introduction to Pathology and introduction to pathological anatomY Complete Lecture

1. Pathological Anatomy
Dr. Sami

2.  “Pathos” = suffering or disease
 “logos” = study
 Study of diseases Study of the structural and functional disease.

3. Pathology:
 Pathology is a branch of medical science that involves the study and diagnosis
of disease through the examination of surgically removed organs, tissues
(biopsy samples), bodily fluids, and in some cases the whole body (autopsy).
 Pathology is the “scientific study of disease“. "scientific study of the
molecular, cellular, tissue, or organ system response to injurious agents
 Autopsy: a post-mortem examination to discover the cause of death or the
extent of disease.

4.  Human pathology is the largest branch of pathology.
 • It is conventionally divided in to
 • A. General pathology = dealing with general principles of disease •
 primarily concerning the cause, origin and nature of disease. Common changes in
all tissues. e.g.. Inflammation, cancer, ageing, edema, hemorrhage ….etc
 B. systemic pathology= Discussing the pathologic mechanisms in relation to
various organ systems
 Cardiovascular Pathology.
 Renal Pathology.
 Hematopathology.
 Pulmonary Pathology. etc

5. Basic terminology in Pathology
 Disease
 Etiology
 Pathogenesis
 Diagnosis
 Clinical manifestation - Signs and symptoms
 Prognosis
 Epidemiology

6. Disease
 Disease is a condition in which the presence of an abnormality of the body
causes a loss of normal health
 Types of Disease:
 Acute – characterized by a sudden onset or in a rapid course. Common cold.
 Chronic – slow onset and long duration or having a long course• diabetes, and
arthritis.
 Idiopathic – no identifiable causes . idiopathic scoliosis
 Iatrogenic – occur as a result from medical treatment. Medical error and
negligence. vomiting, nausea, brain damage, infertility,

7.  Congenital – disease existing at birth or before birth, involves in the
development of fetus. congenital heart disease. Cerebral Palsy.
 Fulminating – an acute fatal disease. asthma
 Acquired - develops post –fetally
 Nosocomial – due to being in a hospital environments. respiratory pneumonia,
surgical site wound infections


8.  Intercurrent – occurs during the course of another disease•
(COVIDpneumonia)
 Teratogenic – diseases that are cause by drugs that cross the placental barrier
and harm the fetus• tobacco products, chemicals, alcohol,
 Contagious – transmitted by direct, intimate or by skin contact• Flu, Covid
 Venereal – transmitted by sexual contact• HIV
 Infectious – are caused by pathogenic microorganisms• Flu, TB
 Communicable – are transmitted by agents, fomites, vector or carrier.
hepatitis A, B and C, salmonella, measles, and blood-borne illnesses

9. Etiology
 Refers to the study of the cause of the disease
 General categories of etiological agents;
 genetic abnormalities,
 infective agents,
 chemical,
 radiation,
 mechanical trauma,
 malnutrition

10. Pathogenesis
 It Is a mechanism of the disease which etiology operates to produce the
pathological and clinical manifestation
 For examples –
 inflammation, degeneration, immune response

11. Diagnosis
 Refers to the process of attempting to determine or identify a possible
disease or disorder.
 Prognosis •
 Refers to the expected outcome of a disease.

12. Clinical Manifestation
 Are the signs and symptoms or evidence of disease
 Signs – objective alteration that can be observe or measured by another
person; pulse rate, blood pressure, Temperature etc
 Symptoms – subjective experiences reported by the person, complains such as
pain, nausea, vomiting etc

13. Epidemiology
 Is the study of tracking patters of disease occurrence and transmission
among populations and by geographic areas.
 Incidence of a disease– is the number of new cases occurring in specific time
of period
 Prevalence of a disease – is the number of existing cases within a populations
during the specific time of period.

14. Pathologic Anatomy:
 the scientific study of the nature of disease and its causes, processes,
development, and consequences.
 : a branch of anatomy concerned with structural changes of disease
 Also called pathobiology.

15. Differences b/w anatomic & clinical
pathology
Anatomic
 . Anatomic pathologists examine
samples from organs and other
tissues most commonly acquired
through surgery.
 Biopsy
 autopsy
Clinical
 . Clinical pathologists test bodily
fluids, such as urine, blood, and
saliva.
 blood cell counts, coagulation
studies, urinalysis, blood glucose
level determinations and throat
cultures

16. Subdivisions:
 Anatomical pathology is itself divided in subspecialties, the main ones being
 Surgical pathology (breast, gynecological, endocrine, gastrointestinal,
genitourinary, soft tissue, head and neck, dermatopathology),
 neuropathology,
 hematopathology
 cytopathology,
 forensic pathology.

17. Surgical pathology
 Surgical pathology is the study of tissues removed from living patients during
surgery to help diagnose a disease and determine a treatment plan

18. Neuropathology
 the study of diseases of the nervous system, which includes the: Brain. Spinal
cord. Body's extensive nerve network

19. Hematopathology
 the study of diseases and disorders affecting and found in blood cells, their
production, and any organs and tissues involved in hematopoiesis, such as
bone marrow, the spleen, and the thymus
 Thymus: The thymus is located in the upper front part of the chest, in the
anterior superior mediastinum, behind the sternum, and in front of the heart
 white blood cells called T lymphocytes (also called T cells)

20. Cytopathology
 branch of pathology that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level.

21. Forensic pathology
 Forensic pathology is the practice of medicine concerning injury analysis and
performance of autopsies to determine cause and manner of death. ...
Forensic pathologists perform autopsies to determine what caused a person's
death. They are also involved in the investigation of the circumstances
surrounding the death.

22. Skills and procedures
 Gross examination –
 the examination of diseased tissues with the naked eye. This is important
especially for large tissue fragments, because the disease can often be
visually identified. It is also at this step that the pathologist selects areas that
will be processed for histopathology. The eye can sometimes be aided with a
magnifying glass or a stereo microscope, especially when examining parasitic
organisms.

23.  Histopathology –
 the microscopic examination of stained tissue sections using histological
techniques. The standard stains are haematoxylin and eosin, but many others
exist. The use of haematoxylin and eosin-stained slides to provide specific
diagnoses based on morphology is considered to be the core skill of anatomic
pathology. The science of staining tissues sections is called histochemistry.

24.  Immunohistochemistry –
 the use of antibodies to detect the presence, abundance, and localization of
specific proteins. This technique is critical to differentiate between disorders
with similar morphology, as well as characterizing the molecular properties of
certain cancers.

25.  In situ hybridization –
 Specific DNA and RNA molecules can be identified on sections using this
technique. When the probe is labeled with fluorescent dye, the technique is
called FISH.
 Cytopathology –
 the examination of loose cells spread and stained on glass slides using
cytology techniques

26.  Electron microscopy –
 the examination of tissue with an electron microscope, which allows much
greater magnification, enabling the visualization of organelles within the
cells. Its use has been largely supplanted by immunohistochemistry, but it is
still in common use for certain tasks, including the diagnosis of kidney disease

27.  Tissue cytogenetics –
 the visualization of chromosomes to identify genetic defects such as
chromosomal translocation
 Flow immunophenotyping –
 the determination of the immunophenotype of cells using flow cytometry
techniques. It is very useful to diagnose the different types of leukemia and
lymphoma.