Half strength MS medium supplemented with 0.1% activated charcoal was the most effective medium for germinating Nepenthes mirabilis seeds, with 87.57% germination. Shoot tips cultured on half strength MS medium with 2.0 mg/l BA showed the best growth results, with an average height of 1.3 cm. Some shoots cultured in this medium formed calluses at their bases, and proliferated an average of 4.2 new shoots. Half strength MS medium with 3.0 mg/l BA induced the highest percentage of callus formation, at 50%.
This document provides information about creating a proprietary knowledge kit to promote a business, product, or service. It recommends determining the target audience and core message or "why". For each of 10 important questions potential customers may ask, the document instructs to write a paragraph, include 5-10 bullet points, 3 headlines, 5 keywords, and steps/stages. Visuals, quotes, and data should also be included for each question. The goal is to tell the complete story of the offering in a structured knowledge kit that can be used in various marketing contexts.
Charla para el grupo de usuarios de MongoDB de Sevilla, donde relatamos los "gotchas", tropiezos y problemillas que encontramos en SocialBro durante nuestra experiencia haciendo uso intensivo y eficiente de MongoDB
Este documento describe el impacto de la tecnología informática en los individuos y la sociedad. Explica que la computadora ha creado nuevas oportunidades laborales pero también amenazas de desempleo. También ha traído cambios en el lenguaje con la adopción de nuevos términos. Por último, analiza tres enfoques ideológicos sobre su impacto: optimista, pesimista y de dominio sobre las personas.
Este documento proporciona definiciones de más de 50 términos relacionados con la administración electrónica. Algunos de los términos clave definidos son: autenticación, como la acreditación de la identidad a través de medios electrónicos; blog, como un sitio web actualizado periódicamente que recopila artículos de forma cronológica; contenido web, como unidades de información sobre una temática homogénea; y certificado digital, como un documento que garantiza la relación entre la identidad de un sujeto y una entidad.
Las gafas de protección deportiva son importantes para prevenir lesiones oculares, que afectan a miles de deportistas cada año. Estas gafas deben estar diseñadas específicamente para el deporte y ajustadas correctamente para proteger los ojos de impactos con pelotas, otros jugadores u objetos. Deben cumplir con los estándares de seguridad y estar hechas de materiales resistentes como policarbonato que protejan la vista sin importar el deporte que se practique.
La Novación objetiva es un contrato mediante el cual la parte extingue la obligación originaria sustituyendo ésta con una nueva obligación con objeto o título diverso. La institución en comento aparentemente tiene la categoría de modo de extinguir las obligaciones, en particular del modo no satisfactorio en cuanto no cumple el interés del acreedor. El débito se extingue, pero el crédito no fue satisfecho.
This document provides information about creating a proprietary knowledge kit to promote a business, product, or service. It recommends determining the target audience and core message or "why". For each of 10 important questions potential customers may ask, the document instructs to write a paragraph, include 5-10 bullet points, 3 headlines, 5 keywords, and steps/stages. Visuals, quotes, and data should also be included for each question. The goal is to tell the complete story of the offering in a structured knowledge kit that can be used in various marketing contexts.
Charla para el grupo de usuarios de MongoDB de Sevilla, donde relatamos los "gotchas", tropiezos y problemillas que encontramos en SocialBro durante nuestra experiencia haciendo uso intensivo y eficiente de MongoDB
Este documento describe el impacto de la tecnología informática en los individuos y la sociedad. Explica que la computadora ha creado nuevas oportunidades laborales pero también amenazas de desempleo. También ha traído cambios en el lenguaje con la adopción de nuevos términos. Por último, analiza tres enfoques ideológicos sobre su impacto: optimista, pesimista y de dominio sobre las personas.
Este documento proporciona definiciones de más de 50 términos relacionados con la administración electrónica. Algunos de los términos clave definidos son: autenticación, como la acreditación de la identidad a través de medios electrónicos; blog, como un sitio web actualizado periódicamente que recopila artículos de forma cronológica; contenido web, como unidades de información sobre una temática homogénea; y certificado digital, como un documento que garantiza la relación entre la identidad de un sujeto y una entidad.
Las gafas de protección deportiva son importantes para prevenir lesiones oculares, que afectan a miles de deportistas cada año. Estas gafas deben estar diseñadas específicamente para el deporte y ajustadas correctamente para proteger los ojos de impactos con pelotas, otros jugadores u objetos. Deben cumplir con los estándares de seguridad y estar hechas de materiales resistentes como policarbonato que protejan la vista sin importar el deporte que se practique.
La Novación objetiva es un contrato mediante el cual la parte extingue la obligación originaria sustituyendo ésta con una nueva obligación con objeto o título diverso. La institución en comento aparentemente tiene la categoría de modo de extinguir las obligaciones, en particular del modo no satisfactorio en cuanto no cumple el interés del acreedor. El débito se extingue, pero el crédito no fue satisfecho.
Innovación: El arte de inventar el futuro. Capitulo 2JheimsArias
Este documento describe los modelos mentales y la mentalidad innovadora. Explica que los modelos mentales son conjuntos de supuestos que explican cómo funciona el mundo y que afectan la apertura a nuevas ideas. También señala que los líderes deben revisar continuamente sus propios modelos mentales y los de sus colaboradores para crear una cultura de innovación en la empresa. Finalmente, identifica la intuición, el coraje y el compromiso con el tiempo como características clave de los innovadores.
La Química de l'olor. Un recurs per l'aula de secundària.PepQuímic
Presentació de Marta Segura a la IV edició del Congrés de Docència en Química a Secundària, organitzat pel Departament de Química de la Universitat de Girona.
Este documento presenta varias fichas de lectura para el aprendizaje de la lectoescritura. Cada ficha contiene palabras y oraciones cortas que incluyen un fonema específico, siguiendo el orden de presentación del método. Al final de cada ficha hay un cuadro para que la familia evalúe la lectura del niño y haga comentarios. El objetivo es que los niños practiquen en casa con el apoyo de sus familias.
Rugby began in the early 1800s in England when William Webb Ellis picked up the ball and ran with it, breaking the rules. This led to the development of rugby football. In 1895, there was a split between rugby union and rugby league due to disagreements over compensation of players. Today, rugby union is governed globally by World Rugby and in the US by USA Rugby, which oversees over 100,000 members across various levels of play. Puma is a major sportswear company originally founded in Germany in 1924 that is heavily involved in soccer through team sponsorships and player endorsements.
Este documento describe LogMeIn, una aplicación que permite el acceso remoto a un ordenador desde cualquier lugar a través de Internet. Explica que LogMeIn usa cifrado SSL para proteger la seguridad y requiere dos contraseñas distintas. También resume las ventajas, versiones, funcionalidades y provee un ejemplo de cómo usar LogMeIn para acceder de forma remota a un ordenador.
El documento describe el caso de un paciente de 18 años que sufrió la avulsión del diente superior izquierdo. Debido al tiempo transcurrido desde el trauma, no fue posible reimplantar el diente. En su lugar, se instaló un implante dental inmediato utilizando injerto óseo. Se realizaron prótesis provisionales y definitivas de metal-cerámica para reemplazar el diente perdido. El tratamiento con implante inmediato logró una recuperación estética exitosa.
The document provides an overview of the global and Indian media and entertainment industries. It discusses that the global M&E market is expected to grow to $1,538 billion by 2016, with cable and broadcasting remaining the largest segment. In India, the M&E industry grew 12.6% in 2012 to INR 821 billion and is projected to reach INR 1,661 billion by 2017. The television industry in India is estimated at INR 370 billion in 2012 and is projected to grow at an 18% CAGR to INR 848 billion by 2017, aided by digitization.
El documento define el concepto de visita médica y explica el rol del farmacéutico como visitador médico. Describe los pasos para realizar correctamente una visita médica, incluyendo la preparación, entrevista con el médico y presentación de informes. El documento concluye explicando que el visitador médico también puede ofrecer sus productos a farmacias para establecer negocios mutuamente beneficiosos.
La Coordinación de la Modalidad de Educación Artística pone a disposición este documento, donde se sugieren estrategias didácticas de Artes Visuales, Música y Teatro para el Nivel Inicial. DGE. Mendoza. 2016
El documento presenta un examen de selección múltiple con preguntas sobre educación básica con énfasis en preescolar. Las preguntas cubren temas como el desarrollo socioafectivo de los niños, principios pedagógicos como la integralidad, estrategias de enseñanza como la clasificación y resolución de problemas, y enfoques teóricos como los de Vygotsky y Piaget.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
In this one-hour webinar, Rebecca Lieb shares findings from her recent research report on real-time marketing, including the top 6 use cases, the benefits and risks, and 12 best practices for preparing for real-time, plus countless examples of success.
To download and read the report, go to: http://goo.gl/8hon3r
Este documento discute las indicaciones para la extracción quirúrgica del tercer molar incluido, incluyendo prevención de infecciones futuras, motivos ortodóncicos y prostodóncicos, y la presencia de patología periodontal o de otros tejidos asociados. Describe las consideraciones para la extracción preventiva antes de los 25 años para reducir el riesgo de complicaciones, así como las contraindicaciones como un riesgo quirúrgico inaceptable o cuando el diente puede erupcionar normalmente.
Differential Effects of Sucrose and Plant Growth Regulator on Shoot Multiplic...drboon
Explants from young leaves and stem nodes of Oxalis versicolour were used and cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentration of 2,4-D. The best result showed that cluster of callus were formed and proliferated around the base of explants on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l 2,4-D. Callus transferred to MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of NAA and BA. After nine weeks, callus regenerated to be new shoots. The highest average length of stolon was from MS medium supplemented with 0.1mg/l NAA and 0.1 mg/l BA and number of plantlets was from MS medium supplemented with 4.0 mg/l NAA and 5.0 mg/l BA. Plantlets were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of sucrose for ten weeks. It was found that all parameters: number of plantlets, bulbil sized, length of stolon, and number of nodes were significant difference (p≤0.05). Number of flowers and sized of flowers found only in MS medium supplemented with 9–10 % of sucrose.
Multiple shoot induction from the nodal cultures of teasle gourd (Mo...INNS PUBNET
This study developed a protocol for inducing multiple shoots from nodal explants of teasle gourd (Momordica dioica Roxb.). Nodal explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and L-Glutamic acid. The highest shoot proliferation was achieved on medium with 2.0 mg/L BAP and 2.0 mg/L L-Glutamic acid, producing an average of 12 shoots per explant. Subculturing nodal segments on this medium continued shoot proliferation for over 6 months. The regenerated shoots were rooted on MS medium with 3.0 mg/L indole-3-but
Effects of a Composite Endomycorrhizal Inoculum on Olive Cuttings under the G...IJEAB
This study was carried out in a nursery to evaluate the impact of mycorrhizal fungi on the cutting’s root growth, and root colonization of a Moroccan olive variety ‘Picholine Marocaine’ under greenhouse conditions during 2 years of cultivation. The results revealed that the inoculation with a composite inoculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) stimulated an early root formation and high development of vegetative shoots in inoculated cuttings respectively, 35 days (50 days in the control plots) and 40 days (60 days in the control plots) after their culture. The progressive establishment of mycorrhizal symbiosis in the roots of the inoculated plants showed that the root and vegetative masses were respectively 24 g and 19.5 g two years after inoculation. The average height and the leave’s number of the inoculated plants relative to the control were respectively s 42/ 12 cm and 145/12. The newly formed roots were mycorrhizal and present different structures characteristic of AMF: arbuscules, vesicles, hyphae and spores, whose frequency and intensity reached 90% and 75% two years after cuttings cultivation. The arbuscular and vesicular contents and the number of spores were 67%, 96% and 212 spores/ 100 g of soil respectively. The fourteen species of mycorrhizal fungi isolated from the rhizosphere belong to 4 genera (Glomus, Acaulospora, Gigaspora, and Scutellospora) and three families (Glomaceae, Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporacea).The Glomus genus was the most dominant (65%) followed by the Gigaspora genus (22%). Glomus intraradices, Gigaspora sp.2, Glomus versiformes are the most abundant species, their frequency of occurrence are respectively 30%, 21% and 16%.
Effects of NAA BA and Sucrose On Shoot Induction and Rapid Micropropagation b...drboon
Shoot tip of Curcuma longa L. were used as explants. These explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with various concentration of (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/l ) BA and (0,0.5, and 1 mg/l) NAA. They were significant difference (p≤0.05) in each parameter. Explants which cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l NAA and 2 or 3 mg/l BA gave the highest average number of new shoots ( 2.4, 2.6 shoots, respectively) and number of leaf (5.4 leaves), optimum number of roots ( 2.6 roots per shoot) and plant height (4.5 cm). In MS medium supplemented with only 2 mg/l BA produced the highest average number of shoot (2.6 shoots) and 5.4 leaves per shoot. When trimmed explants in longitudinal section (LS) to 2 and 3 sections. At 2 sections gave the highest number of new shoots (4.3 shoots per section). Explants which cultured on MS medium with 60 gm/l gave the highest average shoots and leaves per bunch, longest and biggest size of root.
Morphological Change Due to Effects of Acute Gamma Ray on Wishbone Flower (To...drboon
Young shoot tips were used as explants and cultured on MS medium supplemented with varying concentrations of (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mg/l) BA and (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mg/l) NAA. Calli and new shoots were grown on MS medium supplemented with combination of 0.5 mg/l BA and 0.5 mg/l NAA. New shoots averaging 0.5–0.8 cm were irradiated with varying doses of gamma rays (5, 10, 15, 20 grays). Gamma irradiation had various effects on growth of Torenia fournieri. Higher dosage of gamma irradiation reduced plant height, number of roots, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length and number of guard cells at abaxial and adaxial epidermis surface. Plant morphology and flower development was also modified.
Effect of BA NAA and 2,4-D on Micropropagation of Jiaogulan (Gynostemma penta...drboon
Shoots tips and axillary buds of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino were used as explants and cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.05, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/l BA. After 12 weeks, new shoots came out and the MS medium contained with 1.0 mg/l BA gave the highest shoots (7.28 shoots) and their average height was 2.22 cm. Young leaves were used as explants for callus induction. Explants were cultured on MS supplemented with vary concentration of 2,4-D ( 0.1,0.5 and 1.0 mg/l ). After 12 weeks, explants on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D gave the biggest callus which their average diameter were 0.9375 cm. When cultured explants of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino on MS medium supplemented with combination of (0.05, 0.1, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l) BA and (0.05, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/l) NAA for 12 weeks. The highest average new shoots were induced from MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BA and 0.1 mg/l NAA which was 6.8 shoots, and MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BA and 0.05 mg/l NAA gave the lowest average new shoots (2.7 shoots), and the average root length (1.8 cm). Plantlets were complete and ready for transplanting to in vivo.
Potential of Benzyl Adenine, Naphthalene Acetic Acid and Sucrose Concentratio...drboon
This document summarizes the results of an experiment on the growth, development, and regeneration of shoots and cormels (storage organs) in Gladiolus using different concentrations of plant growth regulators benzyl adenine (BA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and sucrose. The highest average number of plantlets was obtained by culturing explants on MS medium supplemented with 0.1-0.5 mg/l BA and 3% sucrose. MS medium without added BA or kinetin but with 3-4% sucrose gave the tallest plantlets. Culturing regenerated plantlets on medium with 0.1-0.5 mg/l NAA and 3% sucrose produced the highest average
Innovación: El arte de inventar el futuro. Capitulo 2JheimsArias
Este documento describe los modelos mentales y la mentalidad innovadora. Explica que los modelos mentales son conjuntos de supuestos que explican cómo funciona el mundo y que afectan la apertura a nuevas ideas. También señala que los líderes deben revisar continuamente sus propios modelos mentales y los de sus colaboradores para crear una cultura de innovación en la empresa. Finalmente, identifica la intuición, el coraje y el compromiso con el tiempo como características clave de los innovadores.
La Química de l'olor. Un recurs per l'aula de secundària.PepQuímic
Presentació de Marta Segura a la IV edició del Congrés de Docència en Química a Secundària, organitzat pel Departament de Química de la Universitat de Girona.
Este documento presenta varias fichas de lectura para el aprendizaje de la lectoescritura. Cada ficha contiene palabras y oraciones cortas que incluyen un fonema específico, siguiendo el orden de presentación del método. Al final de cada ficha hay un cuadro para que la familia evalúe la lectura del niño y haga comentarios. El objetivo es que los niños practiquen en casa con el apoyo de sus familias.
Rugby began in the early 1800s in England when William Webb Ellis picked up the ball and ran with it, breaking the rules. This led to the development of rugby football. In 1895, there was a split between rugby union and rugby league due to disagreements over compensation of players. Today, rugby union is governed globally by World Rugby and in the US by USA Rugby, which oversees over 100,000 members across various levels of play. Puma is a major sportswear company originally founded in Germany in 1924 that is heavily involved in soccer through team sponsorships and player endorsements.
Este documento describe LogMeIn, una aplicación que permite el acceso remoto a un ordenador desde cualquier lugar a través de Internet. Explica que LogMeIn usa cifrado SSL para proteger la seguridad y requiere dos contraseñas distintas. También resume las ventajas, versiones, funcionalidades y provee un ejemplo de cómo usar LogMeIn para acceder de forma remota a un ordenador.
El documento describe el caso de un paciente de 18 años que sufrió la avulsión del diente superior izquierdo. Debido al tiempo transcurrido desde el trauma, no fue posible reimplantar el diente. En su lugar, se instaló un implante dental inmediato utilizando injerto óseo. Se realizaron prótesis provisionales y definitivas de metal-cerámica para reemplazar el diente perdido. El tratamiento con implante inmediato logró una recuperación estética exitosa.
The document provides an overview of the global and Indian media and entertainment industries. It discusses that the global M&E market is expected to grow to $1,538 billion by 2016, with cable and broadcasting remaining the largest segment. In India, the M&E industry grew 12.6% in 2012 to INR 821 billion and is projected to reach INR 1,661 billion by 2017. The television industry in India is estimated at INR 370 billion in 2012 and is projected to grow at an 18% CAGR to INR 848 billion by 2017, aided by digitization.
El documento define el concepto de visita médica y explica el rol del farmacéutico como visitador médico. Describe los pasos para realizar correctamente una visita médica, incluyendo la preparación, entrevista con el médico y presentación de informes. El documento concluye explicando que el visitador médico también puede ofrecer sus productos a farmacias para establecer negocios mutuamente beneficiosos.
La Coordinación de la Modalidad de Educación Artística pone a disposición este documento, donde se sugieren estrategias didácticas de Artes Visuales, Música y Teatro para el Nivel Inicial. DGE. Mendoza. 2016
El documento presenta un examen de selección múltiple con preguntas sobre educación básica con énfasis en preescolar. Las preguntas cubren temas como el desarrollo socioafectivo de los niños, principios pedagógicos como la integralidad, estrategias de enseñanza como la clasificación y resolución de problemas, y enfoques teóricos como los de Vygotsky y Piaget.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
In this one-hour webinar, Rebecca Lieb shares findings from her recent research report on real-time marketing, including the top 6 use cases, the benefits and risks, and 12 best practices for preparing for real-time, plus countless examples of success.
To download and read the report, go to: http://goo.gl/8hon3r
Este documento discute las indicaciones para la extracción quirúrgica del tercer molar incluido, incluyendo prevención de infecciones futuras, motivos ortodóncicos y prostodóncicos, y la presencia de patología periodontal o de otros tejidos asociados. Describe las consideraciones para la extracción preventiva antes de los 25 años para reducir el riesgo de complicaciones, así como las contraindicaciones como un riesgo quirúrgico inaceptable o cuando el diente puede erupcionar normalmente.
Differential Effects of Sucrose and Plant Growth Regulator on Shoot Multiplic...drboon
Explants from young leaves and stem nodes of Oxalis versicolour were used and cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentration of 2,4-D. The best result showed that cluster of callus were formed and proliferated around the base of explants on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l 2,4-D. Callus transferred to MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of NAA and BA. After nine weeks, callus regenerated to be new shoots. The highest average length of stolon was from MS medium supplemented with 0.1mg/l NAA and 0.1 mg/l BA and number of plantlets was from MS medium supplemented with 4.0 mg/l NAA and 5.0 mg/l BA. Plantlets were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of sucrose for ten weeks. It was found that all parameters: number of plantlets, bulbil sized, length of stolon, and number of nodes were significant difference (p≤0.05). Number of flowers and sized of flowers found only in MS medium supplemented with 9–10 % of sucrose.
Multiple shoot induction from the nodal cultures of teasle gourd (Mo...INNS PUBNET
This study developed a protocol for inducing multiple shoots from nodal explants of teasle gourd (Momordica dioica Roxb.). Nodal explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and L-Glutamic acid. The highest shoot proliferation was achieved on medium with 2.0 mg/L BAP and 2.0 mg/L L-Glutamic acid, producing an average of 12 shoots per explant. Subculturing nodal segments on this medium continued shoot proliferation for over 6 months. The regenerated shoots were rooted on MS medium with 3.0 mg/L indole-3-but
Effects of a Composite Endomycorrhizal Inoculum on Olive Cuttings under the G...IJEAB
This study was carried out in a nursery to evaluate the impact of mycorrhizal fungi on the cutting’s root growth, and root colonization of a Moroccan olive variety ‘Picholine Marocaine’ under greenhouse conditions during 2 years of cultivation. The results revealed that the inoculation with a composite inoculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) stimulated an early root formation and high development of vegetative shoots in inoculated cuttings respectively, 35 days (50 days in the control plots) and 40 days (60 days in the control plots) after their culture. The progressive establishment of mycorrhizal symbiosis in the roots of the inoculated plants showed that the root and vegetative masses were respectively 24 g and 19.5 g two years after inoculation. The average height and the leave’s number of the inoculated plants relative to the control were respectively s 42/ 12 cm and 145/12. The newly formed roots were mycorrhizal and present different structures characteristic of AMF: arbuscules, vesicles, hyphae and spores, whose frequency and intensity reached 90% and 75% two years after cuttings cultivation. The arbuscular and vesicular contents and the number of spores were 67%, 96% and 212 spores/ 100 g of soil respectively. The fourteen species of mycorrhizal fungi isolated from the rhizosphere belong to 4 genera (Glomus, Acaulospora, Gigaspora, and Scutellospora) and three families (Glomaceae, Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporacea).The Glomus genus was the most dominant (65%) followed by the Gigaspora genus (22%). Glomus intraradices, Gigaspora sp.2, Glomus versiformes are the most abundant species, their frequency of occurrence are respectively 30%, 21% and 16%.
Effects of NAA BA and Sucrose On Shoot Induction and Rapid Micropropagation b...drboon
Shoot tip of Curcuma longa L. were used as explants. These explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with various concentration of (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/l ) BA and (0,0.5, and 1 mg/l) NAA. They were significant difference (p≤0.05) in each parameter. Explants which cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l NAA and 2 or 3 mg/l BA gave the highest average number of new shoots ( 2.4, 2.6 shoots, respectively) and number of leaf (5.4 leaves), optimum number of roots ( 2.6 roots per shoot) and plant height (4.5 cm). In MS medium supplemented with only 2 mg/l BA produced the highest average number of shoot (2.6 shoots) and 5.4 leaves per shoot. When trimmed explants in longitudinal section (LS) to 2 and 3 sections. At 2 sections gave the highest number of new shoots (4.3 shoots per section). Explants which cultured on MS medium with 60 gm/l gave the highest average shoots and leaves per bunch, longest and biggest size of root.
Morphological Change Due to Effects of Acute Gamma Ray on Wishbone Flower (To...drboon
Young shoot tips were used as explants and cultured on MS medium supplemented with varying concentrations of (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mg/l) BA and (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mg/l) NAA. Calli and new shoots were grown on MS medium supplemented with combination of 0.5 mg/l BA and 0.5 mg/l NAA. New shoots averaging 0.5–0.8 cm were irradiated with varying doses of gamma rays (5, 10, 15, 20 grays). Gamma irradiation had various effects on growth of Torenia fournieri. Higher dosage of gamma irradiation reduced plant height, number of roots, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length and number of guard cells at abaxial and adaxial epidermis surface. Plant morphology and flower development was also modified.
Effect of BA NAA and 2,4-D on Micropropagation of Jiaogulan (Gynostemma penta...drboon
Shoots tips and axillary buds of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino were used as explants and cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.05, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/l BA. After 12 weeks, new shoots came out and the MS medium contained with 1.0 mg/l BA gave the highest shoots (7.28 shoots) and their average height was 2.22 cm. Young leaves were used as explants for callus induction. Explants were cultured on MS supplemented with vary concentration of 2,4-D ( 0.1,0.5 and 1.0 mg/l ). After 12 weeks, explants on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D gave the biggest callus which their average diameter were 0.9375 cm. When cultured explants of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino on MS medium supplemented with combination of (0.05, 0.1, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l) BA and (0.05, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/l) NAA for 12 weeks. The highest average new shoots were induced from MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BA and 0.1 mg/l NAA which was 6.8 shoots, and MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BA and 0.05 mg/l NAA gave the lowest average new shoots (2.7 shoots), and the average root length (1.8 cm). Plantlets were complete and ready for transplanting to in vivo.
Potential of Benzyl Adenine, Naphthalene Acetic Acid and Sucrose Concentratio...drboon
This document summarizes the results of an experiment on the growth, development, and regeneration of shoots and cormels (storage organs) in Gladiolus using different concentrations of plant growth regulators benzyl adenine (BA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and sucrose. The highest average number of plantlets was obtained by culturing explants on MS medium supplemented with 0.1-0.5 mg/l BA and 3% sucrose. MS medium without added BA or kinetin but with 3-4% sucrose gave the tallest plantlets. Culturing regenerated plantlets on medium with 0.1-0.5 mg/l NAA and 3% sucrose produced the highest average
Propagation of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) by tissue culture Abdul Hakim Salehi
Seminar Presented by Abdul Hakim Salehi,
Sr. MSc.(Hort) Fruit Science Department
College of Horticulture Bengaluru,
University of Horticultural Sciences Bagalkot
Micropropagation of Santalum Album L. Sandalwoodijtsrd
An efficient plant regeneration protocol was developed for Santalum album L. Santalaceae , an economically important species. Plant regeneration was achieved using nodal explants and leaf disc on Murashige and Skoog MS medium for direct shoot regeneration. Effect of Plant Growth Regulators PGR like 6 Benzyl Adenine BA , Kinetin KN and 2 Isopentenyl adenine 2 iP on shoot initiation 2 Isopentenyl adenine and Gibberellic acid GA3 for shoot elongation and multiple shoot formation and Indole 3 Butyric Acid IBA and a Naphthalene Acetic Acid NAA for rooting was studied. Among the explants tested for shoot induction, nodal segments proved good results. The best treatment for obtaining shoot induction was 3.0mg L BAP and for rooting 1 mg L of IBA was found to be the best treatment combination for maximum sprouting of shoot and rooting. After six the rooted plantlets were transferred for hardening, 20 of plantlets survived and resumed growth in the mixture of soil, vermiculite and sand 1 1 1 . S. Aghi Zion Inbakani | S. Sathishkumar | Bakan Jagdish Sudhakar "Micropropagation of Santalum Album L. (Sandalwood)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43698.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/biotechnology/43698/micropropagation-of-santalum-album-l-sandalwood/s-aghi-zion-inbakani
1) The document describes methods for micropropagating date palm and guava plants through tissue culture techniques. It provides details on direct organogenesis for date palm propagation and somatic embryogenesis for guava propagation.
2) For date palms, methods are described for initiation, multiplication, elongation, rooting, and acclimatization stages. The optimal conditions found were 2 mg/L 2iP plus 1 mg/L BA for initiation, 4 mg/L 2iP with 2 mg/L BA and 1 mg/L NAA for multiplication, 0.5 mg/L GA3 for elongation, and 0.5 mg/L NAA for rooting.
3) For guava, the
procedure of culture seeds under in vitro condition in bambara groundnut seed SudiptaNandi12
This document describes a procedure for culturing Bambara groundnut seeds under in vitro conditions. Three types of seeds were tested: seeds with seed coats, seeds without seed coats, and isolated embryonic axes. The seeds were surface sterilized and cultured on five basal media, including MS and B5 media. Germination occurred fastest with embryonic axes, followed by seeds without coats. Germination rate was not significantly different among media. Half-strength MS media with 3% sucrose supported the best seedling growth. The procedure aims to optimize in vitro culture conditions for Bambara groundnut seeds.
influence of growth regulators on shedding of broad bean, growth, yield and s...IJEAB
In order to study the effect of foliar spraying of growth regulators on growth,seed yield and seed quality, two field experiments were conducted at an extensive field during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons to determine following foliar spraying of Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) concentrations, i.e. 0, 20, 40 and 60 ppm and Kinetin (Kin) concentrations, i.e. 0, 15, 30 and 45 ppm after 35 and 50 days from sown. Accumulative NAA levelsof to 60 ppm significantly increased total chlorophyll, plant height (cm),branches number/plant, number of shedding flowers, shedding %, pods and seeds number/plant,seedsnumber/pod, seed yield/plant, 100-seed weight (g), seed yield (ton/ha) and protein % in both seasons.Naphthalene Acetic Acid foliar spraying up to 60 ppm exceeded of total chlorophyll, plant height (cm), branchesnumber/plant, number of shedding flowers, podsnumber/plant, seedsnumber/pod, seedsnumber/plant, seed yield (g) /plant, 100-seed weight (g), seed yield (ton/ha) and protein % by 11.47, 23.92, 92.88, 20.53, 11.87, 23.48, 14.16, 24.91, 26.15 and 13.23%, respectively as the average of both seasons. But, reduced the shedding percentage by 11.91% as the average oftwo seasons. Kinetin (Kin) foliar spraying up to 45 ppm significantly increased total chlorophyll, plant height (cm), number of branches/plant, number of shedding flowers, shedding %, pods and seeds number/plant,number of seeds/pod, seed yield/plant, 100-seed weight (g), seed yield (ton/ha) and protein % in both seasons. It could be noticed that foliar spraying of Kinetin (Kin) concentrationsup to 45 ppm exceeded total chlorophyll, plant height (cm), branchesnumber/plant, number of shedding flowers, podsnumber/plant, seedsnumber/pod, seedsnumber/plant, seed yield /plant, 100-seed weight (g), seed yield (ton/ha) and protein % by 12.16, 19.39, 61.64, 5.60, 5.56, 6.96, 5.64, 18.75, 13.38 and 4.39%, respectively as average of both seasons. But, reduced the shedding % by 14.73 % as the average of both seasons.It could be recommended that foliar spraying of Naphthalene Acetic Acid up to 60 ppm and Kin of 45 ppm improved seed yield/ha by 38.2% compared without foliar application.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Effect of the 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid, Benzyl Adenine and Paclobu...drboon
The nodal explants of Curcuma var. Chattip could develop callus after in vitro culturing and transplanting within 4 weeks in MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D, although this optimal if the media was further supplemented with 5.0 mg/l BA, obtaining the highest number of new shoots in 6 weeks. MS medium supplemented with 0.01 mg/l paclobutrazol and 15% (v/v) coconut water was found suitable for regenerating the highest number of new shoots (7.25 shoots). The number of leaves per plantlet, length of leaves, and length of petrioles were significantly reduced (p≤ 0.05) when increased concentrations of paclobutrazol and especially paclobutrazol with 15 % (v/v) coconut water. However further experimentation is required to evaluate the dose-response and the interaction between coconut water and paclobutrazol. In contrast, no significant difference in leaf width in all treatments.
Kasahun's presentation on garlic tissue cultureAmare Kassahun
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2) The maximum number of shoots per explant (9 shoots) was obtained from medium with 1 mg/L BAP and 0.5 mg/L NAA.
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Role of 2,4-D on Callus Induction and Shoot Formation to Increase Number of S...drboon
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1. The document presents a student's presentation on in vitro micropropagation of Caladium bicolor L. The student explores various hormonal combinations and protocols from literature to identify a suitable method.
2. Materials and methods describe collecting explants from mother plants, sterilizing explants, preparing initiation and multiplication media with different BAP and IBA concentrations, and culturing explants.
3. A literature review discusses past studies examining different hormonal combinations and temporary immersion systems for micropropagating Caladium bicolor. The most effective combinations reported varied between studies.
IRJET- Regeneration studies in chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.)IRJET Journal
This study investigated regeneration in four chickpea varieties using mature embryo axes on MS and B5 media supplemented
with plant growth hormones. The varieties Vijay and Vishal showed 100% regeneration capacity on medium M3 (B5+BAP+NAA+Kinetin).
Regeneration started within 11-16 days depending on the variety and medium. There was variation in number of shoots produced
per explant. Profuse rooting occurred on media with 0.5-1.0 mg/L IBA. The protocol provides an efficient method for chickpea
regeneration that could enable genetic transformation.
INTRODUCTION The rose plant belongs to plant familyJyotiKumari253406
INTRODUCTION The rose plant belongs to the plant family Rosaceae is very large, with over 100 genera and 2000 herbaceous to woody species of plants as members . It is also beautiful flower of imm.pdf
Agrobacterium Tumefaciens Mediated Transformation Of ArabidopsisThảo Vy Huỳnh Nguyên
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3) Using this method, the authors obtained transformed Arabidopsis plants producing seeds within 3 months of gene transfer, demonstrating efficient genetic transformation of this model plant species.
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Types of Media for Seeds Germination and Effect of BA on Mass Propagation of Nepenthes mirabilis Druce
1. 2012 American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences
American Transactions on
Engineering & Applied Sciences
http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS, http://Get.to/Research
Types of Media for Seeds Germination and Effect of
BA on Mass Propagation of Nepenthes mirabilis Druce
a*
Anchalee Jala
a
Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat
University, Rangsit Campus, Phathumthani, THAILAND, 12121.
ARTICLEINFO ABSTRACT
Article history: Nepenthes mirabilis Druce seeds need light for their
Received December 23, 2011
Accepted January 30, 2012 germination. The best medium for seeds germinated was half strength
Available online MS medium supplemented with 0.1 % activated charcoal. The organic
February 01, 2012 substances such as coconut water, potato, and banana were not enhanced
Keywords: seed germinated.
Vacin and Went (VW); Shoot tips of N. mirabilis about 1 cm. long were cultured on half
Murashige and Skoog strength MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BA gave the best
(MS);
result in the highest average height of plant (1.3 cm). Half strength of
Nepenthes mirabilis;
micropropagation. MS medium supplemented with 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg/l BA gave the same
result in the highest average number of leaf per plant, leaf width, leaf
length. But numbers of root and root length were not significant
different in each concentration of BA.
After cultured shoot tip in half strength MS medium
supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BA for 20 weeks. It was found that the
bases of some shoots tip were formed the highest percentage of callus.
The average number of new shoot tip (4.2 shoots) proliferated at the
base of shoot tip which cultured in half strength MS medium contained
with 2.0 mg/l BA also.
2012 American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences.
*Corresponding author (A.Jala). Tel/Fax: +66-87028-3073. E-mail address:
anchaleejala@yahoo.com. 2012. American Transactions on Engineering & Applied
Sciences. Volume 1 No.2 ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660. Online Available at
163
http://TUENGR.COM/ATEAS/V01/163-171.pdf
2. 1. Introduction
The plant tissue culture technique plays an important role in the preservation and
micropropagation of Nepenthes sp. that is endangered or on the brink of extinction (Iankova et
al. 2001; Bhatia et al. 2002). There are a number of reports on the in vitro propagation of other
carnivorous plants as an effort for their preservation. Adams et al. (1979a) described a method for
Cephalotus follicularis ( Australian pitcher plant) by shoot tip culture, and Adams et al (1979b)
also described a method for Pinguicula moranensis ( Butterwort) through leaf culture. Crouch et al
(1990) and Van Wares (1985) reported in vitro propagation of Drosera rotundifolia L. by leaf
culture. Jang and Park (1999) reported a method for mass propagation of Drosera rotundifolia
L. through shoot culture. Beebe (1980) and Parliman et al. (1982b) reported a method for
producing adventitious bud from leaves. Minocha (1985) also reported an in vitro propagation
method from mature leaf segments. This work studied a suitable and rapid in vitro
micropropagation method for Nepenthes mirabilis Druce through optimization of medium and for
shoot proliferation.
2. Mathematical Model
Nepenthes mirabilis Druce. seeds were sterilized with 15% Clorox (bleaching solution) and
0.01% tween 80 (v/v) for 20 min. and again with 5% Clorox for 10 min. and then washed three
times with sterilized distilled water for 3 min. each. Fifty sterilized seeds were placed on different
media (as Table 1) with aseptic technique. All cultures were placed at 25±2 º C under cool white
florescent light ( 37 µmolm-2 S-1) for 16/8 h. photoperiod and dark condition were treated also.
2.1 Media for seed germination
Fifty sterilized seed were cultured on MS, ½MS VW, ½VW,VWor MS supplemented with
100gm. ripen banana, 50 gm. potato and 50 gm cc. coconut water, 0.01% activated charcoal, ( as
Table 1). Each medium were contained with 0.25% gelrite, 2% sucrose, adjusted pH 5.8. Each
media were put in bottles with 75 cc.
2.2 Media for shoot and callus induction
Young shoots tip about 1 cm. long were used as explants. Half strength MS medium were used
as basal medium supplemented with 0,0.5,1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg/l BA, 2% sucrose, 0.25 % gelrite
and adjusted pH 5.8 with 75 ml per bottle. All cultures were sterilized with autoclave at 121 º C for
164 Anchalee Jala
3. 20 min. The explants were subcultured into the same medium for 4 times every 4 weeks.
2.3 Statistical analysis
The data were subjected to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess treatment
differences and interaction using the SPSS version 11.0 significance between means was tested by
Turkey’s Test (p≤0.05). This experiment with 25 replications per treatments. The percentage of
seed germination was recorded after 16 weeks of cultured, and callus induction was recorded after
cultured 12 weeks and shoot proliferation were recorded after 20 weeks of culture.
3. Results
Seeds were permitted to swell after sowed 3 weeks and continue to germinate after 5 weeks.
Their cotyledons came out after 7 weeks. After 16 weeks, the best medium for seeds germination
was half strength MS medium supplemented with 0.1 % activated charcoal where as 87.57%
(Table 1). When compared percentage of seeds germination. It was significant difference
(p≤0.05) between each media. Percentage of seeds germinated in MS, half strength MS and VW,
half strength VW supplemented with activated charcoal was the second. N. mirabilis seeds do not
germinated in VW, half strength VW,MS, half strength MS which supplemented with banana,
coconut water and potato as showed in table 1. N. mirabilis seeds in these media turned brown
after cultured for 4 weeks and all seeds could not germinated.
3.1 Shoot Induction
After cultured N. mirabilis explants on half strength MS medium supplemented with 0, 0.5,
1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg/l BA for 20 weeks in vitro, plantlets were formed. The parameters, plants
height, number of leaf per plantlet, leaf length, number of root and root length were recorded as in
Table 2. The result showed that half strength MS medium supplemented with 0 and 2.0 mg/l BA
gave the highest average height where as 1.86 and 1.3 cm, respectively. When counted number of
leaf per plantlet, half strength MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BA gave the lowest number
of leaf (7.8 leaves). But number of leaf per plant among each media which supplemented with
1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 mg/l BA were not significant difference. In half strength MS supplemented with
1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 mg/l BA gave the highest average leaf width (0.78, 0.82, and 1.0 cm per leaf,
*Corresponding author (A.Jala). Tel/Fax: +66-87028-3073. E-mail address:
anchaleejala@yahoo.com. 2012. American Transactions on Engineering & Applied
Sciences. Volume 1 No.2 ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660. Online Available at
165
http://TUENGR.COM/ATEAS/V01/163-171.pdf
4. respectively). The highest average leaf length was from plantlet which cultured in half strength
MS medium without BA (2.92 cm.). Root formation was most effective and their average root
length was longest in half strength MS medium with free BA. However, the numbers of root and
root length were not significant different in each treatments.
Table 1: Average percentage of N. mirabilis seeds germination in each media
(after cultured 16 weeks).
Activated Banana Potato Coconut water
Media % germination*
charcoal(0.1%) (100gm) (50gm) (150cc.)
MS - - - - 25.67d
½MS - - - - 29.16cd
VW - - - - 38.62c
½VW - - - - 35.02c
MS + - - - 46.67b
½MS + - - - 87.57a
VW + - - - 34.67c
½VW + - - - 44.33b
½VW + + + - 28.94d
½VW + + + - 24.65d
½MS + + + - 17.5e
½VW + + + + 15.05e
½VW + + - - 8.2ef
½VW + + + - 10.0ef
VW - + + + 4.0ef
VW - + - - 0f
VW - + + - 0f
½VW - + + + 0f
½MS - + - - 0f
½MS - + + - 0f
½MS - + + + 0f
* mean followed by the same letters are not significant difference (p≤0.05)
using Turkey Test. Evaluation was made after 16 weeks
+ supplemented with : activated charcoal, banana, coconut water or potato
- do not supplemented with : activated charcoal, banana, coconut water or potato
Callus Induction and Shoot Proliferation
After subcultured young shoot tip of N. mirabilis every 4 weeks into the same medium for 3
times, the result showed that some explants formed new shoots at the base of explants and at the
edge of leaf ( fig 1a) (Table 3). The highest average new shoots was proliferated in half strength
MS contained with 2 mg/l BA ( 4.2 shoots), followed by half strength MS contained with 3 mg/l
166 Anchalee Jala
5. (3.66 shoots) (Figure 1b). Callus were induced in half strength MS medium supplemented with
BA and formed at the base of some explants. In half strength MS medium supplemented with 3 %
BA gave the highest average percentage callus induction (50%).
Table 2: Effect of BA concentration in half strength MS medium with activated charcoal on shoot
induction in Nepenthes mirabilis Druce (after cultured 20 weeks).
BA Plant height No. of leaf/ Leaf Leaf length No. of Root
conc. (cm)* Plant width(cm)* (cm)* root length
Mg/l (root) ns (cm) ns
0 1.86±0.4c 9.8±1.30 ab 0.82±0.20 ab 2.92±0.2 a 4.2±0.44 2.56±0.43
0.5 0.42±0.08a 7.8±1.30 a 0.56±0.15 a 0.86±0.4d 3.8±1.4 2.24±0.49
1.0 0.70±0.12ab 9.8±2.16 ab 0.78±0.27 ab 1.0±0.38 cd 3.6±0.54 2.26±0.45
2.0 1.300.67bc 8.8±0.83 ab 0.82±0.17 ab 1.44±0.55 bc 3.6±0.65 2.74±0.50
ab ab b b
3.0 0.92±0.35 10.6±1.14 1.00±0.15 2.34±0.82 4.6±0.41 3.04±1.2
* a b c d- Average compared mean within column by Turkey’s test at (p≤ 0.05)
ns: non significant difference
Table 3: Effects of various BA concentration in half strength MS medium on callus induction and
new shoot proliferation in N. mirabilis Druce (after cultured 20 weeks).
BA conc. mg/l % callus induction No. of new shoots*
d
0 0 0
c
0.5 30 1.88
ab
1.0 70 3.22
a
2.0 85 4.2
a
3.0 50 3.66
* a b c d- Average compared mean within column by Turkey’s test at (p≤ 0.05)
4. Discussion
It was revealed in this study showed that Nepenthes mirabilis seeds were germinated only in
light condition, as reported from Jala (2010a). It was showed that red light and white light gave
the highest numbers of seeds germination index and gave healthy seedlings. Research works from
Hangarter (1997), and Winslow (1999) reported that many plants species responded to the
environment with optimal growth and development according to the light that they received .
Colbach (2002) reported that some seeds germinated under different light. N. mirabilis took 5
*Corresponding author (A.Jala). Tel/Fax: +66-87028-3073. E-mail address:
anchaleejala@yahoo.com. 2012. American Transactions on Engineering & Applied
Sciences. Volume 1 No.2 ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660. Online Available at
167
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6. weeks for germination. Research works from Rasmussen (1995) reported that some plants seeds
need long time for germination due to their dormancy. Stoutamire (1983) reported that orchid
seeds could not germinate due to their testa which cover with lipid layer. Fast ( 1983) reported that
there are some abscissic acid (ABA) at their testa and Van der Kinderen (1987) found that orchid
seeds have inhibitor substance in the seeds. The percentage germination may be due to difference
in the response of seeds to light treatment and seeds dormancy.
Figure 1: The highest average new shoots proliferated in half strength MS contained
with a) 2 mg/l BA b) 3mg/l BA
When cultured N. mirabilis on MS and VW media with different concentration and
supplemented with different concentration of organic substance which were potato, coconut water,
banana and activated charcoal. The suitable medium for N. mirabilis germination and gave the
highest percentage germination (87.57%) was half strength MS medium supplemented with 0.1%
activated charcoal. This result was the same as other carnivorous plant. Dionaea muscipula Ellis
cultured in ½ MS medium. It was the most effective medium for shoot induction from shoot tip
and young leaves (Jang et al. 2003). It might be the inorganic elements in MS and VW full
strength were effected to seeds germination. In the other medium it gave low percentage of
germination. Research works from Jala (2010b), Pierik and et al (1988) reported that germination
of orchid seeds could not occurred due to organic element in the medium. In this experiment had
many kinds of organic substance including potato, coconut water and banana. Ratsek (1932),
Raghavan (1966) and Woodroof (1979) reported that in coconut water have fructose, glucose and
sucrose about 5.25,7.25,and 9.18 mg/l respectively. Pierik et al (1988) cultured Papiopedillum
ciliolare seeds in VW medium supplemented with coconut water and potato. It was showed that
germination of Papiopedillum ciliolare seeds were decreased when increased concentration of
168 Anchalee Jala
7. sugar. Types of sugar which came from potato, banana and coconut water were effected on seed
germination also, due to the sugar when autoclave for sterilization, the heat have hydrolyzed sugar
to fructose and glucose (Arditi and Ernst, 1993). The difference in the response of seeds to
germination may be due to the organic substance.
When cultured shoot tip of N. mirabilis in difference concentration of BA, it was showed that
½ MS supplemented with 2 mg/l BA gave the highest average new shoots (4.2 shoots) and
percentage of callus induction (85%). These results are consistent to other carnivorous plant. In
Dionaea muscipula Ellis, zeatin was found the most effective cytokinin in inducing adventitious
shoot from segment of leaves (Minocha, 1985 ). Jang et al (2003) reported that micropropagation
of Dionaea muscipula Ellis by using seeds and shoots multiplication was highest in ½ MS
supplemented with 0.5 mg/l kinetin. Nepenthes macfarlanei, tropical carnivorous plants, were
used BA for induction new shoots from cotyledon seedling (Chua and Henshaw, 1999).
5. Conclusion
Nepenthes mirabilis Druce seeds were germinated within 4 weeks after sowing in MS, half
strength MS, VW, half strength VW media and supplemented with and without combination of
100gm banana, 0.1% charcoal, 15% coconut water and 50gm potato. The best medium for N.
mirabilis seeds germinated was half strength MS medium contained with 0.1% activated charcoal
where as 87.57%. During seeds germinated, they needed light condition for incubation and
germination also.
Shoot tips about 1 cm. long were cultured on half strength MS medium supplemented with 2.0
mg/l BA and without BA gave the highest average height of plants where as 1.3 – 1.86 cm.,
respectively. Half strength MS medium supplemented with 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg/l BA gave the
same result on the highest average number of leaf per plant, leaf width, and leaf length. But
numbers of root and root length were not significant difference in each concentration of BA.
Some shoot tips which cultured on half strength MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BA
were formed callus at the base of explants which gave the highest percentage of callus induction
*Corresponding author (A.Jala). Tel/Fax: +66-87028-3073. E-mail address:
anchaleejala@yahoo.com. 2012. American Transactions on Engineering & Applied
Sciences. Volume 1 No.2 ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660. Online Available at
169
http://TUENGR.COM/ATEAS/V01/163-171.pdf
8. and the highest average number of new shoots (4.2 shoots) also.
This study described a protocol for seed germination, induction callus and new shoots of
Nepenthes mirabilis Druce through tissue culture methods. However, acclimatization of
carnivorous plants need further studies in order to increase acclimatization rates.
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Dr.Anchalee Jala is an Associate Professor in Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and
Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathumtani , Thailand. Her teaching is in the
areas of botany and plant tissue culture. She is also very active in plant tissue culture research.
Peer Review: This article has been internationally peer-reviewed and accepted for publication
according to the guidelines given at the journal’s website.
*Corresponding author (A.Jala). Tel/Fax: +66-87028-3073. E-mail address:
anchaleejala@yahoo.com. 2012. American Transactions on Engineering & Applied
Sciences. Volume 1 No.2 ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660. Online Available at
171
http://TUENGR.COM/ATEAS/V01/163-171.pdf