121 Week 2 Chapter 1 Disease Process
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The document defines key terms related to disease and the immune system. It defines disease as a pathological condition that disrupts homeostasis, often caused by pathogens, trauma, chemicals, genetics or nutrition. Illness describes how a person feels when experiencing disease. The immune system protects the body through barriers like skin, inflammation where pathogens are identified and destroyed, and acquired immunity which provides specific responses. Allergic reactions occur when immunity malfunctions due to factors like genetics and stress.
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This document summarizes inflammation and its key aspects. It describes inflammation as the body's protective response to eliminate injurious agents, damaged tissues, and necrotic cells. The signs of inflammation are heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function. There are two major components of acute inflammation - vascular changes that increase blood flow and permeability, and cellular events involving leukocyte recruitment and activation through phagocytosis. Chronic inflammation is characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells, plasma cells, tissue destruction, repair, and fibrosis over prolonged periods.
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This document provides information about infectious diseases and the immune system. It begins by defining disease and explaining how pathogens cause infectious diseases. It then discusses the germ theory of disease and Koch's postulates. It describes different types of pathogens and modes of disease transmission. The second part summarizes the immune system's nonspecific and specific defenses against pathogens, including inflammation, fever, antibodies, and memory cells. It also covers immunity from vaccination and passive transfer from mother to child. The document concludes by discussing immune disorders like allergies, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiency.
hypersensitivity reactions
This document discusses hypersensitivity reactions, which are excessive or inappropriate immune responses that can cause tissue damage. There are four main types of hypersensitivity reactions classified based on their immunological mechanisms: Type I involves IgE antibodies and mast cells/basophils, Type II involves antibodies attacking host cells, Type III involves immune complex deposition, and Type IV involves T cell-mediated responses. Each type can result in localized or systemic reactions and are involved in various allergic diseases and transplant rejection.
Immunity and Immunological Products HImanshu
B pharma
D pharma
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Pharmaceutics I
Immunity and Immunological Products
types of immunity
Immunology
Toxins antibody exotoxins endotoxins
Vaccine
toxoids
sera
B.C.G. vaccine.
cholera. pertussis, plague and typhoid vaccine.
typhus vaccine.
measles, small-pox. poliomyelitis and yellow fever.
diphtheria, tetanus and staphylococcus.
Diagnostic preparations containing bacterial toxins used for Schick test and tuberculin test.
Preparations containing antibodies (antiserum, and antitoxins)used to produce passive immunity
Advances-health tech biocltechologyy recomminant dna
The document discusses the innate and adaptive immune system. It provides details on:
1) The innate immune system's first line of defense includes physical barriers like skin and membranes, inflammation, and the complement system.
2) The adaptive immune system provides another layer of protection and has B cells that secrete antibodies and T cells that help activate immune responses.
3) Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues, and examples provided are type 1 diabetes which attacks pancreatic beta cells and Myasthenia Gravis.
Cells and organs of the immune system
This document provides an overview of the cells and organs of the immune system. It discusses the innate and adaptive immune systems. The innate immune system provides immediate defense through anatomical, inflammatory, phagocytic, and physiological barriers. It also activates the adaptive immune system. The adaptive immune system creates immunological memory. It has both humoral immunity via B cells and antibodies, and cell-mediated immunity via T cells. Key cells involved include macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, B cells, and T cells. Organs of the immune system work together to recognize and eliminate pathogens while distinguishing self from non-self.
Allergy and Immunization.pptx
This is the process by which individual’s immune system becomes fortified against an infectious agents (immunogen) to a subsequent encounter naturally or , also achieved by vaccination.
An exaggerated immune response to innocuous antigens (harmless foreign substance) in an individual upon reexposure. Also known as Hypersensitivity or Allergic reactions.
Body Defense Mechanism
The document summarizes the body's defense mechanisms against infection. It discusses three lines of defense: physical and chemical barriers that block pathogens from entering the body, defensive cells and proteins that attack invading pathogens, and the immune system. The immune system has both innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides broad and immediate defense through physical barriers and cells. Adaptive immunity has targeted responses through humoral immunity using antibodies or cell-mediated immunity using T cells.
immunology and microbiology topics notes
The document discusses immunity, which is the ability to resist infection or disease. There are two main types of immunity: innate and acquired (adaptive). Innate immunity is nonspecific and provides immediate protection through physical and chemical barriers. Acquired immunity develops after exposure to an antigen and provides long-lasting, antigen-specific protection through antibodies and T cells. The immune system uses both types of immunity to protect the body by distinguishing self from nonself.
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Editor's Notes
- See page 60 of text: malaria Autosomal recessive hereditary disease Description and etiology is the medical classification Signs/symptoms/lab values are the distinguishing features
- Pathogens include bacteria, fungi, worms, protozoa, parasites, viruses Trauma = injury or wound caused by external force Physical & Chemical agents=extreme temperature, radiation, atmospheric pressure, electric shock, poisoning, drowning, bites, asphyxiation, burns Genetic= neoplasm, mutations, autosomal dominant/recessive Metabolic or nutritional= malnourish, vitamin and mineral deficiency or excesses Ask students for 3 examples of disease for each category
- Example: malaria Risk of death, medication resistance, weakness due to anemia, jaundice (liver problems, fatigue) Illness experience includes: Onset – 1 st symptoms appear Diagnosis – identification of disease/condition Patient status – how patient adjusts to the condition Recovery – may not be “all better”
- Local venules, arterioles, and capillaries dilate causing blood flow to injured area (causing heat and redness) As the blood flow increases, more leukocytes reach the area, lining up within the capillary walls The damaged cells release histamine, causing …. Increased permeability of the capillary walls allowing plasma and neutrophils to leave the blood vessels and into the surrounding tissue Swelling (edema) puts pressure on sensitive nerve endings causing pain and tenderness Pain and tenderness causes loss of function Factors that reduce the inflammatory response are adequate nutrition, rest, good blood supply
- Natural immunity through genetic makeup, normal body structure Acquired – defense of recognized, specific antigen by antibodies
- Anaphylaxis: severe allergic reaction usually life threatening. Acute May occur after single or multiple exposures. Can occur within seconds or 40-50 minutes later Ask students if they have allergies, what are their symptoms.