14 4 Power Point Earth
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Gas hydrates are compact structures made of water and natural gas like methane, and are formed in ocean sediments when bacteria break down organic matter. While oil and natural gas are the primary energy resources currently obtained from the ocean floor, other resources extracted include evaporative salts, sand and gravel, and manganese nodules which contain valuable metals. The sand and gravel industry is second only to petroleum in economic value from the ocean.
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Ocean as a resource by kakali
The document discusses various types of resources that can be obtained from the oceans. It describes four major types: fresh water resources which can be obtained through desalination, marine mineral resources found dissolved in seawater or deposited on the seafloor such as gold and oil, marine energy resources including tidal, wave, and thermal energy, and marine food resources with oceans becoming a major food source. The oceans contain large quantities of resources that are increasingly being exploited to meet growing human needs.
Ocean Metallic and Non Metallic Resource
The document discusses various metallic and non-metallic mineral resources that can be extracted from the ocean. It outlines the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea which established countries' rights over territorial waters and exclusive economic zones. Resources mentioned include oil and gas, which make up most of the current mineral value from the sea. Manganese nodules are also discussed - these slow-growing deposits on the seafloor contain valuable metals like manganese, nickel, and cobalt but mining them faces legal and environmental challenges. Overall, the ocean contains many untapped mineral resources that could become increasingly important as land deposits are depleted.
Marine resources
Fishing involves obtaining aquatic animals from both sea and inland waters. Fish provide a valuable source of protein and raw materials. There are extensive water bodies on Earth where fish can be found, including rivers, lakes, and tanks for freshwater fish, as well as larger marine waters. Marine fisheries are classified as either open sea fisheries or coastal fisheries.
Marine Resources
1. Marine resources include physical and biological entities found in oceans and seas that are beneficial to humans. They can be classified as mineral, energy, or food resources.
2. Mineral resources include construction materials like sand and gravel, as well as metallic and non-metallic minerals. Energy resources encompass tidal, wave, and offshore wind power. Food resources consist of fisheries, mollusks, crustaceans, and other marine life.
3. These resources provide many benefits like food, fuel, and materials for construction. However, they also face threats from pollution and overexploitation, so sustainable management is important to preserve their value.
Global warming
The Philippines relies heavily on coastal fisheries for food and livelihoods. 1.6 million fishermen depend on coastal waters for their livelihood. However, rising global temperatures threaten fisheries as coral reefs and other marine life are impacted. If temperatures rise 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, fish catches from coastal waters could decline further. To prepare for the effects of climate change, the Philippines must assess vulnerabilities, strengthen fisheries management strategies, and integrate climate adaptation into planning.
Aquatic Pollution And Coastal Zone Managment
The document discusses oil pollution from various sources and its impacts. It defines an oil spill as the release of liquid petroleum into the environment through human activity. Oil pollution in marine environments can originate from natural seeps, sea-based activities like shipping and extraction, land-based discharges, and air pollution. The largest spill was the Kuwait Oil Fires of 1991 that released over 136,000 tons of crude oil. The document then examines the toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons and provides details on the Deepwater Horizon spill of 2010 as a case study of ecological impacts.
Earth science 4.1
Renewable resources like plants can regenerate within decades, while nonrenewable resources like fossil fuels take millions of years to form. Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas, with coal forming from compressed plant matter and primarily powering power plants. Petroleum and natural gas are formed from ancient sea life remains and are sources of fuel, while tar sands and oil shales can also be extracted and processed to supplement dwindling petroleum supplies. Mineral deposits form through igneous, hydrothermal, and placer processes and are an essential component of manufactured products.
Baltic see work
The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe and surrounded by the Scandinavian Peninsula and mainland Europe. It has been exposed to extensive pollution from industrialization starting in the late 19th century, making it one of the most polluted seas in the world. Various harmful substances from oil spills, radioactive fallout, heavy metals, and chemicals accumulate in the sea and its organisms. International projects have been developed to cooperatively manage the sea's resources and facilitate integrated land, coastal, and marine management between surrounding countries to help improve the health of the Baltic Sea ecosystem.
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Ocean as a resource by kakali
The document discusses various types of resources that can be obtained from the oceans. It describes four major types: fresh water resources which can be obtained through desalination, marine mineral resources found dissolved in seawater or deposited on the seafloor such as gold and oil, marine energy resources including tidal, wave, and thermal energy, and marine food resources with oceans becoming a major food source. The oceans contain large quantities of resources that are increasingly being exploited to meet growing human needs.
Ocean Metallic and Non Metallic Resource
The document discusses various metallic and non-metallic mineral resources that can be extracted from the ocean. It outlines the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea which established countries' rights over territorial waters and exclusive economic zones. Resources mentioned include oil and gas, which make up most of the current mineral value from the sea. Manganese nodules are also discussed - these slow-growing deposits on the seafloor contain valuable metals like manganese, nickel, and cobalt but mining them faces legal and environmental challenges. Overall, the ocean contains many untapped mineral resources that could become increasingly important as land deposits are depleted.
Marine resources
Fishing involves obtaining aquatic animals from both sea and inland waters. Fish provide a valuable source of protein and raw materials. There are extensive water bodies on Earth where fish can be found, including rivers, lakes, and tanks for freshwater fish, as well as larger marine waters. Marine fisheries are classified as either open sea fisheries or coastal fisheries.
Marine Resources
1. Marine resources include physical and biological entities found in oceans and seas that are beneficial to humans. They can be classified as mineral, energy, or food resources.
2. Mineral resources include construction materials like sand and gravel, as well as metallic and non-metallic minerals. Energy resources encompass tidal, wave, and offshore wind power. Food resources consist of fisheries, mollusks, crustaceans, and other marine life.
3. These resources provide many benefits like food, fuel, and materials for construction. However, they also face threats from pollution and overexploitation, so sustainable management is important to preserve their value.
Global warming
The Philippines relies heavily on coastal fisheries for food and livelihoods. 1.6 million fishermen depend on coastal waters for their livelihood. However, rising global temperatures threaten fisheries as coral reefs and other marine life are impacted. If temperatures rise 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, fish catches from coastal waters could decline further. To prepare for the effects of climate change, the Philippines must assess vulnerabilities, strengthen fisheries management strategies, and integrate climate adaptation into planning.
Aquatic Pollution And Coastal Zone Managment
The document discusses oil pollution from various sources and its impacts. It defines an oil spill as the release of liquid petroleum into the environment through human activity. Oil pollution in marine environments can originate from natural seeps, sea-based activities like shipping and extraction, land-based discharges, and air pollution. The largest spill was the Kuwait Oil Fires of 1991 that released over 136,000 tons of crude oil. The document then examines the toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons and provides details on the Deepwater Horizon spill of 2010 as a case study of ecological impacts.
Earth science 4.1
Renewable resources like plants can regenerate within decades, while nonrenewable resources like fossil fuels take millions of years to form. Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas, with coal forming from compressed plant matter and primarily powering power plants. Petroleum and natural gas are formed from ancient sea life remains and are sources of fuel, while tar sands and oil shales can also be extracted and processed to supplement dwindling petroleum supplies. Mineral deposits form through igneous, hydrothermal, and placer processes and are an essential component of manufactured products.
Baltic see work
The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe and surrounded by the Scandinavian Peninsula and mainland Europe. It has been exposed to extensive pollution from industrialization starting in the late 19th century, making it one of the most polluted seas in the world. Various harmful substances from oil spills, radioactive fallout, heavy metals, and chemicals accumulate in the sea and its organisms. International projects have been developed to cooperatively manage the sea's resources and facilitate integrated land, coastal, and marine management between surrounding countries to help improve the health of the Baltic Sea ecosystem.
Land Resources and Mineral resources
Minerals provide the material used to make most of the things of industrial- based society; roads, cars, computers, fertilizers, etc. Demand for minerals is increasing world wide as the population increases and the consumption demands of individual people increase. The mining of earthโs natural resources is, thereยญfore accelerating, and it has accompanying environmental consequences.
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This document provides information about the distribution of natural resources across the United Kingdom. It discusses the variety of soils and how they support different types of farming in different regions. It also outlines where forestry, fossil fuels, water supply and minerals are located in the UK, noting that forestry is concentrated in the north and west, coal was historically mined in places like South Wales, oil and gas come from offshore fields in the North Sea, and minerals are extracted from both land and under the sea.
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The main causes of soil pollution in Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean are fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture, mining activities, and oil spills. Fertilizers have led to unsafe levels of cadmium and herbicide residues in soils. Mining destroys forests and watersheds, especially in Jamaica where bauxite mining causes deforestation. Oil spills like the 2010 Gulf of Mexico spill have long-lasting impacts. Legislation exists but monitoring and remediation programs need improvement.
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Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas were formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years. Coal formed from decayed plant matter that was subjected to heat and pressure deep underground, while oil and natural gas formed from the remains of tiny sea creatures buried beneath ocean sediments. These fossil fuels are non-renewable energy resources that are extracted through mining and drilling, and are important fuels used worldwide to power vehicles, heat homes, and generate electricity. Major oil spills such as the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon disasters have caused environmental and economic damage.
Problems of the Baltic Sea
The Baltic Sea faces several environmental problems, including overfishing, eutrophication, climate change, shipping accidents, littering, and chemical pollution. Overfishing has reduced fish stocks, especially cod, affecting the marine ecosystem. Eutrophication from agriculture, traffic, and forestry runoff has increased nutrients in the sea, causing algal blooms, low oxygen levels, and declining fish populations. Climate change is raising temperatures and altering salt concentrations in the Baltic Sea, which could further reduce fish stocks. Shipping accidents and oil spills also endanger the marine environment. Litter pollution harms local wildlife. Chemical pollution from medicines, industry, and heavy metals poses health risks if not addressed. Solutions include restricting fishing
Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas were formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. Coal forms from peat deposits that are compressed over time into lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite. Oil forms from the remains of marine organisms compressed under layers of sediment. Natural gas forms as organic material decays and is trapped under layers of rock that subject it to heat and pressure over millions of years. Refineries process crude oil by separating it into usable products or feedstock. Major oil spills like the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon caused environmental damage by releasing oil into coastal waters.
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Global natural resources are distributed unevenly around the world based on climate and geography. Soil quality and types determine agricultural productivity and are best in areas with brown forest soil. Approximately 40% of Earth's surface is used for farming. Forests cover 30% of land, with concentration in Brazil, Canada, and the US. Fossil fuel reserves are highest in the Middle East, Venezuela, Canada, and Russia. Rock and mineral deposits are found worldwide, with certain areas rich in resources like diamonds, iron ore, or precious metals depending on their geological history. Water sources include rivers, rainfall, and desalination, but some populations face future shortages due to climate change and increasing demand. The distribution of these vital natural
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The document discusses several topics related to human-environment interaction:
1) Desertification is occurring in the Sahel region of Africa as dry conditions spread from the Sahara desert.
2) Nigeria's economy heavily relies on oil exports, which has led to neglect of other sectors and debt issues when oil prices decline. Oil spills and fires from pipeline tapping also cause pollution.
3) Egypt's Aswan High Dam provides benefits like flood control and hydropower, but submerged villages and archaeology and reduced fertility in downstream lands due to lack of silt deposition.
Mineral Resources
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Wetland as carbon Sink
Wetlands play an important role as carbon sinks by storing carbon through plant biomass and accumulation of organic matter in soils. Wetlands globally store about 35% of the world's terrestrial carbon. Coastal wetlands like mangroves and seagrass meadows also store a significant amount of carbon. However, degradation of wetlands through drainage, burning or climate change can release large amounts of stored carbon and switch wetlands from carbon sinks to sources of carbon emissions. Maintaining natural wetlands is critical to mitigating climate change.
Oil Spills
Oil spills occur when oil is accidentally released into the environment through human activity like transportation. Transporting large amounts of oil increases the risk of spills every day. Oil spills can take a long time to clean up and cause environmental damage. Studies show oil spills negatively impact marine life at low concentrations. Cleanup methods include booms, skimmers, sorbents, and controlled burning to reduce the amount of spilled oil. Preventing spills through methods like double hulling ships helps reduce the risk and severity of potential accidents.
Fossil fuels
This document summarizes various fossil fuels and their formation. It discusses oil and natural gas deposits, how they are formed, and supply and demand issues. Specifically, it notes that while over 1 trillion barrels of oil have been consumed, estimated remaining reserves are only about 1.2 trillion barrels. For natural gas, global demand is expected to increase significantly as nations adopt cleaner fuels. The document also briefly outlines coal, oil shale, tar sands, and potential alternate natural gas sources like methane hydrates.
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Illustration of how increasing manmade carbon pollution affects the Earth's ability to absorb carbon dioxide.
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Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas are formed from the remains of ancient organisms. Coal forms from dead plants buried in swamps from the Carboniferous period. Oil forms deep underground as organic material is compressed. Natural gas forms similarly and is used for heating and cooking. Fossil fuels go to refineries to be separated and processed into usable forms like gasoline before distribution. Major oil spills like the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon damaged ecosystems and local economies through pollution and impacts on tourism.
The oceans economy
Oceans provide critical resources like food, minerals, oxygen, and climate regulation. They are essential for a sustainable future, especially for small island nations. However, oceans face severe ecological risks from climate change, ocean acidification, overfishing, pollution, and other factors that threaten global social and economic prospects.
Fossil fuels power point
Fossil fuels are fuels formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals that have been buried underground. There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas. Coal forms over millions of years as peat is buried and undergoes heat and pressure. Oil and natural gas also form from the remains of ancient organisms buried underground and subjected to heat and pressure over extremely long periods of time. Fossil fuels are important because they are widely used as an energy source, such as for producing electricity from coal or powering vehicles with gasoline.
Save the earth
The Earth is the only planet that supports life, but it is now endangered due to problems like global warming, melting ice caps, and rising water levels caused by climate change. To save the Earth, individuals need to conserve water, plant trees, recycle waste, use renewable resources, and stop deforestation.
Marine resources
This document discusses marine resources and their uses. It begins by defining marine resources as physical and biological entities found in oceans and seas that are beneficial to humans. It then describes three main types of marine resources: mineral resources like sand and gravel; energy resources like petroleum, methane hydrates, and various renewable ocean energy sources; and food resources like fish, shellfish, and crustaceans. The document also outlines major sources of marine pollution and emphasizes the importance of sustainably managing valuable marine resources.
Earth science 14.4
Gas hydrates are structures where gas like methane is trapped in a crystalline lattice of water molecules. Manganese nodules are rounded lumps on the ocean floor made of manganese and iron that also contain small amounts of copper, nickel and cobalt. While oil and natural gas from the ocean floor currently provide energy, gas hydrates form as bacteria break down organic matter trapped in ocean sediments and other resources extracted include salts, sand, gravel and manganese nodules.
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Mineral resource refers to a naturally occurring concentration of minerals that can be economically extracted, either currently or in the future. Mineral reserve refers to the portion of an identified mineral resource that can currently be economically and legally extracted.
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Minerals provide the material used to make most of the things of industrial- based society; roads, cars, computers, fertilizers, etc. Demand for minerals is increasing world wide as the population increases and the consumption demands of individual people increase. The mining of earthโs natural resources is, thereยญfore accelerating, and it has accompanying environmental consequences.
Protecting high north ecosystems the energy and climate dimension
The document discusses how the Arctic is warming rapidly due to climate change, with air and ocean temperatures rising and sea ice, snow cover, and glaciers melting. This warming is amplifying other effects like changes to the global ocean circulation system and increased sea level rise from Greenland ice sheet melting. It also notes that while Arctic ecosystems currently absorb carbon, this will likely change as warming causes more carbon release from lands and oceans. The document argues against oil and gas exploration in Norway's Lofoten islands, noting the area's globally significant wildlife and that nature there is worth more economically than the oil. It says current oil spill response plans are insufficient for the Arctic and accidents are inevitable. The document calls for protecting priority nature areas
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This document provides information about the distribution of natural resources across the United Kingdom. It discusses the variety of soils and how they support different types of farming in different regions. It also outlines where forestry, fossil fuels, water supply and minerals are located in the UK, noting that forestry is concentrated in the north and west, coal was historically mined in places like South Wales, oil and gas come from offshore fields in the North Sea, and minerals are extracted from both land and under the sea.
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In This Slide you can easily know the natural resources of bangladesh.The one of the best nature country is in asia which named as Bangladesh.
Status of Soil Pollution in Central America and the Caribbean
The main causes of soil pollution in Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean are fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture, mining activities, and oil spills. Fertilizers have led to unsafe levels of cadmium and herbicide residues in soils. Mining destroys forests and watersheds, especially in Jamaica where bauxite mining causes deforestation. Oil spills like the 2010 Gulf of Mexico spill have long-lasting impacts. Legislation exists but monitoring and remediation programs need improvement.
Fossil fuels final
Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas were formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years. Coal formed from decayed plant matter that was subjected to heat and pressure deep underground, while oil and natural gas formed from the remains of tiny sea creatures buried beneath ocean sediments. These fossil fuels are non-renewable energy resources that are extracted through mining and drilling, and are important fuels used worldwide to power vehicles, heat homes, and generate electricity. Major oil spills such as the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon disasters have caused environmental and economic damage.
Problems of the Baltic Sea
The Baltic Sea faces several environmental problems, including overfishing, eutrophication, climate change, shipping accidents, littering, and chemical pollution. Overfishing has reduced fish stocks, especially cod, affecting the marine ecosystem. Eutrophication from agriculture, traffic, and forestry runoff has increased nutrients in the sea, causing algal blooms, low oxygen levels, and declining fish populations. Climate change is raising temperatures and altering salt concentrations in the Baltic Sea, which could further reduce fish stocks. Shipping accidents and oil spills also endanger the marine environment. Litter pollution harms local wildlife. Chemical pollution from medicines, industry, and heavy metals poses health risks if not addressed. Solutions include restricting fishing
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Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas were formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. Coal forms from peat deposits that are compressed over time into lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite. Oil forms from the remains of marine organisms compressed under layers of sediment. Natural gas forms as organic material decays and is trapped under layers of rock that subject it to heat and pressure over millions of years. Refineries process crude oil by separating it into usable products or feedstock. Major oil spills like the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon caused environmental damage by releasing oil into coastal waters.
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Global natural resources are distributed unevenly around the world based on climate and geography. Soil quality and types determine agricultural productivity and are best in areas with brown forest soil. Approximately 40% of Earth's surface is used for farming. Forests cover 30% of land, with concentration in Brazil, Canada, and the US. Fossil fuel reserves are highest in the Middle East, Venezuela, Canada, and Russia. Rock and mineral deposits are found worldwide, with certain areas rich in resources like diamonds, iron ore, or precious metals depending on their geological history. Water sources include rivers, rainfall, and desalination, but some populations face future shortages due to climate change and increasing demand. The distribution of these vital natural
18.3 - Africa Human Environment
The document discusses several topics related to human-environment interaction:
1) Desertification is occurring in the Sahel region of Africa as dry conditions spread from the Sahara desert.
2) Nigeria's economy heavily relies on oil exports, which has led to neglect of other sectors and debt issues when oil prices decline. Oil spills and fires from pipeline tapping also cause pollution.
3) Egypt's Aswan High Dam provides benefits like flood control and hydropower, but submerged villages and archaeology and reduced fertility in downstream lands due to lack of silt deposition.
Mineral Resources
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Wetland as carbon Sink
Wetlands play an important role as carbon sinks by storing carbon through plant biomass and accumulation of organic matter in soils. Wetlands globally store about 35% of the world's terrestrial carbon. Coastal wetlands like mangroves and seagrass meadows also store a significant amount of carbon. However, degradation of wetlands through drainage, burning or climate change can release large amounts of stored carbon and switch wetlands from carbon sinks to sources of carbon emissions. Maintaining natural wetlands is critical to mitigating climate change.
Oil Spills
Oil spills occur when oil is accidentally released into the environment through human activity like transportation. Transporting large amounts of oil increases the risk of spills every day. Oil spills can take a long time to clean up and cause environmental damage. Studies show oil spills negatively impact marine life at low concentrations. Cleanup methods include booms, skimmers, sorbents, and controlled burning to reduce the amount of spilled oil. Preventing spills through methods like double hulling ships helps reduce the risk and severity of potential accidents.
Fossil fuels
This document summarizes various fossil fuels and their formation. It discusses oil and natural gas deposits, how they are formed, and supply and demand issues. Specifically, it notes that while over 1 trillion barrels of oil have been consumed, estimated remaining reserves are only about 1.2 trillion barrels. For natural gas, global demand is expected to increase significantly as nations adopt cleaner fuels. The document also briefly outlines coal, oil shale, tar sands, and potential alternate natural gas sources like methane hydrates.
Earth's carbon sinks and sources
Illustration of how increasing manmade carbon pollution affects the Earth's ability to absorb carbon dioxide.
Fossil fuel powerpoint
Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas are formed from the remains of ancient organisms. Coal forms from dead plants buried in swamps from the Carboniferous period. Oil forms deep underground as organic material is compressed. Natural gas forms similarly and is used for heating and cooking. Fossil fuels go to refineries to be separated and processed into usable forms like gasoline before distribution. Major oil spills like the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon damaged ecosystems and local economies through pollution and impacts on tourism.
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Fossil fuels power point
Fossil fuels are fuels formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals that have been buried underground. There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas. Coal forms over millions of years as peat is buried and undergoes heat and pressure. Oil and natural gas also form from the remains of ancient organisms buried underground and subjected to heat and pressure over extremely long periods of time. Fossil fuels are important because they are widely used as an energy source, such as for producing electricity from coal or powering vehicles with gasoline.
Save the earth
The Earth is the only planet that supports life, but it is now endangered due to problems like global warming, melting ice caps, and rising water levels caused by climate change. To save the Earth, individuals need to conserve water, plant trees, recycle waste, use renewable resources, and stop deforestation.
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Mining can have significant negative impacts on water resources through water pollution and depletion. For every tonne of copper extracted, 99 tonnes of waste rock and tailings must be removed, generating massive amounts of waste. This waste is a major source of water pollution through acid mine drainage and heavy metal leaching. Mining also increases erosion and sedimentation risks. Past mining has left lasting legacies of contaminated water that are expensive to remediate and have damaged fisheries and ecosystems. Improved regulations and practices are needed to better prevent water pollution and protect water resources for future generations.
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Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that are toxic or poisonous even in small amounts. They can accumulate in living things through bioaccumulation over time. Heavy metal pollution comes from both natural sources like volcanic activity as well as human sources such as industrial emissions, mining, sewage systems, and the use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture. Common heavy metals include mercury, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, and lead, which can negatively impact both the environment and human health if they build up in the food chain.
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14 4 Power Point Earth
- 1. Resources from the Seafloor 14.4
- 2. Ocean Resources that are used for energy production Oil and natural gas are the main energy products currently being obtained from the ocean floor. Most of the value of non-living resources in the ocean comes from their use as energy products.
- 3. How are gas hydrates made? Gas Hydrates are compact chemical structures made of water and natural gas. The most common type of natural gas is methane. Most oceanic hydrates are created when bacteria break down organic matter trapped in ocean floor sediments. The map shows the known areas of gas hydrate deposites.
- 4. Other Resources that come from the ocean. Other major resources from the ocean floor include sand and gravel, evaporative salts, and manganese nodules. The sand and gravel industry is second in economic value only to the petroleum industry. When sea water evaporates and turns into salt deposites they can be harvested to form our every day table salt.
- 5. Another resource from the ocean Manganese Nodules are hard lumps of manganese and other metals that precipitate around a smaller object. They contain high concentration of manganese and iron and smaller concentrations of copper, nickel and cobalt, all of which have an economic use.