
jeopardized that serious attempts were made to subjugate Sindh.
2. During the reign of the Umayyad Caliph Walid bin Abdul Malik, Hajjaj
bin Yousaf was appointed as the governor of the Eastern Provinces. At
that time, Raja Dahir, a Brahman, ruled Sindh. However, the majority of
the people living in the region were Shudders or Buddhists. Dahir
treated members of these denominations inhumanly. They were not
allowed to ride horses or to wear a turban or shoes.Sindhi pirates,
protected by Dahir, were active on the coastal areas and whenever they
got a chance, they plundered the ships passing by Daibul.Pirates
plundering Arab merchant ship
3. During those times, some Muslim traders living in Ceylon died and the ruler of
Ceylon sent their widows and orphans back to Baghdad. They made their journey
by sea. The King of Ceylon also sent many valuable presents for Walid and Hajjaj.
As the eight-ship caravan passed by the seaport of Daibul, Sindhi pirates lootedit
and took the women and children prisoner. When news of this attack reached
Hajjaj, he demanded that Dahir return the Muslim captives and the looted items.
He also demanded that the culprits be punished. Dahir replied that he had no
control over the pirates and was, therefore,powerless to rebuke them. On this
Hajjaj decided to invade Sindh. Two small expeditions sent by him failed to
accomplish their goal. Thus, in order to free the prisoners and to punish the guilty
party, Hajjaj decided to undertake a huge offensive against Dahir, who was
patronizing the pirates.
4. Arrival of Islam in South Asia
❖The historical relation between Arab peninsula and India (Bangladesh, India
and Pakistan) started long before the rise of Islam. Islam came to India by the
Arab traders first in the southern parts of India.
❖When Islam came in the Arab peninsula, its relations got a new dimension.
Muslim, whoever or whatever his/her profession, would involve in preaching
Islam generally.
❖Then Turks came to India to spread Islam in the middle of the 10th century.
❖Then, the continuous and increasing presence of the religious preachers and
teachers with the establishment of political authority made them important
personalities in the society.
❖Their efforts in spreading Islam based on some principles of tolerance,
equality, justice, mutual respect rather than garrison, made the Islamization
spread swiftly.
5. For Long Centuries, India, In A Memorable Phrase, Was “On The Way To Everywhere” .
What brought the Arabs in Subcontinent?
Trade brought Arabs to India’s southern seacoasts and to the coasts of Sri lanka, where small
Muslim communities were established at least by the early eighth century.
These traders played key economic roles and were supported by Non-Muslim kings like the
Zamorin of Calicut (kozhikode) who welcomed diverse merchant communities.
The Coastal areas had long served as central points for the transshipment of high value goods
between China, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Europe.
In addition to the spices, teak, and sandalwood locally produced. the Muslim populations grew
through intermarriage, conversion, and the continued influx of traders.
6. Pre-Islamic Society
In the pre Islamic period Hinduism was the religion of the people of
both the north and south India.
Worship of Hindu gods and the religious verses in the local language
were provoked among the masses.
7. Path for the Muslim Rulers to enter the region
After the death of Harsha,(An Indian Ruler who ruled for forty years) the
North India broke down into different small empires.
The political leadership was passed to the Rajputs who were an upper
class of former princes, feudal or army officials of the foreign races like
Sakas, the Pahlavas and the Huns.
The Rajputs claimed that they were the descent of old Hindu gods
Surya, Chandra and Agni etc.
All this clan clashes and religious rivalry opened the path for Muslim
invaders to enter the region.
8. Fight among the Kingdoms
The emperors of these small dynasties were all the time fighting with each other
and gave no importance to the mutual national outlook and this resulted into
drastic changes in the social as well as religious sphere of the region:
❑The Buddhism merged into Hinduism and Jainism withdrew into the
background.
❑The spirits of sectarianism rise among the different clans and the rulers to get
support of the religious leaders and to win the hearts of the masses, spent
lavishly on temples and religious rituals.
❑The religious texts were written down and all people have to adhere to it in
their daily life.
9. Social Stratification(بندی )درجہ
❑There were cast systems among the people and it caused social stratification.
This system of social stratification weakened the social and political condition
as the people were not satisfied with their condition.
❑The suppression of the powerful over the weak was massive at that time.
❑Pre-Islamic India was entirely based on a caste system in which society was
broken into separate parts, conversion to Islam happened in a step-by-step
process. Often, entire castes would convert to Islam at a time.
❑In the caste system, who you are born to determines your position in society.
There was no opportunity for social mobility or to achieve greater than what
your parents achieved. By converting to Islam, people had the opportunity to
move up in society, and no longer were submissive to the Brahman caste
10. What Attracted the Hindus ?
Egalitarianism(پسندی )مساوات
In Islam, everybody is equal: no high or low, no high-caste or
outcaste.
Seeing this liberty and equality, large numbers of low-caste Hindus
eagerly converted to Islam; this saved them from the oppressed
and humiliating life offered by the Hindu society.
11. Early History of Islam in South Asia
Trade Relations
Newly Islamized Arabs were Islam's first contact with India.
The first ship bearing Muslim travellers was seen on the Indian coast as
early as 630 AD.
Arab traders used to visit the Malabar region, which linked them with the
ports of South East Asia.
India was among of the regions which came to know with Islam in the
first phase of 8th century.
During the reign of 2nd Caliph of Islam, the first expedition was sent to
the region but its target met the goal when Muhammad bin Qasim
captured the Sindh.
This event can be regarded as the first step of the establishment of
Muslim Rule in India.
12. Threats from sea pirates
• Inter sea trades was very significant for the Arabs. There was a threat from Indian
pirates to the Arab commerce which led the newly appointed governor to send
expedition to protect sea routes.
• In 697 al-Hajjaj, the powerful viceroy of Iraq and the eastern part of the Caliphate,
appointed Said ibn Aslam al Kilabi as the governor of Makran.
• But the governor was killed by two Arab rebels known as the Ilafi brothers.
• One was killed but another took shelter to Dahir, the king in Sindh in Aror.
• This event marked the turning point in the history of this region.
• Al-Hajjaj repeated appeals to Dahir asking the insurgents to the Caliphate but
appeals were refused.
13. Historic invasion under Muhammad Bin Qasim
Plunderingof ships by pirates of Debal while returning to Iraq in 709 CE. This act of piracy angered Al-
Hajjaj and Caliph as well. Al-Hajjaj asked themreturned but again refused.
Two militaryexpeditions were sent but failed.
It was at this point that the historicArab invasion of Sind took place underthe commander of Muhammad bin
Qasim ath-Thaqafi with a better organized and equipped than previous‟.
He succeeded on Debal and the fortified city fell to him in October711. And within some two and half years
it resulted in the fall of the vast kingdom of Sind.
Bin Qasim continuedto take controlover major city of Brahmanabad, ancient city of Multan and extended
up to the bordersof the kingdom of Kashmir, the farthest frontier of Dahir‟s kingdom in north.
He was forwarding for the conquest but was recalled by the new Caliph and the expedition was abandoned.
And the Muslim conquest delayed for threecenturies in the northern India.
14. Did Islam spread by force or by peace:
The caste system, which originated from Hindu belief, divided
society up into very strictly controlled social classes.
Buddhists were generally oppressed by the Hindu princes
throughout the country.
Many Buddhists and lower castes welcomed the Muslim armies,
who carried the promise of an equal society.
In fact, the first Muslims of Indian origin were probably from the
lower castes, as Islam offered them an escape from the
oppressive system.
15. With the conquest of Sindh, Muhammad bin Qasim showed that Islamic laws
protection of religious minorities was for the Christians, Jews, Buddhists and
Hindus in the subcontinent. They were given religious freedom and were not
forced to convert.
Muhammad bin Qasim promised security and religious freedom to all Hindus
and Buddhists under his control.
For example, the Brahman caste continued their jobs as tax collectors and
Buddhists monks continued to maintain their monasteries
Todays India a Hindu majority country would not be possible if there was
force conversion. Even Delhi today‟s capital of India was the capital of
Muslim Rule for centuries.
.
16. Islamization and the Turks (1000-1526 A.D.):
Compared to the Arabs, Turkish raids into India were much more ruthless and
destructive.
The first of these raiders, Mahmud of Ghazni, earned the title of "the Idol
Smasher" for the damage he did to Hindu Temples, while the ruler, Ala al-Din,
similarly came to be called "the World Burner."
These raids and invasions especially hurt Buddhism, as kings in East India were
no longer able or willing to patronize Buddhist monasteries.
This led many Buddhists either to convert to Islam or flee to Tibet and
Southeast Asia. As a result, Buddhism virtually died out as a religion in India
although its influence elsewhere continued to spread.
17. Role played by Sufi missionaries
The Sufis' unorthodoxapproach towards Islam made it easier for
Hindus to accept the faith.
• Hazrat Khawaja Muinud-din Chisti,
• Nizam-ud-din Auliya,
• Shah Jalal,
• Amir Khusro,
• Sarkar Sabir Pak,
• Waris Pak
Trained Sufis for the propagation of Islam in different parts of India.
18. Impact of Islam on South Asia
The culture was significantly impacted.
Cooking was heavily influenced from the Turks and Persians. Paneer
was introduced to Indians by the Turks.
Language was significantly changed. Hindustani evolved from the
combination of Hindi which was Sanskrit focused and Urdu which has
Persian influence.
Persian words still echo in the courts of India today. It is now said that
Hindi loses it sweetness and taste if you remove Urdu words from it.
Clothing attire was developed commonly where the invaders
adopted parts of Indian styles into their own.
Clothing was also changed to cope the weather. Ornaments and
jewelry evolved into a total new variety.
19. Purda System and Marriage:
The ‘Purda System’ became prevalent in Hindu society by following
Islamic practices.
The Hindu women who were living in seclusion at home now
moved outside their houses in the palanquinscovered with
curtains.
In the royal harem of Hindu rulers, Purda system was rigidly
enforced.