Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) allow communication between vehicles and roadside infrastructure without a preexisting network. The document discusses VANET standards, network architectures, routing protocols, and simulation results comparing the topology-based DSDV protocol and position-based EBGR protocol. EBGR has better throughput and packet delivery but higher delay than DSDV. Future work aims to improve routing efficiency, security, and enable VANET cloud technologies. VANETs can support applications like safety, traffic efficiency, and infotainment.

1. AN OVERVIEW OF VEHICULAR AD-
HOC NETWORKS
Presented by,
E.V.S.S.Vyshnavi,
14251D6514
Guided by
Mr.N.Rama Krishna,
Assistant professor.

2. ACRONYMS
 MANET-Mobile Ad-Hoc network
 VANET-Vehicular Ad-Hoc network
 DSRC-Dedicated short range communications
 WAVE-wireless access for vehicular communications
 DSDV-Destination sequence distance vector
 EBGR-Edge based greedy routing
 DTN-Delay tolerant Network
 Non-DTN-Non Delay tolerant Network
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3. Cont..
 GPSR- Greedy stateless perimeter routing
 FSR- Fisheye state routing
 ADOV- Ad-hoc On-demand DistanceVector
 DSR- Dynamic source routing
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4. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Vehicular ad-hoc networks
 Standards
 Network architecture
 Characteristics
 Routing protocols
 Difference between topology and position based protocols
 Simulation parameters
 Conclusion and future scope
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5. INTRODUCTION
 Ad-hoc does not relay on any pre existing infrastructure.
 Each node participates in routing .
 Ad –hoc network is dynamic in nature .
 Multiple ‘nodes’ connected by ‘link’.
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Fig 1: Ad-hoc network

6. Cont..
 Main application is “MANET” [2].
 Continuously self-configuring, infrastructure-less network.
 One of the main application is “VANET” [1].
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Fig 2: MANET

7. Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (“VANET”)
 Communication between vehicles and roadside equipment.
 Mobile nodes-Vehicles.
 Different types of communication
 Vehicle to vehicle communication
 Vehicle to road side communication
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8. Fig 3:VANET scenario
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9. Standards
 DSRC
 Spectrum-5.9 Mhz
 Band width- 75Mhz
 Modulation – OFDM,2-PSK,4-PSK
 Coverage area – 1000mts (max)
 WAVE
 Spectrum-5.9Ghz
 Bandwidth -10MHz
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10. Network architecture
 Pure ad hoc network
 Cellular network
 Hybrid network
Fig 4:Pure ad hoc network
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11. Fig 5:Cellular network Fig 6:Hybrid network
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12. Characteristics of VANET’s
 High mobility
 Rapidly changing network topology
 Unbounded network size
 Frequent exchange of information
 Time critical
 Sufficient energy
 Better physical protection
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13. Routing protocols
VANET’s
Unicast Broadcast Multicast/geocast Cluster
• Based on the routing information ,the routing protocols are
classified into
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Fig 7 : classification of routing protocols

14. Unicast routing protocols
 Fundamental operation – route from source-to-destination.
Fig 8:Unicast routing
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15. Cont..
 The unicast routing protocols are classified as
Unicast
Topology based Position based
proactive Reactive
DSDV,FSR ADOV,DSR
DTN Non -
DTN
GPSR,EBGR
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Fig 9: classification of unicast routing protocols

16. Topology based routing protocols
 Every node have
 Routing tables for storing link information.
 Global topology information.
 Updated frequently
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17. i.Proactive routing protocols
 These are also known as table driven protocols.
 Routing table – updates when there is change .
 The shortest path algorithms are used to find out which route
is chosen.
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18. DSDV: Destination sequence distance
vector routing protocol [1] [5]
First routing protocol
Table contains
Shortest distance
First node on the shortest path
Routes to the destination is readily available at every node at
all times.
Destination no. Next node no. Distance Sequence
number
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Fig 10 : Table format of node

19. Cont…
Exchange of tables between nodes at regular intervals.
 Table updates are of two types :
Incremental updates
Full dumps
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20. 19/30
Fig 11 :Route establishment in DSDV
Dest Next node Distance Seq
no
2 2 1 22
3 2 2 26
4 5 2 32
5 5 1 134
6 6 1 144
7 2 3 162
8 5 3 170
9 2 4 186
10 6 2 142
11 6 3 176
12 5 3 190
13 5 4 198
14 6 3 214
15 5 4 256
Table 1 :routing table for node 1

21. Routes all destinations are
available
Change
in local
topology
N
Y
Forward the packets
start
Forward the packets
updates are initiated by
destination with sequence no,.
If seq.
no >
previo
us one
A
A
Table is either updated or
holds it for best metric
N
Reject the
packet
Forward the packets to
destination
Y
Fig 12:Flow chart of
DSDV protocol
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22. ii. Position based protocols
 Routing decisions - geographic position of the vehicles.
 This does not require establishment or maintenance of routes.
 Requires location services to determine the position of the
destination.
 Every node continuously sends beacon packets.
There are two types
◦ DTN
◦ Non – DTN
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23. Cont..
Non- DTN
 Mindelay protocols.
EBGR: Edge based greedy routing algorithm [1] [4]
Used for unicast and broad cast.
Optimize packet behavior.
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24. Cont..
The EBGR algorithm has three basic functional units.
The Neighbor Node Identification (NNI)
The Node Direction Identification (NDI)
The Edge node Selection (ENS)
Distance calculation (DC)
Direction of motion identification (DMI)
Reckoning Link Stability(RLS)
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25. Difference between topology and position based
routing protocols
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Table 2 : Difference between topology and position based routing protocols

26. Simulation parameters
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Table 3 : simulation setup

27. i. Throughput
• Compared to DSDV,EBGR have
better performance
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EBGR
DSDV
Fig 14: Throughput Vs no. of packets
ii. End to End Delay
•Overall delay is more in EBGR
compared to DSDV DSDV
EBGR
Fig 15: End to End delay Vs no. of packets

28. iii . Packet delivery ratio
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DSDV
EBGR
•Packet delivery ratio is
efficient in EBGR compared
to DSDV
Fig 16: Packet delivery ratio Vs no. of packets

29. Challenging issues in VANET’s
 Technical challenges
i. Network management
ii. Congestion and collision control
iii. Environmental impact
iv. Security
 Social and economic challenges
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30. Applications
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Table 4 : Applications of VANET’s

31. Conclusion
In VANET’s , the description of architecture , protocols and
simulation results of unicast protocols of vehicular ad hoc networks,
followed by the characteristics the implementation of applications at
present and in future are discussed.
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32. Future scope
•Efficiency of routing protocols will be improved.
 Security of vehicles , communication will be improved to larger
extent.
 VANET cloud is another technology which will be used in VANET’s
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33. References
[1] Venkatesh, A Indra, R Murali “Routing Protocols for Vehicular Adhoc
Networks (VANETs): A Review” –IEEE journal “Journal of Emerging Trends in
Computing and Information Sciences "an 2014
[2] http://www.ijarcsse.com/docs/papers/Volume_3/5_May2013/V3I5-0267.pdf
[3] “Parametric Analysis Of Vanet’s Routing Protocols” . International Journal of
Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 2 Issue 7, July - 2013 .
[4] “ Efficient Packet Forwarding Approach in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
Using EBGR Algorithm” . IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues,
Vol. 7, Issue 1, No. 3, January 2010
[5] C.Shiva ram murthy and B.S.Manoj “Ad hoc networks and wireless sensor
networks “.

34. THANK YOU !!!

35. Queries??