The document provides information about the bones of the upper limbs, including:
- The clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, and ulna make up the bones of the upper limb. The clavicle connects to the scapula to form the pectoral girdle. The humerus connects to the radius and ulna to form the elbow joint.
- The carpal bones (wrist bones) include the scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate bones. The metacarpals connect to the carpals and phalanges.
- Common fractures include
The upper limb bones include the pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula), humerus of the arm, radius and ulna of the forearm, carpal bones of the wrist, and metacarpals and phalanges of the hand. The clavicle connects the upper limb to the trunk and allows for free movement. The scapula forms the shoulder joint with its glenoid cavity. The humerus is the largest bone and connects to the radius and ulna at the elbow. The forearm bones connect to the carpal bones at the wrist. The metacarpals connect to the phalanges to form the fingers. Each bone has specific features and artic
The thoracic cage consists of the thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and ribs, forming a conical enclosure for the lungs and heart. It has a broad base and narrow apex, and is expanded during breathing to draw air into the lungs. The sternum is a bony plate anterior to the heart, consisting of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. There are 12 pairs of ribs attached posteriorly to the vertebrae and anteriorly to the sternum or other ribs. The pectoral girdle includes the clavicles and scapulae, supporting the arms.
Bones of upper limb, By Nida Manzoor.pptxssuser1d41c52
This document provides an overview of the bones in the upper limb, including:
- The pectoral girdle contains the clavicle and scapula. The clavicle connects to the manubrium and acromion. The scapula has three processes.
- The humerus is the largest bone and has a head, neck, and tubercles proximally and epicondyles distally.
- The ulna is the medial forearm bone with an olecranon and coronoid process. The radius is the lateral bone with a head and tuberosity.
- The wrist contains eight carpal bones arranged in two rows. The hand has five metacarp
The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, and hand. The arm has one bone, the humerus. The forearm has two bones, the radius and ulna. The hand has 27 bones grouped into carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The shoulder girdle connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and consists of the clavicle and scapula. The bones of the upper limb allow for mobility and manipulation and are connected by muscles that act on the joints of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and fingers.
The document summarizes the bones that make up the skeleton of the upper limb. It describes the pectoral girdle which includes the clavicle and scapula. It then details each of the bones of the free part of the upper limb including the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges. For each bone, it outlines the key anatomical features, processes, surfaces and clinical implications such as common sites of fracture.
UL upper limb-1.pdfassignment presentation 123AmanuelIbrahim
The upper limb consists of four segments - the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand. The document describes the bones that make up each segment in detail. It focuses on the shoulder segment, describing the clavicle and scapula bones that form the pectoral girdle. It outlines the structures of these bones, including their surfaces, borders, angles, and processes. It also discusses common fractures of the clavicle.
UL upper limb-1 anatomy,bonemuscle and neurovusculaturDiribaErko
The upper limb consists of four segments - the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand. The document describes the bones that make up each segment in detail. It focuses on the shoulder segment, describing the clavicle and scapula bones that form the pectoral girdle. It outlines the structures of these bones, including their surfaces, borders, angles, and processes. It also discusses common fractures of the clavicle.
This document summarizes the bones and joints of the upper limb. It describes the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna and bones of the hand. It outlines the key features and functions of each bone as well as the joints they form, including the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and finger joints. Nerves associated with each bone are also mentioned.
The upper limb bones include the pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula), humerus of the arm, radius and ulna of the forearm, carpal bones of the wrist, and metacarpals and phalanges of the hand. The clavicle connects the upper limb to the trunk and allows for free movement. The scapula forms the shoulder joint with its glenoid cavity. The humerus is the largest bone and connects to the radius and ulna at the elbow. The forearm bones connect to the carpal bones at the wrist. The metacarpals connect to the phalanges to form the fingers. Each bone has specific features and artic
The thoracic cage consists of the thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and ribs, forming a conical enclosure for the lungs and heart. It has a broad base and narrow apex, and is expanded during breathing to draw air into the lungs. The sternum is a bony plate anterior to the heart, consisting of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. There are 12 pairs of ribs attached posteriorly to the vertebrae and anteriorly to the sternum or other ribs. The pectoral girdle includes the clavicles and scapulae, supporting the arms.
Bones of upper limb, By Nida Manzoor.pptxssuser1d41c52
This document provides an overview of the bones in the upper limb, including:
- The pectoral girdle contains the clavicle and scapula. The clavicle connects to the manubrium and acromion. The scapula has three processes.
- The humerus is the largest bone and has a head, neck, and tubercles proximally and epicondyles distally.
- The ulna is the medial forearm bone with an olecranon and coronoid process. The radius is the lateral bone with a head and tuberosity.
- The wrist contains eight carpal bones arranged in two rows. The hand has five metacarp
The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, and hand. The arm has one bone, the humerus. The forearm has two bones, the radius and ulna. The hand has 27 bones grouped into carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The shoulder girdle connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and consists of the clavicle and scapula. The bones of the upper limb allow for mobility and manipulation and are connected by muscles that act on the joints of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and fingers.
The document summarizes the bones that make up the skeleton of the upper limb. It describes the pectoral girdle which includes the clavicle and scapula. It then details each of the bones of the free part of the upper limb including the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges. For each bone, it outlines the key anatomical features, processes, surfaces and clinical implications such as common sites of fracture.
UL upper limb-1.pdfassignment presentation 123AmanuelIbrahim
The upper limb consists of four segments - the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand. The document describes the bones that make up each segment in detail. It focuses on the shoulder segment, describing the clavicle and scapula bones that form the pectoral girdle. It outlines the structures of these bones, including their surfaces, borders, angles, and processes. It also discusses common fractures of the clavicle.
UL upper limb-1 anatomy,bonemuscle and neurovusculaturDiribaErko
The upper limb consists of four segments - the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand. The document describes the bones that make up each segment in detail. It focuses on the shoulder segment, describing the clavicle and scapula bones that form the pectoral girdle. It outlines the structures of these bones, including their surfaces, borders, angles, and processes. It also discusses common fractures of the clavicle.
This document summarizes the bones and joints of the upper limb. It describes the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna and bones of the hand. It outlines the key features and functions of each bone as well as the joints they form, including the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and finger joints. Nerves associated with each bone are also mentioned.
The document provides an overview of the musculoskeletal and integumentary systems of the upper limb. It describes the bones, joints, muscles, fascia, vessels and innervation of the shoulder, arm, forearm and hand. Key points include the bones that make up the pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula), bones of the arm (humerus), forearm (ulna and radius), wrist (carpal bones), palm (metacarpals) and fingers (phalanges). The document also discusses the fascia, muscles, vessels and cutaneous innervation of the upper limb.
The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilages, and ligaments that provide structure, protection, movement, and blood cell formation. The axial skeleton forms the body's longitudinal axis and includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs that attach to the axial skeleton. Long bones have a diaphysis shaft and epiphyses ends. The skull is formed from multiple flat bones that protect the brain and sense organs. The vertebral column consists of vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs that allow flexibility. The rib cage includes ribs and sternum and protects the heart and lungs.
shoulder Anatomy by ayalew.orthopedic residentpptx,AyalewKomande1
The document provides an overview of shoulder anatomy and physical examination. It describes the bones that make up the shoulder joint including the clavicle, scapula, and proximal humerus. It outlines the fascia, muscles including rotator cuff and axioappendicular muscles, as well as neurovascular structures like the brachial plexus in the axilla. The physical examination section covers inspection, palpation, and range of motion assessment including special tests for shoulder conditions.
Skeleton system- bones and their number with detailed description.bhartisharma175
The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the shoulder and pelvic girdles and their attached limbs. The skull is formed from numerous flat bones that protect the brain and provide structure to the face. The vertebral column is made up of 26 bones including 24 vertebrae that provide protection to the spinal cord and allow movement. The rib cage is formed from 12 pairs of ribs and the sternum in the front and connects to the vertebral column in the back. The appendicular skeleton includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs which are attached to the body via the shoulder and pelvic girdles.
The document provides an overview of the bones and joints of the upper limb, including:
- The bones of the upper limb are divided into the pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula), arm (humerus), forearm (radius and ulna), hand (carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges).
- The major joints of the upper limb are the shoulder, elbow, radioulnar, wrist, and intercarpal, carpometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints.
- Each bone, joint, and ligament is described in detail, along with movements they allow and
The document discusses the clavicle bone. It is located in the thoracic region above the first rib. The clavicle is curved like the letter S and connects the sternum to the acromion of the scapula. It has three main functions: attaching the upper limb to the trunk, protecting underlying structures supplying the upper limb, and transmitting force from the upper limb to the axial skeleton. The clavicle can be divided into the sternal end, shaft, and acromial end, each with their own landmarks and articulation points.
The document summarizes the bones of the upper limb, including the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, and ulna. It describes the location and markings of each bone, as well as their articulations with other bones and attachments of muscles. Key points include that the clavicle and scapula form the shoulder girdle, connecting the humerus to the axial skeleton. The humerus extends from the shoulder to elbow joints. The radius and ulna articulate at the elbow and wrist, allowing rotation of the forearm.
This document describes the anatomy of the upper limb, including bones, joints, muscles, nerves and vasculature. It provides details on the boundaries, bones and fractures of the upper limb. It discusses the origins, insertions and actions of muscles that move the shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist and hand. It describes the rotator cuff muscles, common injuries like tennis elbow and fractures of the scaphoid bone and supracondylar humerus. The document concludes with an overview of the arteries of the upper limb including the axillary, brachial, radial and ulnar arteries and their branches.
The document discusses the bones and joints of the shoulder girdle and shoulder joint. It describes that the shoulder girdle consists of the clavicle, scapula, and sternum. The shoulder joint involves the scapula, clavicle, and humerus. It allows for movements like flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. The document outlines the ligaments and muscles that support these bones and movements.
The humerus is the long bone of the upper arm located between the shoulder and elbow joints. It has a proximal end with a head that connects to the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the shoulder joint. The proximal end also contains greater and lesser tubercles that provide attachment points for muscles like the rotator cuff. The distal end has a trochlea and capitulum that articulate with the ulna and radius at the elbow joint. The humerus shaft contains features like the deltoid tuberosity for muscle attachment and the radial sulcus through which the radial nerve passes. Fractures of the surgical neck are common due to its location in the proximal humerus
Presentation1.pptx, radiological anatomy of the upper limb joint.Abdellah Nazeer
This document discusses the radiological anatomy of the upper limb joints, including the shoulder, elbow, and wrist. It provides detailed descriptions of the bones, joints, ligaments, and other structural aspects of the anatomy of these regions based on plain radiography, ultrasound, CT, MRI, and other imaging modalities. The shoulder is described as having 3 bones (humerus, scapula, clavicle), 3 joints (glenohumeral, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular) and discussions of related structures. Details are also provided on the elbow and wrist joints, articulations, ligaments, compartments and osseous anatomy.
The document discusses the anatomy of the upper limb. It begins by outlining the bones, joints, muscles, vessels and nerves of the upper limb. It then describes the bones in more detail, including the scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna and bones of the hand. It notes the key features and articulations of each bone. It also briefly discusses the muscles of the upper limb, grouping them into muscles that attach the limb to the axial skeleton and muscles within the limb itself.
CLAVICLE Bone Osteology: Appendicular skeletonPriyanka Pundir
Clavicle bone: Osteology, Clavicle bone anatomy, Features of Clavicle bone, Side determination, Function of Clavicle, Characteristics of Clavicle Bone, Muscle Attachments, Ossification, Clinical Anatomy.
06 Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral Girdle And Upper LimbsKevin Young
The document discusses the appendicular skeleton, focusing on the pectoral girdle and upper limbs. It describes the bones that make up the pectoral girdle including the scapula and clavicle. It then discusses the bones that make up the upper limb, including the humerus, radius, and ulna, describing their articulations and features. It provides examples of fractures and injuries that can occur to these bones.
06 Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral Girdle And Upper Limbsguest295165
The document discusses the appendicular skeleton, focusing on the pectoral girdle and upper limbs. It describes the bones that make up the pectoral girdle including the scapula and clavicle. It then discusses the bones that make up the upper limb, including the humerus, radius, and ulna, describing their articulations and features. It provides examples of fractures and injuries that can occur to these bones.
The elbow joint is formed by the humerus, ulna, and radius bones. It allows flexion and extension movements in the sagittal plane. The ulna and radius also allow pronation and supination movements of the forearm. Key ligaments like the capsular ligament and collateral ligaments provide stability to the elbow joint. Muscles like the biceps brachii, brachialis, and triceps brachii are responsible for elbow flexion and extension movements, while muscles like the pronator teres, pronator quadratus, and supinator control forearm pronation and supination. Common elbow injuries include sprains, strains, dislocations, and fractures.
06 Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral Girdle And Upper Limbsguest334add
The document discusses the bones and joints of the appendicular skeleton, with a focus on the pectoral girdle and upper limbs. Key bones discussed include the clavicle, scapula, and humerus. Various fractures and injuries are described, such as fractures of the clavicle, scapula, and humerus. Joints such as the acromioclavicular joint and elbow are also examined.
The pectoral girdle connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and consists of the clavicle and scapula in humans. The clavicle is an S-shaped bone that connects the sternum to the scapula. It has a lateral end that articulates with the acromion process of the scapula and a medial end that articulates with the manubrium of the sternum. The clavicle provides support for the shoulder joint and allows for a wide range of arm movement. It is attached to muscles like the deltoid, trapezius, pectoralis major, and sternocleidomastoid.
The appendicular skeleton is composed of 126 bones and includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, and lower limbs. The pectoral girdle connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and includes the clavicles and scapulae. The upper limbs contain 30 bones grouped into the arm, forearm, and hand. The arm includes the humerus bone. The forearm lies between the elbow and wrist and contains the radius and ulna bones. The hand includes the wrist bones and bones of the fingers.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
The document provides an overview of the musculoskeletal and integumentary systems of the upper limb. It describes the bones, joints, muscles, fascia, vessels and innervation of the shoulder, arm, forearm and hand. Key points include the bones that make up the pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula), bones of the arm (humerus), forearm (ulna and radius), wrist (carpal bones), palm (metacarpals) and fingers (phalanges). The document also discusses the fascia, muscles, vessels and cutaneous innervation of the upper limb.
The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilages, and ligaments that provide structure, protection, movement, and blood cell formation. The axial skeleton forms the body's longitudinal axis and includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs that attach to the axial skeleton. Long bones have a diaphysis shaft and epiphyses ends. The skull is formed from multiple flat bones that protect the brain and sense organs. The vertebral column consists of vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs that allow flexibility. The rib cage includes ribs and sternum and protects the heart and lungs.
shoulder Anatomy by ayalew.orthopedic residentpptx,AyalewKomande1
The document provides an overview of shoulder anatomy and physical examination. It describes the bones that make up the shoulder joint including the clavicle, scapula, and proximal humerus. It outlines the fascia, muscles including rotator cuff and axioappendicular muscles, as well as neurovascular structures like the brachial plexus in the axilla. The physical examination section covers inspection, palpation, and range of motion assessment including special tests for shoulder conditions.
Skeleton system- bones and their number with detailed description.bhartisharma175
The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the shoulder and pelvic girdles and their attached limbs. The skull is formed from numerous flat bones that protect the brain and provide structure to the face. The vertebral column is made up of 26 bones including 24 vertebrae that provide protection to the spinal cord and allow movement. The rib cage is formed from 12 pairs of ribs and the sternum in the front and connects to the vertebral column in the back. The appendicular skeleton includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs which are attached to the body via the shoulder and pelvic girdles.
The document provides an overview of the bones and joints of the upper limb, including:
- The bones of the upper limb are divided into the pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula), arm (humerus), forearm (radius and ulna), hand (carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges).
- The major joints of the upper limb are the shoulder, elbow, radioulnar, wrist, and intercarpal, carpometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints.
- Each bone, joint, and ligament is described in detail, along with movements they allow and
The document discusses the clavicle bone. It is located in the thoracic region above the first rib. The clavicle is curved like the letter S and connects the sternum to the acromion of the scapula. It has three main functions: attaching the upper limb to the trunk, protecting underlying structures supplying the upper limb, and transmitting force from the upper limb to the axial skeleton. The clavicle can be divided into the sternal end, shaft, and acromial end, each with their own landmarks and articulation points.
The document summarizes the bones of the upper limb, including the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, and ulna. It describes the location and markings of each bone, as well as their articulations with other bones and attachments of muscles. Key points include that the clavicle and scapula form the shoulder girdle, connecting the humerus to the axial skeleton. The humerus extends from the shoulder to elbow joints. The radius and ulna articulate at the elbow and wrist, allowing rotation of the forearm.
This document describes the anatomy of the upper limb, including bones, joints, muscles, nerves and vasculature. It provides details on the boundaries, bones and fractures of the upper limb. It discusses the origins, insertions and actions of muscles that move the shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist and hand. It describes the rotator cuff muscles, common injuries like tennis elbow and fractures of the scaphoid bone and supracondylar humerus. The document concludes with an overview of the arteries of the upper limb including the axillary, brachial, radial and ulnar arteries and their branches.
The document discusses the bones and joints of the shoulder girdle and shoulder joint. It describes that the shoulder girdle consists of the clavicle, scapula, and sternum. The shoulder joint involves the scapula, clavicle, and humerus. It allows for movements like flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. The document outlines the ligaments and muscles that support these bones and movements.
The humerus is the long bone of the upper arm located between the shoulder and elbow joints. It has a proximal end with a head that connects to the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the shoulder joint. The proximal end also contains greater and lesser tubercles that provide attachment points for muscles like the rotator cuff. The distal end has a trochlea and capitulum that articulate with the ulna and radius at the elbow joint. The humerus shaft contains features like the deltoid tuberosity for muscle attachment and the radial sulcus through which the radial nerve passes. Fractures of the surgical neck are common due to its location in the proximal humerus
Presentation1.pptx, radiological anatomy of the upper limb joint.Abdellah Nazeer
This document discusses the radiological anatomy of the upper limb joints, including the shoulder, elbow, and wrist. It provides detailed descriptions of the bones, joints, ligaments, and other structural aspects of the anatomy of these regions based on plain radiography, ultrasound, CT, MRI, and other imaging modalities. The shoulder is described as having 3 bones (humerus, scapula, clavicle), 3 joints (glenohumeral, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular) and discussions of related structures. Details are also provided on the elbow and wrist joints, articulations, ligaments, compartments and osseous anatomy.
The document discusses the anatomy of the upper limb. It begins by outlining the bones, joints, muscles, vessels and nerves of the upper limb. It then describes the bones in more detail, including the scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna and bones of the hand. It notes the key features and articulations of each bone. It also briefly discusses the muscles of the upper limb, grouping them into muscles that attach the limb to the axial skeleton and muscles within the limb itself.
CLAVICLE Bone Osteology: Appendicular skeletonPriyanka Pundir
Clavicle bone: Osteology, Clavicle bone anatomy, Features of Clavicle bone, Side determination, Function of Clavicle, Characteristics of Clavicle Bone, Muscle Attachments, Ossification, Clinical Anatomy.
06 Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral Girdle And Upper LimbsKevin Young
The document discusses the appendicular skeleton, focusing on the pectoral girdle and upper limbs. It describes the bones that make up the pectoral girdle including the scapula and clavicle. It then discusses the bones that make up the upper limb, including the humerus, radius, and ulna, describing their articulations and features. It provides examples of fractures and injuries that can occur to these bones.
06 Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral Girdle And Upper Limbsguest295165
The document discusses the appendicular skeleton, focusing on the pectoral girdle and upper limbs. It describes the bones that make up the pectoral girdle including the scapula and clavicle. It then discusses the bones that make up the upper limb, including the humerus, radius, and ulna, describing their articulations and features. It provides examples of fractures and injuries that can occur to these bones.
The elbow joint is formed by the humerus, ulna, and radius bones. It allows flexion and extension movements in the sagittal plane. The ulna and radius also allow pronation and supination movements of the forearm. Key ligaments like the capsular ligament and collateral ligaments provide stability to the elbow joint. Muscles like the biceps brachii, brachialis, and triceps brachii are responsible for elbow flexion and extension movements, while muscles like the pronator teres, pronator quadratus, and supinator control forearm pronation and supination. Common elbow injuries include sprains, strains, dislocations, and fractures.
06 Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral Girdle And Upper Limbsguest334add
The document discusses the bones and joints of the appendicular skeleton, with a focus on the pectoral girdle and upper limbs. Key bones discussed include the clavicle, scapula, and humerus. Various fractures and injuries are described, such as fractures of the clavicle, scapula, and humerus. Joints such as the acromioclavicular joint and elbow are also examined.
The pectoral girdle connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and consists of the clavicle and scapula in humans. The clavicle is an S-shaped bone that connects the sternum to the scapula. It has a lateral end that articulates with the acromion process of the scapula and a medial end that articulates with the manubrium of the sternum. The clavicle provides support for the shoulder joint and allows for a wide range of arm movement. It is attached to muscles like the deltoid, trapezius, pectoralis major, and sternocleidomastoid.
The appendicular skeleton is composed of 126 bones and includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, and lower limbs. The pectoral girdle connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and includes the clavicles and scapulae. The upper limbs contain 30 bones grouped into the arm, forearm, and hand. The arm includes the humerus bone. The forearm lies between the elbow and wrist and contains the radius and ulna bones. The hand includes the wrist bones and bones of the fingers.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Lecture 6 -- Memory 2015.pptlearning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned st...AyushGadhvi1
learning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) eliciting a response (unconditioned response) • is paired with another stimulus (conditioned stimulus)
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
1. Color Index:
▪ Important Points
▪ Helping notes
▪ Explanation
Bones of The Upper Limbs
Anatomy Team 434
If you have any complaint or
suggestion please don’t
hesitate to contact us on:
AnatomyTeam434@gmail.com
2. ● List the different bones of the UL.
● List the characteristic features of each bone.
● Differentiate between the bones of the right and left sides.
● List the articulations between the different bones.
OBJECTIVES
3. Term Meaning Example
Processes A V-shaped indentation (act as the key of the joint) Coracoid process in the scapula
Notch An indentation, (incision) on an edge or surface Radial notch in the ulna
Fossa
A hollow place (The Notch is not complete but the fossa is complete and both of them act as
the lock of the joint)
Radial fossa in the humerus
Tubercles A nodule or a small rounded projection on a bone Dorsal tubercle in the radius
Tuberosity
A large prominence on a bone usually serving for the attachment of muscles or ligaments (is a
bigger projection than the Tubercle)
Tibial tuberosity in the tibia
Groove A channel, a long narrow depression sure Intertubercular groove in the humerus
Interosseous border
Between bones (the place where the two parallel bones attach together by the interosseous
membrane)
Sharp medial interosseous
in the radius
Ridge
The long and narrow upper edge, angle, or crest of something the lateral supracondylar ridge in the femur
Spine Thick projecting ridge of bone Spine of the Scapula
Articulation Meeting of two bones to make the joints Any type of joint
Styloid process
usually serves as point of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and might form joints Radial styloid process (wrist joint)
Union of the bone إعادة
إلتحام
العظام
ببعظها
عشان
ترجع
للحالة
الطبيعية union of scaphoid bone fracture
New Terms
4. is a projection on
the bone
( زيادة
بسيطة
على
العظمة
).
is a bigger projection
.. than the eminence (
”زيادة آكبر
من
ال ”
eminence)
is a bigger
projection than the
Tubercle
(”زيادة أكبر
من
الTubercle)
is a bigger projection
than the tuberosity
(”زيادة أكبر
من
ال
Tuberosity)
NOTE: they all may be for attachment of ligaments and muscles.
Bones Process
5.
6. Pectoral Girdle:-
It has Two Ends:
Medial (Sternal) : enlarged & triangular.
Lateral (Acromial) : flattened.
Body (shaft):
—
it’s medial which is 2/3 of the body is convex forward.
—
Its lateral which is 1/3 of the body is concave forward.
Surfaces:
Superior : smooth as it lies just deep to the skin.
—
Inferior : rough because strong ligaments bind it to the 1st rib.
—
It is a doubly curved long bone with no medullary cavity lying
horizontally across the root of the neck. It is subcutaneous
throughout its length.
Clavicl
e:
7. Functions
Articulation It serves as a rigid
support from which
the scapula and free
upper limb are
suspended & keeping
them away from the
trunk so that the
arm has maximum
freedom of
movement.
Transmits forces
from the upper limb
to the axial
skeleton.
Provides attachment for muscles.
It forms a boundary of the Cervicoaxillary canal for protection of the neurovascular bundle
of the Upper Limb. -[ cervicoaxillary canal ] runs through the clavicle containing nerves and blood
vessels for the upper limb and underarm(axilla)
Clavicl
e:
8. —
Fractures
•The clavicle is commonly fractured especially in children as forces are
impacted to the outstretched hand during falling.
•After fracture, the medial fragment is elevated (by the sternomastoid
muscle),
the lateral fragment drops because of the weight of the Upper Limb
BUT It may be pulled medially by the adductors of the arm.
—
The sagging limb is supported by the other.
Important note:
* If the clavicle is broken, the whole shoulder region caves in medially.
* The weakest part of the clavicle is the junction of the middle
and lateral thirds.due to the thickness
elevated
Drops
Clavicl
e:
9. Scapul
a:
-—
It is a triangular
Flat bone
-Extends between
the 2nd Rib till the
7th Rib
(Shoulder Blade)
—
suprascapular
notch: is a small
'hole' that acts as
nerve’s pathway
that supply the
coracoid.
Lateral angle تشبه
الكمثرى.
thinner
Acromion: forms the
subcutaneous point
of the shoulder.
acromion articulate
with the clavicle, to
form
acromioclavicular
joint.
Coracoid: a beaklike
process , it has a
finger like shape
pointed to the
shoulder. it
resembles in size,
shape and direction
10. Scapula: Functions
Gives
attachment
to muscles. Has a
considerable
degree of
movement on the
thoracic wall to
enable the arm to
move freely.
The glenoid
cavity forms
the socket of
the shoulder
joint.
REMEMBER: Because most of the scapula is well protected by muscles and by its association with
the thoracic wall , most of its fractures involve the protruding subcutaneous Acromion.
The medial border and
inferior angle of the scapula
will no longer be kept closely
applied to the chest wall.
winged scapula: يعني
تكون
بارزة
ومثال
عليها
انو
النساء
لمن
يسو
عملية
عشان
سرطان
الثدي
ممكن
الدكتور
يغلط
ويقطعnerve
فتقعد
كدا
ثابتة
على
برا
11. Humerus: Typical Long bone , it is the largest bone in the upper limb
The two tubercles are
separated by Intertubercular
Groove.
is smooth
because of
friction with the
glenoid cavity
the surgical
neck is more
sustainable to
injury
the anatomical
neck is simply a
divider between
two regions.
-trabeculas are important in
attachment to muscles, tendons,
and ligaments.
12. Humerus:
Has two prominent features
Distal End:Widens as the sharp medial and lateral
Supracondylar Ridges form and end in the medial and
lateral Epicondyles providing muscular attachment.
-The medial Epicondyle can be felt.
-the distal end of the humerus has two regions (epicondyle) one
lateral (radius) and one medial (ulna)
-there is two anterior fossas and one posterior
13. Humerus: Fractures
—
Most common fractures are of the Surgical
Neck especially in elder people with
osteoporosis.—
The fracture results from falling on the hand
(transition of force through the bones of
forearm of the extended limb).
—
In younger people, fractures of the greater tubercle results
from falling on the hand when the arm is abducted.
—
The body of the humerus can be fractured by a direct blow to
the arm or by
indirect injury as falling on the outstretched hand.
Articulations
Head of the humerus with the glenoid cavity
of the scapula form the Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint).
Lower end (Trochlea & Capitulum)
with the upper ends of the radius & ulna form the
Elbow joint.
14. Nerves affected from the fracture of Humerus:
Depend on the location of the fracture
15. Forearm:-
The is Radius the lateral
bone.
The is Ulna the medial bone.
Ulna:
Ulna stabilizing
bone because it
articulates with
both bones(radius,&
humerus )
The articulations between the ulna & humerus at the
elbow joint allows primarily only flexion & extension
(small amount of abduction & adduction occurs).
Ulna bigger than
the radius
Ulna is has a
Proximal end ,
Shaft and Distal
End
16. Radius:
Radius is a short
bone
Radius is a lateral
bone in the forearm
Radius is has
a Proximal end ,
Shaft and Distal
End
17. Radius & Ulna
Articulations Fractures
Distal end of Humerus with the proximal ends of
Radius & Ulna Elbow joint
Proximal Radioulnar
joint ( between the
radius and ulna in the
proximal region)
Distal Radioulnar
joint ( between the
radius and ulna in the
Distal region)
The two bones are
connected by the
flexible
interosseous
membrane
Because the radius & ulna are Firmly bound by the
interosseous membrane, a fracture of one bone is
commonly associated with dislocation of the nearest
joint.
Colles’ fracture (fracture of the
distal end of radius) is the most
common fracture of the
forearm,It is more common in
women after middle age because
of osteoporosis.
The reason is: from
forced dorsiflexion of
the hand as a result
from falling by
outstretching the
upper limb.
-“It causes dinner fork deformity”
-the radius- is the one that usually breaks ..
then might result in displacement of the
Ulna .. why?
because they are both attached together.
18. Carpals:
Hande:- Carpals for the carpus (wrist)
Metacarpals for the palm
Phalanges for the fingers
“From lateral to media”
“MNEMONIC “ to make it easier to memorize
The sequence”
She Looks Too Pretty, Try To Catch Her.
Hello, hey there classmate
This is easy , clear, and straight
Wrist carpals are only eight
Scaphoid, Triquetral, and Lunate
Pisiform and Capitate
Let’s not forget the Hamate
Trapezium, Trapezoid, that’s great!
We’re not done yet, just wait
All you need now is to locate
And see if you can demonstrate ^_*
By the poet: Lina Aljurf
To help you in memorizing the names
19. Carpals: Fractures
Functions
It’s FUNCTION:
gives flexibility to the
wrist.
It’s PRESENTS: Concavity on
their Anterior surface &
convex from side to side
posteriorly.
REMEMBER: Union of the bone may take several
months because of poor blood supply to the
proximal part of the scaphoid.
20. Metacarpal
s:
It is the skeleton of the hand between the
carpus and phalanges.
It is composed of Five
Metacarpal bones, each
has a Base, Shaft, and a
Head.
They are numbered 1-5
from the thumb.
From Lateral to medial.
The 1st
metacarpal is the
shortest and
most mobile.
The Bases of the
metacarpals articulate
with the carpal bones.
The distal ends
(Heads) articulate
with the proximal
phalanges to form
the knuckles of
the fist.
3rd metacarpal has a
styloid process on the
lateral side of the base.
Phalanges:
Each digit has Three Phalanges
Except the Thumb which has only two.
Each phalanx has a
base proximally, a
head distally and a
body between the
base and the
head.
The distal ones are the smallest, its distal
ends are flattened and expanded distally to
form the nail beds.
The middle ones are intermediate in size.
The proximal
phalanx is the
largest.
22. 1- which one of these have the function of lodges the important radial nerve and
vessels:
A- deltoid tuberosity
B- spiral groove
C- surgical neck
D- greater tubercle
2-colles’ fracture is the most common fracture in forearm in:
A- distal end of ulna
B- proximal end of radius
C- proximal end of ulna
D- distal end of radius
3- which one of these has no medullary :
A- scapula
B- clavicle
C- radius
D-ulna
4- the most common fracture in humerus is:
A- anatomical neck
B- lesser tubercle
C- intertubercular groove
D- surgical neck
5- the distal end of radius shape is:
A- rectangular
B- rounded
C- flat
D-triangular
6- Ali is 70 years old, he had injury in his arm ,so he went to the doctor
and the doctor investigated by x-ray.
The x-ray shows fracture in surgical neck of his humerus. According to
this the nerve that is affected is:
A- Axillary nerve
B- Radial nerve
C- Median nerve
D- Ulnar nerve
7- what is the bone that forms boundary of cervicoaxillary canal for
protection of neurovascular bundle of the upper limb :
A- Humerus
B- Scapula
C- Clavicle
D- Ulna
8- which of the following is used to nerve passageway , from medial to
coracoid process :
A- subscapular Fossa
B- Suprascapular notch
C- supraspinous Fossa
D- infraspinous Fossa
9- How many nerves arise from brachial plexus in upper limb :
A- 2
B- 3
C- 4
D- 5
MSQ
1-B
2-D
3-B
4-D
5-A
6-A
7-C
8-B
9-D