1. FM signals use pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits to suppress noise interference. At the transmitter, a pre-emphasis circuit amplifies high frequencies of the modulating signal. This makes the high frequency content stronger relative to high frequency noise. At the receiver, a de-emphasis circuit returns the frequency response to normal using a low-pass filter.
2. Pre-emphasis increases the signal-to-noise ratio by amplifying the high frequencies of the modulating signal that could otherwise be obscured by high frequency noise spikes. De-emphasis at the receiver then restores the original frequency response. This technique helps overcome frequency distortion caused by noise.
AM – Frequency spectrum – vector representation – power relations – generation of AM – DSB, DSB/SC, SSB, VSB AM Transmitter & Receiver; FM and PM – frequency spectrum – power relations : NBFM & WBFM, Generation of FM and DM, Armstrong method & Reactance modulations : FM & PM frequency.
Chatbots: AI-powered chatbots are used in CRM systems to provide automated customer support and assistance. Chatbots can handle a wide range of customer inquiries, answer frequently asked questions, and provide relevant information in real-time. They can engage in natural language conversations, understand customer intent, and provide personalized recommendations or solutions.
AM – Frequency spectrum – vector representation – power relations – generation of AM – DSB, DSB/SC, SSB, VSB AM Transmitter & Receiver; FM and PM – frequency spectrum – power relations : NBFM & WBFM, Generation of FM and DM, Armstrong method & Reactance modulations : FM & PM frequency.
Chatbots: AI-powered chatbots are used in CRM systems to provide automated customer support and assistance. Chatbots can handle a wide range of customer inquiries, answer frequently asked questions, and provide relevant information in real-time. They can engage in natural language conversations, understand customer intent, and provide personalized recommendations or solutions.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to examine the losses due to non-linear effects in optical fibers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the equivalent circuit of a digital optical fiber receiving system, the function of an equalizer and the different amplifier configurations in an optical receiver. The material will be useful for KTU final year B tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to examine the losses due to non-linear effects in optical fibers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the equivalent circuit of a digital optical fiber receiving system, the function of an equalizer and the different amplifier configurations in an optical receiver. The material will be useful for KTU final year B tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
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COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
2. 2
Noise-Suppression Effects of FM
• Noise is interference generated by lightning, motors, automotive
ignition systems, and power line switching that produces transient
signals.
• Noise is typically narrow spikes of voltage with high frequencies.
• Noise (voltage spikes) add to a signal and interfere with it.
• Some noise completely obliterates signal information.
3. 3
Noise-Suppression Effects of FM
• FM signals have a constant modulated carrier amplitude.
• FM receivers contain limiter circuits that deliberately restrict
the amplitude of the received signal.
• Any amplitude variations occurring on the FM signal are
effectively clipped by limiter circuits.
• This amplitude clipping does not affect the information
content of the FM signal, since it is contained solely within
the frequency variations of the carrier.
5. 5
INTERFERENCE (capture effect)
• A major benefit of FM is that interfering signals on the same frequency will be
effectively rejected.
• If the signal of one is more than twice the amplitude of the other, the stronger
signal will "capture" the channel and will totally eliminate the weaker,
interfering signal. This is known as the capture effect in FM.
• In FM, the capture effect allows the stronger signal to dominate while the
weaker signal is eliminated.
• However, when the strengths of the two FM signals begin to be nearly the
same, the capture effect may cause the signals to alternate in their domination
of the frequency.
6. 6
• Despite the fact that FM has superior noise rejection qualities, noise still
interferes with an FM signal. This is particularly true for the high-frequency
components in the modulating signal.
• Since noise is primarily sharp spikes of energy, it contains a considerable
number of harmonics and other high-frequency components.
• These high frequencies can at times be larger in amplitude than the high-
frequency content of the modulating signal.
• This causes a form of frequency distortion that can make the signal
unintelligible.
• To overcome this problem a technique known as Pre-emphasis and De-
emphasis is used.
7. 7
Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis.
• At the transmitter the modulating signal is passing through a simple network
which amplifies the high frequency component more the low-frequency
component. The simplest form of such circuit is a simple high pass filter.
• The pre-emphasis circuit increases the energy of the higher content of the
higher-frequency signals so that will tend to become stronger than the high-
frequency noise component. This improves the signal-to-noise ratio.
• To return the frequency response to its normal level, a de-emphasis circuit is
used at the receiver. This is a simple low-pass filter
• The de-emphasis circuit provides a normal frequency response.
8. 8
The combined effect of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis is to increase the high-
frequency components during the transmission so that they will be stronger and not
masked by noise
Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis.