1-a Which of TCP or UDP is connection-less- Which of TCP or UDP is con.docx

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1.a Which of TCP or UDP is connection-less? Which of TCP or UDP is connection-oriented? What is the difference? b. Name the four components of a process c.. What is the PCB? Solution 1. a. UDP is connection-less TCP is connection oriented TCP is connection oriented â€“ once a connection is established, data can be sent bidirectional. UDP is a simpler, connectionless Internet protocol. Multiple messages are sent as packets in chunks using UDP. TCP rearranges data packets in the order specified. UDP has no inherent order as all packets are independent of each other. If ordering is required, it has to be managed by the application layer. The speed for TCP is slower than UDP. UDP is faster because there is no error-checking for packets. There is absolute guarantee that the data transferred remains intact and arrives in the same order in which it was sent. There is no guarantee that the messages or packets sent would reach at all. b. Components of process are following. 1. Object Program Code to be executed. 2. Data Data to be used for executing the program. 3. Resources While executing the program, it may require some resources. 4. Status Verifies the status of the process execution.A process can run to completion only when all requested resources have been allocated to the process. Two or more processes could be executing the same program, each using their own data and resources. c. Process Control Block (PCB, also called Task Controlling Block, process table, Task Struct, or Switchframe) is a data structure in the operating system kernel containing the information needed to manage a particular process. The PCB is \"the manifestation of a process in an operating system\". .

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While executing the program, it may require some resources.
4. Status
Verifies the status of the process execution.A process can run to completion only when all
requested resources have been allocated to the process. Two or more processes could be
executing the same program, each using their own data and resources.
c.
Process Control Block (PCB, also called Task Controlling Block, process table, Task Struct, or
Switchframe) is a data structure in the operating system kernel containing the information
needed to manage a particular process. The PCB is "the manifestation of a process in an
operating system".

Reply needed 1 TCP/IP is a networking protocol suite that Microsoft Windows uses to communicate over the internet with other computers. It interacts with DNS and security tech such as IPsec to assist in the successful and secure transfer of IP packets between machines. TCP/IP is most commonly used to communicate over networks. TCP, or Transmission Control Protocol, handles the sequencing and acknowledgment of packets sent, and the recovery of packets lost during transmission. UDP, or User Datagram Protocol, provides a one-to-one or one-to-many, connectionless, unreliable communications server that is used when the amount of data to be transferred is small, such as data that fits into a single packet. Both UDP and TCP use ports to identify communications for each TCP/IP program. TCP · Connection-oriented service; a session is established between hosts. · TCP guarantees delivery through the use of acknowledgments and sequenced delivery of data. · Programs that use TCP are provided assurance of reliable data transport. · TCP is slower, has higher overhead requirements, and only supports point-to-point communication. UDP · Connectionless Service; no session is established between hosts. · UDP does not guarantee or acknowledge delivery, or sequence data. · Programs that use UDP are responsible for providing reliability needed to transport data. · UDP is fast, has low overhead requirements, and can support point-to-point and point-to-multipoint communication. References Microsoft. (2005). User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Retrieved from https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc785220(v=ws.10).aspx Microsoft. (2003). How TCP/IP Works. Retrieved from https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc786128(v=ws.10).aspx Reply needed 2 TCP and UDP are both intent protocol that relay data from one computer to another through a network. The difference between the two is TCP is connection oriented which means it establishes connection between the devices before actual data is sent. This is done by a 3 way handshake, syn, syn-ack, and ack. Since TCP is connection oriented it is more reliable because packets are sure to arrive at the destination. Although TCP is a lot slower than UDP, it is used for instances that requires guaranteed data transmission such as and during virtual terminal connection (TELNET), FTP for transferring files, HTTP and HTTPs for world wide web connection. UDP on the other hand is a “connection-less” protocol which means data is sent whether the receiving end get it or not. It is a lot faster than TCP but does not guarantee packets will arrive at the destination. UDP exist when speed is a factor, and is used during real-time data transmission such VOIP or skype, DNS, DHCP, or online gaming. (Rodriguez, 2014) Reference: Rodriguez, E. (2014). TCP vs. UDP. Retreived from: http://www.skullbox.net/tcpudp.php Reply needed 3 TCP and UDP are both Layer 4 or Transport Layer protocols. That being said TCP and UDP are used as the transport pro ...

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This is computer network class Select the statement that is correct. Demultiplexing is used to direct incoming packets to the correct process. Since UDP is a "connectionless" protocol, it is possible for requests to go to the wrong socket. If the network is having a lot of congestion, then the application can switch between TCP and UDP dynamically to adjust for this. Demultiplexing is needed only when you have multiple instances of the same application running on a host machine. Question 2 ( 2 points) Saved Why does DNS use UDP rather than TCP? Deverlopers assume that since the application requests cannot run until DNS happens first, then it is okay to make it wait for the services to provide for reliability. DNS requests are so frequent, and have to happen quickly, we don't want to add extra time for the services provided by TCP. To ensure that we get the mapping without any errors. DNS can tolerate some erros..

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NetWork Design Question 1a.) In writing a letter to a Friend, what do you hace to do to get the letter to your friend. List all the steps and ways. 1b.) Relate the stages of letter transaction to the layers of the internet. Solution In writing a letter to a Friend, the following 5 steps do you face to get the letter to your friend. 1) Application layer: TCP/IP: A user retrieves a Web page from a server in somewhere by typing a URL into a browser and clicking the enter key. The server receives the request, finds the page on its hard drive and sends it back to the user. Neither the user nor the client or server software is aware of the way the messages were delivered. There are many application layer protocols. 2) Transport layer: TCP/IP: Transport layer software establishes a connection between a client and server then monitors that connection for errors. It also slows transmission if it gets too fast to handle at the other end. Transport layer software is not concerned with how the data is actually moved from one point to the other that is the responsibility of lower level software. There are two transport layer protocols TCP (reliable) and UDP (unreliable, but fast). If TCP tries repeatedly and errors persist, it informs its \"boss,\" the application program. 3) Internet layer: TCP/IP:Internet layer programs move data between networks. IP is the internet layer protocol. IP software ignores the data, and it does the same thing with a packet whether it comes from the friend or your mother. Once the data gets to its destination local area network (LAN), it is handed over to data link layer software or firmware for delivery to the proper computer. 4) Data link layer: TCP/IP:Data Link layer programs move (incoming and outgoing) data within LANs. Ethernet is the most common data link protocol. A data link program is not concerned with how outgoing data will be handled once it leaves the LAN or how incoming data got there. That is the responsibility of the internet layer software. 5) Physical layer: TCP/IP:Physical layer protocols specify the means of representing ones and zeros (bits). The method of transmitting them between two points using wire, radio, fiber, etc. is also specified. There are many ways to make ones and zeros and many ways to transmit them so there are many physical layer protocols..

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1-Astronomers estimate that a low-mass red dwarf star like Proxima Cen.docx

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1.Astronomers estimate that a low-mass red dwarf star like Proxima Centauri will shine on the main sequence for four trillion years. Speculate why this star would last so much longer than the estimated 600 Gyr. 2.The star Mira is 1.2 times the mass of the Sun and about 10,000 times more luminous than the Sun. Would Mira fit into the table above? Why or why not? Solution 1. To understand why red dwarfs have such long lifespans, weâ€™ll need to take a look at main sequence stars first, and see how theyâ€™re different. If you could peel back the Sun like a grapefruit, youâ€™d see juicy layers inside. In the core, immense pressure and temperature from the mass of all that starstuff bears down and fuses atoms of hydrogen into helium, releasing gamma radiation. Outside the core is the radiative zone, not hot enough for fusion. Instead, photons of energy generated in the core are emitted and absorbed countless times, taking a random journey to the outermost layer of the star. And outside the radiative zone is the convective zone, where superheated globs of hot plasma float up to the surface, where they release their heat into space. Then they cool down enough to sink back through the Sun and pick up more heat. Over time, helium builds up in the core. Eventually, this core runs out of hydrogen and it dies. Even though the core is only a fraction of the total mass of hydrogen in the Sun, thereâ€™s no mechanism to mix it in. A red dwarf is fundamentally different than a main sequence star like the Sun. Because it has less mass, it has a core, and a convective zone, but no radiative zone. This makes all the difference. The convective zone connects directly to the core of the red dwarf, the helium byproduct created by fusion is spread throughout the star. This convection brings fresh hydrogen into the core of the star where it can continue the fusion process. By perfectly using all its hydrogen, the lowest mass red dwarf could sip away at its hydrogen fuel for 10 trillion years. 2. No , Mira does not fit in that because of high mass. .

1- You align 2 lenses together with known focal lengths fi and fa- The.docx

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1. You align 2 lenses together with known focal lengths fi and fa. The equation to deter- mine the equivalent focal length fq is: D.???. ointaining the distance Solution Option (D) 1/f(eq) = 1/f1 + 1/f2, is the correct answer. Explanation - To prove the relation, we consider two thin convex lenses L1 and L2 in contact. Let the foci of the two lenses be f1 and f2 respectively. A point object O is placed. We assume a ray of light from O passing through the first lens L1. It forms an image at I1, in the absence of L2. Then we consider the image formation for the second lens. For the second lens the object is I1. I1 acts as a virtual object fro L2 and the image is formed at I. Let: u = object distance v = distance of image I v1 = distance of image I1 Using lens formula, we know that 1/f = 1/v + 1/u ------------------------------(i) Let us consider each lens separately: Applying sign convention For L1:- f = +f1 v = +v1 u = - u Now substituting them in equation (i), we get: 1/f1 = 1/ (+v1) + 1/ (-u) 1/f1 = 1/v1 -1/u -----------------------? (ii) For L2:- f = +f2 v = +v u = -v1 Now substituting the above in equation (i) we get: 1/f2 = 1/ (v) + 1/ (- v1) 1/f2 = 1/ (v) - 1/ (v1) ------------------------? (iii) Adding the equation (ii) and (iii): 1/f1 +1/f2 = [1/v1 -1/u] + [1/ (v) - 1/ (v1)] 1/f1 +1/f2 = 1/(v1) -1/(u) + 1/ (v) - 1/ (v1) 1/f1 +1/f2 = -1/u + 1/ (v) 1/f1 +1/f2 = 1/v -1/u ------------------------? (iv) Now, if the focal length of the combination of the two lenses L1 and L2 is F and the real image is formed at I (at v distance from the lens) and the object being at O (at distance u from the lens), then: 1/F = 1/v + 1/ (-u) 1/F = 1/v -1/u ----------------------? (v) From (iv) and (v), we get: 1/F = 1/f1 + 1/f2 means - 1 / f(eq) = 1/f1 + 1/f2. This is the relation we have mentioned above. .

1- What were some of the major work published by Thomas Maithus- emplo.docx

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1. What were some of the major work published by Thomas Maithus? employment? accomplishment; nodel price? 2. What are some of the important historical events that took place during his lifetime? 3. Discuss Thomas Maithus theory or hypothesis and its application (if any) to 2015 economies? 4. Is his work still relevant why or why not? Solution MALTHUS, THOMAS ROBERT ( b . near Guildford, Surrey, England, 13 February 1766; d . near Bath, England, 23 December 1834, political economy . Malthus is known in the history of science almost exclusively for his influence on Charles Darwin, exerted almost accidentally. His life, work, and friends were mainly centered on social conditions and political economy, and his work on population was part of these. He did have early training in mathematics, however, and based his arguments on the careful analysis of observed data. Robert Malthus (he appears never to have been called Thomas) was the sixth child of seven born to Daniel Malthus and his wife, the former Henrietta Catherine Graham. Daniel Malthus, a scholar and a friend and admirer of Rousseau, provided a stimulating home life and education for the boy, and later sent him to study with Richard Graves at Claverton and at the Dissenting Academy of Warrington under Gilbert Wakefield. In 1784 Malthus went up to Jesus College, Cambridge, where his tutor was William Frend. He read for the mathematical tripos and graduated in 1788, being ninth wrangler; but he also read widely in French and English history and literature and in Newtonian physics. He had already shown his interest in the practical rather than the abstract. He played games and lived a full social life, apparently unaffected by his cleft palate and harelip. The friends he made at Cambridge influenced the rest of his life; the most important was William Otter (1768 .

1- What are the advantages and disadvantages of each of sociologys mai.docx

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1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each of sociologyâ€™s main approaches to doing research: scientific sociology, interpretative sociology, and critical sociology? How does each position offer a critique of the others? 2. The text discusses how sociologists operationalize the concept of social class. How would you operationalize important concepts such as intelligence, aggressiveness, femininity, or level of commitment to religion? 3. Discuss the links between the three methodological approaches to sociology and the three theoretical approaches? 4. Suppose you are a sociologist studying alleged police brutality. Construct two arguments, one proposing that you ought to be as objective as possible in your work and let others use your results as they may choose, and the other suggesting that, while striving for accuracy, you should take a stand against any injustices which your research may uncover. Which position do you find more convincing? Why? 5. What are ways that gender can shape sociological research? 6. To a young researcher, what are the advantages of using the method of participant observation? What are the disadvantages? 7. Do you think Zimbardoâ€™s Stanford County Prison (research it) experiment was ethical, or should he have been prevented from conducting this study? Defend your position. 8. Explain how you would develop a representative sample of students on your campus in order to conduct some survey research. Solution 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each of sociologyâ€™s main approaches to doing research: scientific sociology, interpretative sociology, and critical sociology? How does each position offer a critique of the others? Now we are going to explain about the above sociology are going to be explaining briefly scientific sociology : Sociologists of scientific knowledge study the development of a Scientific field and attempt to identify points of contingency or interpretative flexibility where ambiguities are present. Interpretative sociology : Another way to look at society is to ask how people interpret the world around them Â Â Â and react to those interpretations.Interpretivist sociology looks at the way society is shaped by the interpretations of the world. Critical sociology : in sociology critical sociology is about critical thinking is often presented as a generic technique. Critical thinking movement has spawned on industry of product lines , analytical typologies and multi-stage models.Critical thinking has been touched as promoting higher order thinking. .

1- What are the three fundamental elements of an effective security pr.docx

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1. What are the three fundamental elements of an effective security program for information systems? 2. Of these three fundamental controls, which two are used by the Domain User Admin to create users and assign rights to resources? 3. If you can browse a file on a Windows network share, but are not able to copy it or modify it, what types of access controls and permissions are probably configured? 4. What is the mechanism on a Windows server that lets you administer granular policies and permissions on a Windows network using role based access? 5. What is two-factor authentication, and why is it an effective access control technique? 6. Relate how Windows Server 2012 Active Directory and the configuration of access controls achieve C-I-A for departmental LANs, departmental folders, and data. 7. Is it a good practice to include the account or username in the password? Why or why not? Solution Answer: 1. Identification, Authentication, and Authorization are the three fundamental elements of an effective security program for information systems. 2.Authentication and Authorization are the two elements, used by the Domain User Admin to create users and assign rights to resources. 3. read and write permissions should be properly configured. The file access type should be set to read only. 4. Group Policy Editor is used to administer granular policies and permissions on a Windows network using role-based access. 5. The two-factor authentication is a process, requires two different type of identification, such as an ID card and a pin code / password. The user must authenticate with two forms of ID to prove thier identity. So it is effective. 6.In Windows Server 2008 R2, permissions can be set for files and folders.o grant a user, access only to files owned by him and prevent him from accessing any others. 7.Including the account or username in the password is absolutely not a good or suggested practice. It is a common starting place for hackers when attempting to log in to someoneâ€™s account or when trying to use another personâ€™s access. .

1- What are the various theories that we use to explain why people com.docx

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1. What are the various theories that we use to explain why people commit crimes? How are they broadly categorized? Solution In criminology, examining why people commit crime is very important in the ongoing debate of how crime should be handled and prevented. Many theories have emerged over the years, and they continue to be explored, individually and in combination, as criminologists seek the best solutions in ultimately reducing types and levels of crime. Here is a broad overview of some key theories: Rational choice theory: People generally act in their self-interest and make decisions to commit crime after weighing the potential risks (including getting caught and punished) against the rewards. Social disorganization theory: A personâ€™s physical and social environments are primarily responsible for the behavioral choices that person makes. In particular, a neighborhood that has fraying social structures is more likely to have high crime rates. Such a neighborhood may have poor schools, vacant and vandalized buildings, high unemployment, and a mix of commercial and residential property. Strain theory: Most people have similar aspirations, but they donâ€™t all have the same opportunities or abilities. When people fail to achieve societyâ€™s expectations through approved means such as hard work and delayed gratification, they may attempt to achieve success through crime. Social learning theory: People develop motivation to commit crime and the skills to commit crime through the people they associate with. Social control theory: Most people would commit crime if not for the controls that society places on individuals through institutions such as schools, workplaces, churches, and families. Labeling theory: People in power decide what acts are crimes, and the act of labeling someone a criminal is what makes him a criminal. Once a person is labeled a criminal, society takes away his opportunities, which may ultimately lead to more criminal behavior. Biology, genetics, and evolution: Poor diet, mental illness, bad brain chemistry, and even evolutionary rewards for aggressive criminal conduct have been proposed as explanations for crime. .

1- Return the names- IDS- and average salary of the top 10 employees w.docx

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1. Return the names, IDS, and average salary of the top 10 employees who are Senior Engineers whose average salary is at least $110,000 in descending order. 2. Find the top ten employees (names, IDs and total wages) who earned equal to or more than $200000 between 01/01/2000 and 01/01/2002. Order them in decreasing order. Assume salaries change every 12 months. For simplicity, ignore salaries that started or ended outside of the date range. 3. Use a subquery to display the employee number and bottom 10 average salaries of the employees who are not \'Staff\'. It is for MySQL, so the statements are slightly fifferent than SQL etc. Solution CREATE TABLE employees ( emp_no INT(11) NOT NULL, birth_date DATE NOT NULL, first_name VARCHAR(14) NOT NULL, last_name VARCHAR(16) NOT NULL, gender ENUM(â€˜Mâ€™,â€™Fâ€™) NOT NULL, hire_date DATE NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY(emp_no) ); CREATE TABLE departments ( dept_no CHAR(4) NOT NULL, dept_name VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY(dept_no) ); UNIQUE KEY(dept_name) ); CREATE TABLE dept_emp ( emp_no INT(11) NOT NULL, dept_no CHAR(4) NOT NULL, from_date DATE NOT NULL, to_date DATE NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY(emp_no) , FOREIGN KEY(emp_no) REFERENCES employees(emp_no), FOREIGN KEY(dept_no) REFERENCES departments(dept_no), PRIMARY KEY(dept_no) ); CREATE TABLE dept_manager ( emp_no INT(11) NOT NULL, dept_no CHAR(4) NOT NULL, from_date DATE NOT NULL, to_date DATE NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY(emp_no) , FOREIGN KEY(emp_no) REFERENCES employees(emp_no), FOREIGN KEY(dept_no) REFERENCES departments(dept_no), PRIMARY KEY(dept_no) ); CREATE TABLE salaries ( emp_no INT(11) NOT NULL, salary INT(11) NOT NULL, from_date DATE NOT NULL, to_date DATE NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY(emp_no) ); FOREIGN KEY(emp_no) REFERENCES employees(emp_no) ); CREATE TABLE titles ( emp_no INT(11) NOT NULL, title VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, from_date DATE NOT NULL, to_date DATE NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY(emp_no) ); FOREIGN KEY(emp_no) REFERENCES employees(emp_no) ); WHERE avg(salary) > = $110000ORDER BY avg(salary)desc limit 0,10 2. SELECT CONCAT(last_name,first_name) AS emp_name,emp_no,salaryÂ Â FROM employees WHERE salary>=$200000 BETWEEN 01-01-2000 AND 01-01-2001 AND|OR salary>=$200000 BETWEEN 01-01-2001 AND 01-01-2002 ORDER BY salary desc limit 0,10 3. SELECT emp_no FROM employees WHERE salary>(SELECT avg(salary) FROM employees WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT name FROM employees) ) ORDER BY emp_no ASC .

1- Research has shown that a- homogeneous groups are more creative tha.docx

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1. Research has shown that a. homogeneous groups are more creative than diverse groups. b. homogeneous groups are less satisfied than diverse groups. c. diverse groups are more creative than homogeneous groups. d. creativity has nothing to do with group composition. e. none of these. 2.Â Â Research has shown that network groups a. create divisions in the workplace b. are bad experiences for minority employees c. help retain minority employees d. reduce creativity by being homogeneous e. none of these 3. Â Â Â Â Â Which of the following refers to work behavior that goes beyond job requirements and contributes as needed to the organization\'s success? a. Job satisfaction b. Organizational citizenship c. Cognitive dissonance d. Job involvement e. Organizational Commitment 4.Â Â When Bonnie remarks that she loves the classes she is taking this semester, it refers to which component of attitude? a. Knowledge b. Behavior c. Dissonance d. Affect e. Cognitions 5. Â Â The cognitive process people use to make sense out of the environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information is called a. selective retention. b. dissonance. c. attitude. d. perception. e. personality. 24.Â Â Josh evaluates Kandi\'s performance and gives her an Solution 1.B 2.D 3.A 4.C 5.B 24,C 25.B .

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