14.2 boltzmann factor
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The document discusses the derivation of the Boltzmann factor e^(-ε/kT). It explains that processes occur when a particle's energy ε is a multiple of the average kinetic energy kT per particle, such as 20-30 times kT. While unlikely, particles can gain this extra energy through random collisions with other particles. The chances of gaining enough energy to overcome an energy barrier ε decreases exponentially with increasing ε/kT according to the Boltzmann factor. Therefore, the rate of a reaction is proportional to e^(-ε/kT).
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This document discusses forces, mass, and acceleration. It provides examples of calculating acceleration using the equation F=ma. It includes sample problems such as determining the force needed to accelerate a space shuttle or the acceleration of a cyclist pedaling with a given force. Practice problems are provided for students to calculate acceleration, force, or mass given two of the three variables.
Forces making a force meter
A force meter measures force in Newtons. It works by using a rubber band of known length that stretches when a force is applied. The amount the rubber band stretches corresponds to the amount of force applied, allowing the force to be measured in Newtons on a scale.
6.3 food glorious food
Food contains chemical energy that originally comes from the Sun. The amount of energy a person needs each day can vary depending on factors like their body size, age, gender, activity levels, and environmental conditions like temperature. While two people may consume the same amount of energy, one may still gain weight due to differences in their metabolism or physical activity levels.
Assignment 6.1
This document contains instructions and questions for Assignment 6.1. Students are instructed to show all working and include relevant units. The questions involve calculating quantities using given values and units, including multiplying and dividing measurements in m, m3, ml, and kg/m3. Conversions between standard and scientific notation are also required.
Assignment 6.2
This document contains a possible table of results that shows temperature readings in degrees Celsius taken at 11:00, 12:00, 13:00 and 14:00 hours each day from Monday to Friday. The temperatures generally increase throughout the day, with the highest readings occurring between 13:00 and 14:00 hours each afternoon.
6.4 bending light
The document discusses the refraction of light and how it causes optical illusions. It explains that when light travels from one material to another of different density, it changes direction. Specifically, light bends toward the normal when moving to a denser material, and away from the normal when moving to a less dense material. The document provides instructions for an experiment to observe and measure the refraction of light through a glass block at different angles of incidence.
6.4 bending light
Light changes direction when moving between different materials due to refraction. An experiment is described where a glass block is used to refract light rays entering at various angles, and the angles are measured and graphed. The graph shows the relationship between the incident and refracted angles, with the refracted angle increasing as the incident angle increases. This property of refraction is important for applications like lenses and understanding optical illusions.
Assignment 6.1 answers
This document contains 6 math questions requiring calculations with units. Question 1 involves multiplying two lengths. Question 2 gives a length. Question 3 involves (a) multiplying three lengths and (b) multiplying the results of part a. Question 4 involves (a) converting ml to m3 and (b) writing the answer in scientific notation. Question 5 involves (a) calculating length and volume and (b) calculating density. Question 6 involves calculating volume and density. Full working and units are required for all answers.
6.4 bending light
1. Light changes direction when moving between different materials due to refraction. Scientists studying refracting telescopes need accurate information on how light refracts when moving between air and glass.
2. An experiment is described where light passes through a semicircular glass block and the angle of refraction is measured for different angles of incidence.
3. The results are plotted on a graph showing the relationship between incident and refracted angles, helping to understand how optics can correct vision problems.
5.8 current and pd in a circuit
The document discusses a circuit with two components in series, a resistor and a buzzer, that have different resistances. It asks what the potential difference (p.d.) is across each component and what this reveals about their relative resistances. It then provides learning objectives and example calculations for current, potential difference, and resistance in series circuits.
Speed and velocity
The document discusses key concepts related to speed, velocity, distance, and time. It provides definitions of speed, distance, displacement, velocity, and average and instantaneous speed. Examples are given to illustrate the difference between distance and displacement. Graphs showing variations in distance and velocity over time are presented, and the relationships between distance, time, speed, velocity, and their equations are summarized in a table.
Document in windows internet explorer
The document describes an experiment to determine the laws of reflection. [1] Students are instructed to use a mirror, light source, and protractor to measure the angle of incidence and reflection of light rays. [2] They will shine light at a mirror from various angles and measure the corresponding reflected angles to see if the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence. [3] By plotting their results on a graph, students can evaluate whether the evidence supports the statement that the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence.
6.3 giant mirror
A village in Italy installed a large mirror on a mountain opposite their village to direct sunlight into the village. The mirror helped brighten the village by reflecting sunlight into the dark areas between the mountains. Villagers could now grow crops that previously did not receive enough sunlight. The mirror demonstrated how reflected light can help illuminate dark spaces.
6.2 energy everywhere
This document discusses different types of energy, including potential energy which is stored or hidden energy that has the ability to do work, and kinetic energy which is energy of motion. It lists learning objectives about forms of energy and energy transfers. The rest of the document appears to contain questions at different levels about energy, asking about heat energy, potential vs kinetic energy, energy transfers, examples of potential energy storage, and drawing energy transfer diagrams.
Mark scheme
This document is a coursework assessment form for a GCE Advanced Subsidiary physics course. It provides criteria for evaluating student coursework in 5 areas: [1] the quality and independence of the student's research briefing, [2] the use and understanding of physics demonstrated, and [3] the selection, summarizing, explanation, and [4] understanding/critical thinking shown in the student's work. Scores from 1-5 are given for each criterion, with 5 being the highest score. The form also includes the student's name and ID number for record keeping purposes.
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14.2 boltzmann factor
- 1. 14.2 The Boltzmann factor e (- ε /kT) December 7, 2010
- 4. Think about playing pool…
- 11. Flying high Dense Less dense Gravity Diffusion
- 13. fraction of molecules mgh The idea is generally applicable
- 18. rate of reaction is proportional to exp(-e/kT)
- 19. Soft matter
- 20. Soap, cell membranes and wristwatches
- 21. The molecules don’t care
- 22. Quick check questions (page 132)
- 23. Questions 1-7 (pg 134)
- 24. Test