In electrical engineering, the maximum power transfer theorem states that, to obtain maximum external power from a source with a finite internal resistance, the resistance of the load must equal the resistance of the source as viewed from its output terminals.
In electrical engineering, the maximum power transfer theorem states that, to obtain maximum external power from a source with a finite internal resistance, the resistance of the load must equal the resistance of the source as viewed from its output terminals.
This Slide is made of many important information which are very easily discussed in this slide briefly. I hope, after watching this slide , you will get some analytical information on Alternative Current(AC).Actually, this slide was made for my University Presentation.
Z Transform And Inverse Z Transform - Signal And SystemsMr. RahüL YøGi
The z-transform is the most general concept for the transformation of discrete-time series.
The Laplace transform is the more general concept for the transformation of continuous time processes.
For example, the Laplace transform allows you to transform a differential equation, and its corresponding initial and boundary value problems, into a space in which the equation can be solved by ordinary algebra.
The switching of spaces to transform calculus problems into algebraic operations on transforms is called operational calculus. The Laplace and z transforms are the most important methods for this purpose.
Initial and final condition for circuit
Explain the transient response of a RC circuit
As the capacitor stores energy when there is:
a transition in a unit step function source, u(t-to)
or a voltage or current source is switched into the circuit.
Explain the transient response of a RL circuit
As the inductor stores energy when there is:
a transition in a unit step function source, u(t-to)
or a voltage or current source is switched into the circuit.
RC Circuit
RL Circuit
This Slide is made of many important information which are very easily discussed in this slide briefly. I hope, after watching this slide , you will get some analytical information on Alternative Current(AC).Actually, this slide was made for my University Presentation.
Z Transform And Inverse Z Transform - Signal And SystemsMr. RahüL YøGi
The z-transform is the most general concept for the transformation of discrete-time series.
The Laplace transform is the more general concept for the transformation of continuous time processes.
For example, the Laplace transform allows you to transform a differential equation, and its corresponding initial and boundary value problems, into a space in which the equation can be solved by ordinary algebra.
The switching of spaces to transform calculus problems into algebraic operations on transforms is called operational calculus. The Laplace and z transforms are the most important methods for this purpose.
Initial and final condition for circuit
Explain the transient response of a RC circuit
As the capacitor stores energy when there is:
a transition in a unit step function source, u(t-to)
or a voltage or current source is switched into the circuit.
Explain the transient response of a RL circuit
As the inductor stores energy when there is:
a transition in a unit step function source, u(t-to)
or a voltage or current source is switched into the circuit.
RC Circuit
RL Circuit
The MATLAB File by Akshit Jain .pdf on .Akshit Jain
"Unlock the Power of Data Analysis and Computational Modeling with this MATLAB File!
This MATLAB file is a versatile tool designed to revolutionize your data analysis and computational modeling processes. Whether you're a scientist, engineer, researcher, or student, MATLAB empowers you to tackle complex problems with ease.
With an intuitive interface and robust functionality, this file enables you to manipulate, visualize, and interpret data with precision. From statistical analysis and signal processing to machine learning and optimization, MATLAB offers a comprehensive suite of tools to meet your diverse needs.
Additionally, this file provides access to a vast library of built-in functions and toolboxes, allowing you to customize and extend its capabilities to suit your specific requirements. Whether you're analyzing experimental data, simulating dynamic systems, or developing algorithms, MATLAB empowers you to turn your ideas into reality.
Experience the power and versatility of MATLAB today and unlock new possibilities in data analysis and computational modeling!"
Analysis and diagnosis_of_typical_transformer_dc_resistancekatherine feng
To detect the defects of transformer winding and confirm the causes, the data of two transformers of Beijing Electrical Power Company are analyzed. The cause is that there is quality problem in coil welding. Measures are put forward. The method of determining the defect is summarized.
Comparative Evaluation of Three Phase Three Level Neutral Point Clamped Z-So...NAGARAJARAOS
The Z-impedance network coThree-level Z-source inverters are recent single-stage topological solutions
proposed for buck-boost energy conversion with all favorable advantages of
three-level switching retained. Despite their effectiveness in achieving voltage
buck-boost conversion, existing three-level Z-source inverters use two
impedance networks and two isolated dc sources, which can significantly
increase the overall system cost and require a more complex modulator for
balancing the network inductive voltage boosting. Offering a number of less
costly alternatives, this paper presents the design and control of two threelevel Z-source inverters, whose output voltage can be stepped down or up
using only a single impedance network connected between the dc input source
and either a neutral-point-clamped (NPC) or dc-link cascaded inverter
circuitry.
This paper investigates the carrier based modulation schemes (SPWM and
Modified SVPWM) of three-level three phase Z-source inverters with either
two Z-source networks or single Z-source network connected between the dc
sources and inverter circuitry. With the proper offset added for achieving both
optimized harmonic performance and fundamental output voltage, the
proposed modulation schemes of three-level Z-source inverters can satisfy the
expected boost operation under unbalanced modulation conditions. The
Simulation has been performed through Matlab/Simulink and relative
simulation results with conventional method have been presented to validate
the proposed methodnsists of L and C components connected in an X fashion.
The firing control of the Z-source inverter includes the shoot through states. The Zsource inverter advantageously utilizes the shoot-through state to boost the DC bus
voltage by gating on both the upper and lower switches of a phase leg. Three-level
neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverters, having many inherent advantages, are
commonly used as the preferred topology for medium voltage ac drives [1], and have
recently been explored for other low-voltage applications including grid-interfacing
power converters and high-speed drive converters [2], [3]. Despite their generally
favorable output performance, NPC inverters are constrained by their ability to
perform only voltage-buck operation with buck-boost energy conversion, usually
achieved by connecting various dc-dc boost converters to the front ends of the dc-ac
inverters. These two-stage solutions are usually more costly and can be harder to
control, since they involve more active and passive components. Offering a singlestage solution, [4], [5] propose the buck-boost Z-source NPC inverter, whose
topology is illustrated in Fig. 1 (can be viewed as an extension from the two-level Zsource inverter proposed in [6]).
The stability of 3 phase alternators synchronized to the Electrical Grid is affected by the inductive reactance of the transmission lines. Alternator voltage is controlled by an automatic voltage regulator which adjusts rotor excitation current to aid in maintaining stable synchronous operation during steady state and transient conditions.
Electrical Engineering is the Branch of Engineering. Electrical Engineering field requires an understanding of core areas including Thermal and Hydraulics Prime Movers, Analog Electronic Circuits, Network Analysis and Synthesis, DC Machines and Transformers, Digital Electronic Circuits, Fundamentals of Power Electronics, Control System Engineering, Engineering Electromagnetics, Microprocessor and Microcontroller. Ekeeda offers Online Mechanical Engineering Courses for all the Subjects as per the Syllabus. Visit : https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/stream/Electrical-and-Electronics-Engineering
Ekeeda Provides Online Electrical and Electronics Engineering Degree Subjects Courses, Video Lectures for All Engineering Universities. Video Tutorials Covers Subjects of Mechanical Engineering Degree.
Electronics and Communication Engineering is the Branch of Engineering. Electronics and Communication Engineering field requires an understanding of core areas including Engineering Graphics, Computer Programming,Electronics Devices and Circuits-I, Network Analysis, Signals and Systems, Communication Systems, Electromagnetics Engineering, Digital Signal Processing, Embedded Systems, Microprocessor and Computer Architecture. Ekeeda offers Online Mechanical Engineering Courses for all the Subjects as per the Syllabus.
https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/stream/Electronics-and-Communication-Engineering
ELC 131 Lab 4 Series-Parallel and Bridge CircuitsIntroduction Vi.docxtoltonkendal
ELC 131 Lab 4: Series-Parallel and Bridge Circuits
Introduction: Virtually all electronic products are filled with components that are connected both in series and in parallel to form circuits that are coupled, or combined, in order to perform a desired function. The key component to analyzing series-parallel circuits is the ablility to recognize which components are connected in series and which components are connected in parallel.
Objectives: Upon completion of this lab exercise the student will be able to:
1. Identify which components are connected in series and which components are connected in parallel in a series-parallel circuit; calculate the total resistance of a simple series-parallel circuit.
2. Calculate and measure the current flow through and the voltage dropped across any component in a simple series-parallel circuit.
3. Calculate the node voltages of a ladder network.
4. Recognize a circuit as being a bridge configuration; determine the value of resistance that will balance a bridge circuit when the resistance of three arms is given.
5. Describe an operation of a bridge circuit used to sense a change in temperature.
Parts and Equipment:variable DC power supply and leads
DMM and meter leads
resistors, 1 W minimum: 360 Ω, 470 Ω, 680 Ω, 1 kΩ, 2.2 kΩ, 5.1 kΩ, 10 kΩ,
18 kΩ.
potentiometer, 25 kΩ
NTC thermistor, R0=10 kΩ
resistance substitution box
spring board and wires as needed
Prelab: Complete Section 1 Step 1 and Step 2.
Complete Section 2 Step 1.
Complete Section 3 Step 1.
Section 1: Series-Parallel Circuits
Before beginning the analysis of a series-parallel circuit, you must recognize which components are connected in parallel and which components are connected in series. Refer to the circuit of Figure 1. Resistors R2 and R3 are connected in parallel. Resistor R1 is in series with both the parallel combination of R2 and R3 and the source.
The current supplied by the source, IT, flows through R1. IT splits into two branch currents, IR2 and IR3, at node A. These two branch currents combine a node B and flow back into the source.
Figure 1: Series-Parallel Circuit Example
Calculating the total resistance is the first step in analyzing a series-parallel circuit. To find the total resistance of a series-parallel circuit, the circuit has to be simplified, one part at a time, until a simple series or a simple parallel circuit remains.
For the circuit of Figure 1, first the resistance of R2 in parallel with R3 is calculated as follows:
Now, the series-parallel circuit can be reduced to the simple series circuit shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Circuit of Figure 1 Reduced to a Series Circuit
The total resistance of the circuit of Figure 1 is calculated as follows:
The current supplied by the source is calculated using Ohm’s law as follows:
The voltage dropped across each of the resistors is calculated using Ohm’s law as follows:
The source current, IT, flows through R1.
The current through R2 is calculated .
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
2. In last class, we have seen about the balanced
and unbalanced loads of three phase circuit.
Depending upon the impedance matching the
loads are being classifies as balanced and
unbalanced loads.
These loads has their own power equation
and other three phase quantities.
Today we will see about the star delta
conversion.
7. Advantages
1. The primary side is star connected. Hence fewer
number of turns are required. This makes the
connection economical
2. The neutral available on the primary can be
earthed to avoid distortion.
3. Large unbalanced loads can be handled
satisfactory.
7
8. Disadvantages
The secondary voltage is not in phase with the
primary. (30 ⁰ phase difference )
Hence it is not possible to operate this connection
in parallel with star-star or delta-delta connected
transformer.
8
9. Wye(star) to Delta Transformation:
Consider the following:
a
bc
a
bc
Ra
RbRc
R1 R2
R3
(a) wye configuration (b) delta configuration
a
accbba
c
accbba
b
accbba
R
RRRRRR
R
R
RRRRRR
R
R
RRRRRR
R
3
2
1
321
31
321
32
321
21
RRR
RR
R
RRR
RR
R
RRR
RR
R
c
b
a
10. Using the following circuit. Find Req.
9
10 5
8 4
V
+
_
Req 10
I
a
bc
Convert the delta around a – b – c to a wye.
13. Features
secondary Phase voltage is 1/√3 times of line
voltage
neutral in secondary can be grounded for 3 phase
4 wire system
Neutral shifting and 3rd harmonics are there
Phase shift of 30⁰ between secondary and primary
currents and voltages
13
14. The three-phase ac systems are considered as a
balanced circuit, made up of a balanced three-
phase source, a balanced line, and a balanced
three-phase load.
The star-delta (Y-Δ) or delta-star (Δ-Y)
conversion is required in three-phase ac
systems to simplify the circuits and ease their
analysis.
If a three-phase supply or a three-phase load is
connected in delta, it can be transformed into an
equivalent star-connected supply or load. After
the analysis, the results are converted back into
their original delta equivalent.
Editor's Notes
In Delta:
Equivalent Resistance between A & B
="Rab in parallel with (Rbc+ Rca)"= (𝑅_𝑎𝑏 (𝑅_𝑏𝑐+𝑅_𝑐𝑎))/(𝑅_𝑎𝑏+𝑅_𝑏𝑐+𝑅_𝑐𝑎 )
In Star:
Equivalent Resistance between A & B
〖=𝑅〗_𝑎+〖 𝑅〗_𝑏
Therefore,
𝑅_𝑎+〖 𝑅〗_𝑏=(𝑅_𝑎𝑏 (𝑅_𝑏𝑐+𝑅_𝑐𝑎))/(𝑅_𝑎𝑏+𝑅_𝑏𝑐+𝑅_𝑐𝑎 )
Similarly,
𝑅_𝑏+〖 𝑅〗_𝑐=(𝑅_𝑏𝑐 (𝑅_𝑐𝑎+𝑅_𝑎𝑏))/(𝑅_𝑎𝑏+𝑅_𝑏𝑐+𝑅_𝑐𝑎 )
And
𝑅_𝑐+〖 𝑅〗_𝑎=(𝑅_𝑐𝑎 (𝑅_𝑎𝑏+𝑅_𝑏𝑐))/(𝑅_𝑎𝑏+𝑅_𝑏𝑐+𝑅_𝑐𝑎 )
On adding any two of the above equations and subtracting with the 3rd one gives
𝑅_𝑎=(𝑅_𝑎𝑏 𝑅_𝑐𝑎)/(𝑅_𝑎𝑏+𝑅_𝑏𝑐+𝑅_𝑐𝑎 )
𝑅_𝑏=(𝑅_𝑏𝑐 𝑅_𝑎𝑏)/(𝑅_𝑎𝑏+𝑅_𝑏𝑐+𝑅_𝑐𝑎 )
𝑅_𝑐=(𝑅_𝑐𝑎 𝑅_𝑏𝑐)/(𝑅_𝑎𝑏+𝑅_𝑏𝑐+𝑅_𝑐𝑎 )