1) The study investigated the efficacy of Bio-nimbecidine botanical powder in controlling infestation of the cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus, in stored grains of two cowpea varieties and bambara groundnut.
2) Grains treated with higher doses (0.06g and 0.08g) of Bio-nimbecidine powder had significantly lower numbers of C. maculatus eggs laid, fewer emerging adult bruchids of the first filial generation, and less severity of damage than untreated grains or grains treated with lower doses.
3) Bio-nimbecidine powder shows potential as a safe and effective protectant
Identification of defense proteins in pearl millet seeds effective against Ma...ICRISAT
Pearl millet leaf blast is caused by Magnaporthe grisea (Anamorph, Pyricularia grisea) has been recently emerged as devastating disease with economic significance in India. It is well-known that host plant resistance is the most economical strategy to effectively manage this disease; hence, identification of resistance sources for blast disease is important to incorporate resistance genes into elite breeding lines. On the other hand, fungal cell wall is a multi-layered, in which chitin and glucan are the major polysaccharide constituents (Figure 1). In this view, chitinases and glucanases gain significant attention as antifungal enzymes. These were produced as pathogenesis related (PR) hydrolses in plants with constitutive expression in seeds, leaves, flowers, tubers and induced upon pathogen invasion. They exert their defensive role by decomposing the fungal cell wall polysaccharides chitin and glucan into respective monomers as N-Acetyl D-glucosamine and D-glucose residues (Prasannath, 2017). Whereas, protease inhibitors (PIs) are known to participate in defensive role by inhibiting the extracellular protease activity secretes from actively growing fungal mycelia as well as cysteine proteases involved in the chitin synthase activity (Joshi et al., 1998). Hence, the present study is focused on the screening of chitinases, glucanases and cysteine protease inhibitors in ten pearl millet seed proteins with differential disease resistance and evaluation of their anti fungal efficacy against growth of P. grisea (Pg 45), prevalent isolate in Hyderabad, Telangana region.
Biostimulatory effect of shilajeet on wheat (triticum astivum) seed germinationAlexander Decker
1. The study investigated the effect of different concentrations of Shilajeet, a natural biostimulant, on wheat seed germination and enzyme activity.
2. Seeds treated with 10ppm and 100ppm Shilajeet showed increased germination rates of 12% and 24%, respectively, compared to untreated seeds. However, 1000ppm treatment inhibited germination.
3. Activities of the enzymes α-amylase, starch-phosphorylase, and hexokinase, which are indicators of seed germination, were higher in seeds treated with 10ppm and 100ppm Shilajeet compared to untreated seeds. 1000ppm treatment decreased enzyme activities.
Application of electrospun nanofibres in food processingsujayasree o.j
Electrospinning was used to produce nanofibrous mats loaded with bioactive compounds for applications in food processing and preservation. Specifically, zein nanofibers loaded with curcumin were able to inhibit the growth of fungal pathogens on apples, maintaining quality for longer. Similarly, polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers encapsulating cinnamon essential oil extended the shelf life of strawberries by releasing the antimicrobial agent in a sustained manner. Electrospinning is a versatile technique for generating antimicrobial nanofibers for active food packaging applications to reduce food waste and preserve quality.
Comparative analysis of some biochemical responses of winter and spring wheat...Innspub Net
To compare changes of biochemical indices between spring (Kavir) and winter (Azar2) cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under low temperature, 14 days old wheat seedlings were exposed to cold. The seedlings were transferred into growth chamber for 9 days at 5/3 °C (day/night) as cold treatment, or at 20/18 °C as control. Proline content, total protein accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes, were assayed in the leaf extracts of control and cold treated plants. The results showed that cold led to an accumulation of proline and an increase in protein level, especially in winter cultivar. Rapid increases in proline and protein accumulations were observed during early stages of cold stress. SOD activity displayed no significant differences between the two cultivars during the first 3 days after cold stress, while in Azar 2, the level of SOD activity was gradually increased after 3 days of cold stress. The POD and CAT activity were higher in plants grown at cold stress than in the controls; however, their rate was different in winter and spring wheat cultivars. In general, Azar2 showed relatively higher POD and CAT activity compared to Kavir. Regarding antioxidant enzymes activities, cultivars respond differently under cold stress. Articles source: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Advances in use of plant bio-regulators for fruit production-includes new gen...Panchaal Bhattacharjee
1. The document discusses a seminar presentation on advances in the use of plant bio-regulators (PBRs) for fruit production. It begins with an introduction to PBRs, their classification, mechanisms of action, and physiological effects.
2. The document then presents case studies on the effects of a brassinosteroid analogue on passion fruit yield, and the effects of brassinosteroids, gibberellins, and kinetin on almond pollen germination, tube growth, and fruit set. Both studies showed PBRs increased yields by improving various fruit growth and development parameters.
3. In conclusion, the studies demonstrated that judicious application of PBRs can help overcome
The Studies of Effect of Bio Fertilizers Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria, and Root...IIJSRJournal
A pot culture experiment was carried out and to the find out the effect of Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria and Root Nodule extract on the vegetative growth and biochemical changes in Black gram and Maize. The Black gram and Maize is vegetative parameters such as seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight had analyzed and biochemical studies of both Black gram and Maize was carried such as total chlorophyll content, leave soluble protein and in vivo nitrate reductase activity. Among microbial inoculants, the Rhizobium + PB mixer was found most effective in terms of seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight and also showed increase total chlorophyll content, soluble protein and nitrate activities in both Black gram and Maize.
grape is very important fruit crop and quality of its improved through various techniques like using various plant growth regulators e.g. gibberellic acid improve the size of berry, etc
IRJET- Regeneration studies in chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.)IRJET Journal
This study investigated regeneration in four chickpea varieties using mature embryo axes on MS and B5 media supplemented
with plant growth hormones. The varieties Vijay and Vishal showed 100% regeneration capacity on medium M3 (B5+BAP+NAA+Kinetin).
Regeneration started within 11-16 days depending on the variety and medium. There was variation in number of shoots produced
per explant. Profuse rooting occurred on media with 0.5-1.0 mg/L IBA. The protocol provides an efficient method for chickpea
regeneration that could enable genetic transformation.
Identification of defense proteins in pearl millet seeds effective against Ma...ICRISAT
Pearl millet leaf blast is caused by Magnaporthe grisea (Anamorph, Pyricularia grisea) has been recently emerged as devastating disease with economic significance in India. It is well-known that host plant resistance is the most economical strategy to effectively manage this disease; hence, identification of resistance sources for blast disease is important to incorporate resistance genes into elite breeding lines. On the other hand, fungal cell wall is a multi-layered, in which chitin and glucan are the major polysaccharide constituents (Figure 1). In this view, chitinases and glucanases gain significant attention as antifungal enzymes. These were produced as pathogenesis related (PR) hydrolses in plants with constitutive expression in seeds, leaves, flowers, tubers and induced upon pathogen invasion. They exert their defensive role by decomposing the fungal cell wall polysaccharides chitin and glucan into respective monomers as N-Acetyl D-glucosamine and D-glucose residues (Prasannath, 2017). Whereas, protease inhibitors (PIs) are known to participate in defensive role by inhibiting the extracellular protease activity secretes from actively growing fungal mycelia as well as cysteine proteases involved in the chitin synthase activity (Joshi et al., 1998). Hence, the present study is focused on the screening of chitinases, glucanases and cysteine protease inhibitors in ten pearl millet seed proteins with differential disease resistance and evaluation of their anti fungal efficacy against growth of P. grisea (Pg 45), prevalent isolate in Hyderabad, Telangana region.
Biostimulatory effect of shilajeet on wheat (triticum astivum) seed germinationAlexander Decker
1. The study investigated the effect of different concentrations of Shilajeet, a natural biostimulant, on wheat seed germination and enzyme activity.
2. Seeds treated with 10ppm and 100ppm Shilajeet showed increased germination rates of 12% and 24%, respectively, compared to untreated seeds. However, 1000ppm treatment inhibited germination.
3. Activities of the enzymes α-amylase, starch-phosphorylase, and hexokinase, which are indicators of seed germination, were higher in seeds treated with 10ppm and 100ppm Shilajeet compared to untreated seeds. 1000ppm treatment decreased enzyme activities.
Application of electrospun nanofibres in food processingsujayasree o.j
Electrospinning was used to produce nanofibrous mats loaded with bioactive compounds for applications in food processing and preservation. Specifically, zein nanofibers loaded with curcumin were able to inhibit the growth of fungal pathogens on apples, maintaining quality for longer. Similarly, polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers encapsulating cinnamon essential oil extended the shelf life of strawberries by releasing the antimicrobial agent in a sustained manner. Electrospinning is a versatile technique for generating antimicrobial nanofibers for active food packaging applications to reduce food waste and preserve quality.
Comparative analysis of some biochemical responses of winter and spring wheat...Innspub Net
To compare changes of biochemical indices between spring (Kavir) and winter (Azar2) cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under low temperature, 14 days old wheat seedlings were exposed to cold. The seedlings were transferred into growth chamber for 9 days at 5/3 °C (day/night) as cold treatment, or at 20/18 °C as control. Proline content, total protein accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes, were assayed in the leaf extracts of control and cold treated plants. The results showed that cold led to an accumulation of proline and an increase in protein level, especially in winter cultivar. Rapid increases in proline and protein accumulations were observed during early stages of cold stress. SOD activity displayed no significant differences between the two cultivars during the first 3 days after cold stress, while in Azar 2, the level of SOD activity was gradually increased after 3 days of cold stress. The POD and CAT activity were higher in plants grown at cold stress than in the controls; however, their rate was different in winter and spring wheat cultivars. In general, Azar2 showed relatively higher POD and CAT activity compared to Kavir. Regarding antioxidant enzymes activities, cultivars respond differently under cold stress. Articles source: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Advances in use of plant bio-regulators for fruit production-includes new gen...Panchaal Bhattacharjee
1. The document discusses a seminar presentation on advances in the use of plant bio-regulators (PBRs) for fruit production. It begins with an introduction to PBRs, their classification, mechanisms of action, and physiological effects.
2. The document then presents case studies on the effects of a brassinosteroid analogue on passion fruit yield, and the effects of brassinosteroids, gibberellins, and kinetin on almond pollen germination, tube growth, and fruit set. Both studies showed PBRs increased yields by improving various fruit growth and development parameters.
3. In conclusion, the studies demonstrated that judicious application of PBRs can help overcome
The Studies of Effect of Bio Fertilizers Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria, and Root...IIJSRJournal
A pot culture experiment was carried out and to the find out the effect of Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria and Root Nodule extract on the vegetative growth and biochemical changes in Black gram and Maize. The Black gram and Maize is vegetative parameters such as seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight had analyzed and biochemical studies of both Black gram and Maize was carried such as total chlorophyll content, leave soluble protein and in vivo nitrate reductase activity. Among microbial inoculants, the Rhizobium + PB mixer was found most effective in terms of seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight and also showed increase total chlorophyll content, soluble protein and nitrate activities in both Black gram and Maize.
grape is very important fruit crop and quality of its improved through various techniques like using various plant growth regulators e.g. gibberellic acid improve the size of berry, etc
IRJET- Regeneration studies in chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.)IRJET Journal
This study investigated regeneration in four chickpea varieties using mature embryo axes on MS and B5 media supplemented
with plant growth hormones. The varieties Vijay and Vishal showed 100% regeneration capacity on medium M3 (B5+BAP+NAA+Kinetin).
Regeneration started within 11-16 days depending on the variety and medium. There was variation in number of shoots produced
per explant. Profuse rooting occurred on media with 0.5-1.0 mg/L IBA. The protocol provides an efficient method for chickpea
regeneration that could enable genetic transformation.
Effect of Different Concentrations of Glycerol on survival of Azotobacter chr...IIJSRJournal
This document discusses a study that evaluated the effect of different concentrations of glycerol on the survival of the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azotobacter chroococcum in liquid formulations. Azotobacter was inoculated into Jensen's broth containing various concentrations of glycerol from 5 mM to 25 mM. The number of surviving Azotobacter colonies was counted over 360 days. Results showed that survival was highest in the 25 mM glycerol formulation, with 22 colonies surviving after 360 days. Survival was lowest in the 5 mM glycerol formulation, with only 5 colonies surviving after 360 days. Additionally, three Azotobacter strains showed different survival rates in the 25 mM glycerol formulation over 360 days, demonstrating an
Chemical analysis and short term toxicological evaluation ofAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the short-term toxicological effects of using defatted Garcinia mangostana seed residue (GMSR) to replace wheat in rat feed. Key findings include:
- Proximate analysis found GMSR to be high in carbohydrates (71.02%) and low in protein (8.09%).
- Rats fed a diet with GMSR replacing wheat showed similar weight gain and physical appearance to the control group over 6 weeks.
- Hematological and histopathological results were also similar between the two groups with a few minor differences.
- The study suggests GMSR may be a suitable replacement for wheat in rat feed as
This document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial activity of various fern species found in Darjeeling, India. Five fern species were found to have antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria: Athyrium filix-femina, Dicranopteris linearis, Tectaria impressa, Hypolepis punctata, and Pleopeltis macromarpa. Ethanol extracts of these five species were tested against Bacillus megaterium and E. coli bacteria using the agar cup diffusion method. Dicranopteris linearis and Tectaria impressa showed similar activity against both types of bacteria. Athyrium filix-femina was more effective
IRJET-Plant Regeneration by Somatic Embryogenesis in Azadirachta Indica A.Jus...IRJET Journal
1) The study investigated somatic embryogenesis in neem (Azadirachta indica) as a potential method for high rate propagation.
2) Leaf and stem explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with growth regulators like BA and 2,4-D formed callus, with 0.5 mg/L BA stimulating earlier callus formation.
3) Only BA induced somatic embryo formation from the callus, with 0.5 mg/L BA responding faster than 1.0 mg/L BA. The highest number of somatic embryos formed was 180 from stem explants on 1.0 mg/L BA.
The use of biotechnology in the propagation of plantain and
banana (Musa sp.) of great importance to induce, tolerant to plant genotypes for
diseases and high yield potentials. However, auxins and cytokinins should be used,
which are expensive and can sometimes cause changes in the regenerants obtained.
Both traditional growth regulators (auxins and cytokinins) and non-traditional growth
regulators (brassinosteroid analogues and mixtures oligogalacturonide) are used in
the in vitro propagation of crops, but mush progress has been hindering due to the
sufficient knowledge and impact of different phases prevailing in the
micropropagation of banana hybrid 'FHIA-18' (AAAB) is present hitherto. This work
was performed in order to evaluate the biological activity of an analogue of
brassinosteroids (Biobras-6) *ABr+ and a mixture of oligogalacturonide with the degree
of polymerization between 9 and 16 (Pectimorf) *mOLG+. The effect of ABr and mOLG
are determined as a substitute or complement of auxin (IBA or IAA) and cytokinin (6-
BAP) for the establishment of in vitro multiplication and rooting of plantlets and in the
acclimatization phase. Non-traditional regulators phenolization decrease the explant
growth in the establishment phase of in vitro propagation; but increased the number
of shoots per explants (above 3.5) and improved survival of vitro plant during the
acclimatization phase.
insecticidal effects of eudesmanes from pluchea sagittalisIJEAB
Eudesmanoids play an important role in the protection of plants against herbivores. Pluchea sagittalis (Lamarck) Cabrera (Asteraceae) is widespread in tropical South America and contains compounds that provide protection against phytophagous insects. In the present work we isolated seven sesquiterpenoids with eudesmane skeletons that were evaluated for their insecticidal activities against Spodoptera frugiperda and Ceratitis capitata, pests that cause serious damage to crops in the Argentine northwest. The Eudesmanes were incorporated at different concentrations to the diet of Spodoptera frugiperda. In the choice test, larval feeding behavior was altered. The eudesmanes 1, 5 and 7 showed the highest activity with feeding election indexes (FEI) of 50, 50, and 72 %, respectively at 200 µg/g of diet. When tested for insecticidal activity using neonate larvae with the no-choice artificial diet bioassays, eudesmane 1 was the most toxic in the larval stage (LD50 177.80 mg/g of diet). Compounds 5 lowered the percentage of adult emergence and produced the most malformations (72%) compared with control. Drastic effects were observed in the oviposition deterrence activity against C. capitata. The maximum oviposition deterrence (87 %) was recorded with eudesmane 5 at dose 30 µg/cm2 of artificial fruit. Finally, eudesmanes 6 and 7 showed significant larval and pupal mortality against the first generation larvae of viable eggs oviposited by females fed with the treated diet (100 µg / g artificial diet).
Role of new generation plant bioregulators in fruitSindhu Reddy
In order meet out the emerging consumer demand and challenges towards fruit production, there is the need to explore new interventions. One among that is use of new generation plant growth regulators in fruit crops. Plant growth regulators (PGR), recently name has been changed to plant bio-regulators (PBR’s) are defined as organic compounds, other than nutrients, that in small concentrations, affect the physiological processes of plants. There are five classical growth hormones which have the specific function in growth and development were already commercially exploited in fruit crops, but use of new generation growth regulators in fruit crops are recent and emerging trend. New generation PBR’s includes brassinosteroids, Jasmonate, salicylic acid, polyamines, karrikins and strigolactones and retardants such as 1-MCP and prohexodione-Ca. These are utilized in fruit crops starting from propagation to improving quality also including biotic and abiotic stress resistant. Hence, new generation plant growth regulators are an effective alternative for future fruit production combating major production challenges.
This document lists numerous patents and publications by Pratima Bajpai related to the pulp and paper industry. It includes over 20 books published from 1996-2015 on various topics within the industry such as enzymes, biotechnology, effluent treatment, bleaching processes and more. The document also lists over 30 research papers published in peer-reviewed journals from 1981-1987 covering studies on ethanol production, enzyme optimization, and use of pulp mill waste.
Thermostable cellulose degrading bacteria were isolated from Dirang hotspring in India. Two isolates, DB1 and DB2, were identified as Bacillus species. DB1 produced a 36kDa cellulase enzyme with optimal activity at 50°C and pH 6.5. Insilico analysis showed the enzyme had highest binding affinity for cellotriose. The cellulases were used in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida shehatae to produce ethanol from pretreated agrowaste like cabbage leaves, achieving up to 16.12g/L reducing sugars and 13.70g/L ethanol in bioreactor trials.
Evaluation of seed storage proteins in common bean by some biplot analysisINNS PUBNET
In order to study of seed storage proteins, proteins samples of common bean genotypes were prepared by 0.2 M
NaCl of extracting soluble. Genotypes were located in two groups by cluster analysis using Wilks’ lambda
statistic. Two groups were different for yield components (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant
and seed weight). Factor analysis showed that two factors described 61% of total proteins variation. Correlated
bands with yield components characters had the highest coefficients for the first factor. This factor was named
“yield components proteins”. Protein bands via RM 58 and 64 had relationship with days to flowering.
Therefore, the second factor was named “phenologic proteins”. Genotypes were located in four groups by these
factors. Length, angle and presence of protein bands were important characteristics to explain graphical
information in GGE biplot compared to factor analysis. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-3-number-5-may-2013/
Comparison of Resistance to Fusarium wilts disease in Seeded and Regenerated ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that compared the resistance to Fusarium wilt disease in seeded and regenerated sesame plants. The researchers established a system for regenerating sesame plants through tissue culture using different plant growth regulators, which resulted in somaclonal variation. Regenerated and seeded plantlets were compared for resistance after being inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum fsp sesami. Seeded plantlets displayed signs of susceptibility and died within 20 days, while regenerated plantlets resisted infection and continued growing despite being smaller and weaker initially. The results demonstrated that somaclonal variation through tissue culture induced resistance to Fusarium wilt in regenerated sesame plantlets.
42.Mosquitoeslarvicidal activity of leaf extract of Neem(Azadirachta indica)Annadurai B
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the larvicidal effects of methanol and ethanol leaf extracts of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) on mosquito larvae. The extracts were tested at concentrations of 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 mg/100ml on 3rd and 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. The 200 mg/100ml concentration resulted in the highest mortality rate of 90% for both mosquito species tested, compared to lower mortality rates at lower concentrations. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified several compounds in the methanol leaf extract including Caproic acid, oleic acid, and phy
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators and Explant Type on Multiple Shoot Induc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Sesamum indicum L. is used as an important oil crop in the world. For establishing of a simple and a rapid system for in vitro culture of sesame shoot tips and hypocotyls explants were cultured on MS media with differtent combinations and concentrations of PGRs. On medium with 5 mgl-1BA plus 1 mgl-1 IAA and 1 mgl-1 ABA mutliple shoot induction on explants was occurred. Multiple shoot indution on medium supplemented with 2 mgl-1BA and 0.3 mgl-1 NAA happen with a short phase of callusing. Also MS medium with 3 mgl-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mgl-1 kinetin was a suitable medium for inducing of somatic embryogenic calli with the frequency of sub-culturing potential. Regenerated shoots on both media rooted on MS medium plus 1.5 mgl-1 NAA and 0.03 mgl-1 BA and whole regenerated plantlets formed.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effects of manually processed bio pesticides on crop production and pest mana...Alexander Decker
1) The study tested different botanical extracts as biopesticides on okra crops to determine their effects on pest management and crop production.
2) The extracts tested were neem leaf, garlic bulb, and papaya leaf extracts at various concentrations. Neem leaf extracts at 5ml/l performed the best, inhibiting pests without compromising crop growth or fruit production.
3) Higher concentrations of biopesticides were generally more effective at pest control than lower concentrations. Neem leaf extracts in particular provided outstanding pest management and maintained high crop yields.
Organogenesis of Ammi Majus Via Callus Culture from LeafSandip Magdum
Ammi majus L. is an imperiled medicinal plant, which contains various medically important and uncommon extraordinary secondary metabolite compounds.. An efficient organogenesis protocol was established for Ammi majus through in vitro process of leaf callusing, shooting and rooting by using different combination of auxins and cytokinins. In vitro cultured juvenile leaf explants were used directly for callus formation on MS supplemented with different concentration of IAA, Kn and CH. Maximum percentage response for callus formation was 97.7 after 5 weeks of incubation on MS supplemented with 2 mg/l IAA, 2 mg/l Kn and 1000 mg/l CH. About 81% of calluses converted to shoot on callusing medium supplemented with 50 mg/l glutamine and 40 mg/l adenine, after 80 days of culture. Plantlets with shoot were transferred to half strength of MS with different concentration of IBA and glutamine. Maximum rooting of 75.96% was observed on half strength of MS supplemented with 0.2% of IBA and 100 mg/l glutamine. The present study gives reliable in vitro regeneration protocol for Ammi majus L. from leaf explants, which may be used for future commercial‐scale propagation and genetic study.
Conversion of crop waste in to pink oyster mushroom pleurotus eous.Dr. siddhant
This study evaluated 10 locally available crop wastes for their suitability as substrates for growing the pink oyster mushroom Pleurotus eous. The time required for spawn running, pinhead initiation and fruit body maturation was shortest on paddy straw and it produced the highest yield (330g) and biological efficiency (66%). Paddy straw was found to be a better substrate than the control wheat straw for cultivating P. eous mushrooms based on yield and growth parameters. The study demonstrated that agricultural waste materials can be effectively utilized for mushroom cultivation.
This document reports on a study that investigated the effects of various radiomimetic agents (EMS, MMS, MES) on plant height and pod numbers in two varieties of Trigonella foenum graecum L. (fenugreek). The study found that treatment with these agents generally increased plant height and pod numbers compared to untreated control plants. Specifically, 0.3% MMS increased plant height and pod numbers the most in the Desi methi variety, while 0.1% MES and 0.3% MMS increased height and pod numbers respectively the most in the Kasuri methi variety. The results indicate that these radiomimetic agents have potential for inducing mutations to improve crop yields
Effect of radiomimetic agents on two varieties of Trigonella with emphasis o...Dheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT
The radiomimetic agents like, EMS (Ethyl Methane Sulphonate), MMS (Methyl Methane
Sulphonate) and MES (Methyl Ethane Sulphonate) induce plant height and number of pods per plant
in two varieties of Trigonella foenum graecum L. i.e., Desi methi and Kasuri methi. Plant height at
maturity increases by the treatment of 0.3% MMS in Desi and 0.1%MES in Kasuri methi. Number
of pods per plant observed under the treatment of 0.3% EMS and 0.3% MMS in Desi methi and
Kasuri methi, respectively. The mutants obtained from the treatments 0.3% MMS for height, 0.3%
EMS for number of pods per plant in Desi methi and treatments 0.1% MES for height, 0.3% MMS
for number of pods per plant in Kasuri methi give more yield as compared to control plants.
11.[28 35]insecticidal activity of garlic (alium sativum (l.)) oil on calloso...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the insecticidal effects of garlic oil on Callosobruchus maculatus, a bruchid beetle pest of stored cowpeas. The study tested different concentrations of garlic oil (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 ml) on three cowpea varieties, both before and after the beetles laid their eggs. Results showed that garlic oil treatment significantly reduced the number of eggs laid and the number of adult beetles that emerged, compared to untreated controls. Treatment before egg laying appeared to be more effective than treatment after eggs were laid at protecting the cowpeas from infestation and damage.
Biological control of larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Cole...Premier Publishers
The use of synthetic insecticide has been faced with challenges of resistance among other drawbacks. This has necessitated the search for bio-pesticide that are environmentally friendly, non-toxic to humans and have a residual effect. This study evaluated the entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana for biological control of larger grain borer (LGB) Prostephanus truncatus in maize grains. Pathogenicity examination of dead adult LGB in maize grains treated with conidia of B. bassiana was done to confirm the source of LGB mortality in B. bassiana treated maize grains. Adult dead LGB were subjected to high humidity and observed for the growth of white mould (Muscadine disease), which was cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar and identified. Eighty six percent of the dead insects from treated maize grains showed fungal growth B. bassiana. Mortality of LGB generally increased with the concentration and the exposure time of the treatments. The “weight of grain dust”, “percentage of grain damaged” and “percentage of grain weight loss” were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the untreated maize kernels. Beauvaria bassiana formulation was effective in controlling LGB and is recommended for maize storage. Further studies should be conducted to test the formulation under farmer situations in order to deal with practical challenges.
Effect of Different Concentrations of Glycerol on survival of Azotobacter chr...IIJSRJournal
This document discusses a study that evaluated the effect of different concentrations of glycerol on the survival of the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azotobacter chroococcum in liquid formulations. Azotobacter was inoculated into Jensen's broth containing various concentrations of glycerol from 5 mM to 25 mM. The number of surviving Azotobacter colonies was counted over 360 days. Results showed that survival was highest in the 25 mM glycerol formulation, with 22 colonies surviving after 360 days. Survival was lowest in the 5 mM glycerol formulation, with only 5 colonies surviving after 360 days. Additionally, three Azotobacter strains showed different survival rates in the 25 mM glycerol formulation over 360 days, demonstrating an
Chemical analysis and short term toxicological evaluation ofAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the short-term toxicological effects of using defatted Garcinia mangostana seed residue (GMSR) to replace wheat in rat feed. Key findings include:
- Proximate analysis found GMSR to be high in carbohydrates (71.02%) and low in protein (8.09%).
- Rats fed a diet with GMSR replacing wheat showed similar weight gain and physical appearance to the control group over 6 weeks.
- Hematological and histopathological results were also similar between the two groups with a few minor differences.
- The study suggests GMSR may be a suitable replacement for wheat in rat feed as
This document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial activity of various fern species found in Darjeeling, India. Five fern species were found to have antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria: Athyrium filix-femina, Dicranopteris linearis, Tectaria impressa, Hypolepis punctata, and Pleopeltis macromarpa. Ethanol extracts of these five species were tested against Bacillus megaterium and E. coli bacteria using the agar cup diffusion method. Dicranopteris linearis and Tectaria impressa showed similar activity against both types of bacteria. Athyrium filix-femina was more effective
IRJET-Plant Regeneration by Somatic Embryogenesis in Azadirachta Indica A.Jus...IRJET Journal
1) The study investigated somatic embryogenesis in neem (Azadirachta indica) as a potential method for high rate propagation.
2) Leaf and stem explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with growth regulators like BA and 2,4-D formed callus, with 0.5 mg/L BA stimulating earlier callus formation.
3) Only BA induced somatic embryo formation from the callus, with 0.5 mg/L BA responding faster than 1.0 mg/L BA. The highest number of somatic embryos formed was 180 from stem explants on 1.0 mg/L BA.
The use of biotechnology in the propagation of plantain and
banana (Musa sp.) of great importance to induce, tolerant to plant genotypes for
diseases and high yield potentials. However, auxins and cytokinins should be used,
which are expensive and can sometimes cause changes in the regenerants obtained.
Both traditional growth regulators (auxins and cytokinins) and non-traditional growth
regulators (brassinosteroid analogues and mixtures oligogalacturonide) are used in
the in vitro propagation of crops, but mush progress has been hindering due to the
sufficient knowledge and impact of different phases prevailing in the
micropropagation of banana hybrid 'FHIA-18' (AAAB) is present hitherto. This work
was performed in order to evaluate the biological activity of an analogue of
brassinosteroids (Biobras-6) *ABr+ and a mixture of oligogalacturonide with the degree
of polymerization between 9 and 16 (Pectimorf) *mOLG+. The effect of ABr and mOLG
are determined as a substitute or complement of auxin (IBA or IAA) and cytokinin (6-
BAP) for the establishment of in vitro multiplication and rooting of plantlets and in the
acclimatization phase. Non-traditional regulators phenolization decrease the explant
growth in the establishment phase of in vitro propagation; but increased the number
of shoots per explants (above 3.5) and improved survival of vitro plant during the
acclimatization phase.
insecticidal effects of eudesmanes from pluchea sagittalisIJEAB
Eudesmanoids play an important role in the protection of plants against herbivores. Pluchea sagittalis (Lamarck) Cabrera (Asteraceae) is widespread in tropical South America and contains compounds that provide protection against phytophagous insects. In the present work we isolated seven sesquiterpenoids with eudesmane skeletons that were evaluated for their insecticidal activities against Spodoptera frugiperda and Ceratitis capitata, pests that cause serious damage to crops in the Argentine northwest. The Eudesmanes were incorporated at different concentrations to the diet of Spodoptera frugiperda. In the choice test, larval feeding behavior was altered. The eudesmanes 1, 5 and 7 showed the highest activity with feeding election indexes (FEI) of 50, 50, and 72 %, respectively at 200 µg/g of diet. When tested for insecticidal activity using neonate larvae with the no-choice artificial diet bioassays, eudesmane 1 was the most toxic in the larval stage (LD50 177.80 mg/g of diet). Compounds 5 lowered the percentage of adult emergence and produced the most malformations (72%) compared with control. Drastic effects were observed in the oviposition deterrence activity against C. capitata. The maximum oviposition deterrence (87 %) was recorded with eudesmane 5 at dose 30 µg/cm2 of artificial fruit. Finally, eudesmanes 6 and 7 showed significant larval and pupal mortality against the first generation larvae of viable eggs oviposited by females fed with the treated diet (100 µg / g artificial diet).
Role of new generation plant bioregulators in fruitSindhu Reddy
In order meet out the emerging consumer demand and challenges towards fruit production, there is the need to explore new interventions. One among that is use of new generation plant growth regulators in fruit crops. Plant growth regulators (PGR), recently name has been changed to plant bio-regulators (PBR’s) are defined as organic compounds, other than nutrients, that in small concentrations, affect the physiological processes of plants. There are five classical growth hormones which have the specific function in growth and development were already commercially exploited in fruit crops, but use of new generation growth regulators in fruit crops are recent and emerging trend. New generation PBR’s includes brassinosteroids, Jasmonate, salicylic acid, polyamines, karrikins and strigolactones and retardants such as 1-MCP and prohexodione-Ca. These are utilized in fruit crops starting from propagation to improving quality also including biotic and abiotic stress resistant. Hence, new generation plant growth regulators are an effective alternative for future fruit production combating major production challenges.
This document lists numerous patents and publications by Pratima Bajpai related to the pulp and paper industry. It includes over 20 books published from 1996-2015 on various topics within the industry such as enzymes, biotechnology, effluent treatment, bleaching processes and more. The document also lists over 30 research papers published in peer-reviewed journals from 1981-1987 covering studies on ethanol production, enzyme optimization, and use of pulp mill waste.
Thermostable cellulose degrading bacteria were isolated from Dirang hotspring in India. Two isolates, DB1 and DB2, were identified as Bacillus species. DB1 produced a 36kDa cellulase enzyme with optimal activity at 50°C and pH 6.5. Insilico analysis showed the enzyme had highest binding affinity for cellotriose. The cellulases were used in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida shehatae to produce ethanol from pretreated agrowaste like cabbage leaves, achieving up to 16.12g/L reducing sugars and 13.70g/L ethanol in bioreactor trials.
Evaluation of seed storage proteins in common bean by some biplot analysisINNS PUBNET
In order to study of seed storage proteins, proteins samples of common bean genotypes were prepared by 0.2 M
NaCl of extracting soluble. Genotypes were located in two groups by cluster analysis using Wilks’ lambda
statistic. Two groups were different for yield components (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant
and seed weight). Factor analysis showed that two factors described 61% of total proteins variation. Correlated
bands with yield components characters had the highest coefficients for the first factor. This factor was named
“yield components proteins”. Protein bands via RM 58 and 64 had relationship with days to flowering.
Therefore, the second factor was named “phenologic proteins”. Genotypes were located in four groups by these
factors. Length, angle and presence of protein bands were important characteristics to explain graphical
information in GGE biplot compared to factor analysis. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-3-number-5-may-2013/
Comparison of Resistance to Fusarium wilts disease in Seeded and Regenerated ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that compared the resistance to Fusarium wilt disease in seeded and regenerated sesame plants. The researchers established a system for regenerating sesame plants through tissue culture using different plant growth regulators, which resulted in somaclonal variation. Regenerated and seeded plantlets were compared for resistance after being inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum fsp sesami. Seeded plantlets displayed signs of susceptibility and died within 20 days, while regenerated plantlets resisted infection and continued growing despite being smaller and weaker initially. The results demonstrated that somaclonal variation through tissue culture induced resistance to Fusarium wilt in regenerated sesame plantlets.
42.Mosquitoeslarvicidal activity of leaf extract of Neem(Azadirachta indica)Annadurai B
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the larvicidal effects of methanol and ethanol leaf extracts of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) on mosquito larvae. The extracts were tested at concentrations of 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 mg/100ml on 3rd and 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. The 200 mg/100ml concentration resulted in the highest mortality rate of 90% for both mosquito species tested, compared to lower mortality rates at lower concentrations. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified several compounds in the methanol leaf extract including Caproic acid, oleic acid, and phy
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators and Explant Type on Multiple Shoot Induc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Sesamum indicum L. is used as an important oil crop in the world. For establishing of a simple and a rapid system for in vitro culture of sesame shoot tips and hypocotyls explants were cultured on MS media with differtent combinations and concentrations of PGRs. On medium with 5 mgl-1BA plus 1 mgl-1 IAA and 1 mgl-1 ABA mutliple shoot induction on explants was occurred. Multiple shoot indution on medium supplemented with 2 mgl-1BA and 0.3 mgl-1 NAA happen with a short phase of callusing. Also MS medium with 3 mgl-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mgl-1 kinetin was a suitable medium for inducing of somatic embryogenic calli with the frequency of sub-culturing potential. Regenerated shoots on both media rooted on MS medium plus 1.5 mgl-1 NAA and 0.03 mgl-1 BA and whole regenerated plantlets formed.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effects of manually processed bio pesticides on crop production and pest mana...Alexander Decker
1) The study tested different botanical extracts as biopesticides on okra crops to determine their effects on pest management and crop production.
2) The extracts tested were neem leaf, garlic bulb, and papaya leaf extracts at various concentrations. Neem leaf extracts at 5ml/l performed the best, inhibiting pests without compromising crop growth or fruit production.
3) Higher concentrations of biopesticides were generally more effective at pest control than lower concentrations. Neem leaf extracts in particular provided outstanding pest management and maintained high crop yields.
Organogenesis of Ammi Majus Via Callus Culture from LeafSandip Magdum
Ammi majus L. is an imperiled medicinal plant, which contains various medically important and uncommon extraordinary secondary metabolite compounds.. An efficient organogenesis protocol was established for Ammi majus through in vitro process of leaf callusing, shooting and rooting by using different combination of auxins and cytokinins. In vitro cultured juvenile leaf explants were used directly for callus formation on MS supplemented with different concentration of IAA, Kn and CH. Maximum percentage response for callus formation was 97.7 after 5 weeks of incubation on MS supplemented with 2 mg/l IAA, 2 mg/l Kn and 1000 mg/l CH. About 81% of calluses converted to shoot on callusing medium supplemented with 50 mg/l glutamine and 40 mg/l adenine, after 80 days of culture. Plantlets with shoot were transferred to half strength of MS with different concentration of IBA and glutamine. Maximum rooting of 75.96% was observed on half strength of MS supplemented with 0.2% of IBA and 100 mg/l glutamine. The present study gives reliable in vitro regeneration protocol for Ammi majus L. from leaf explants, which may be used for future commercial‐scale propagation and genetic study.
Conversion of crop waste in to pink oyster mushroom pleurotus eous.Dr. siddhant
This study evaluated 10 locally available crop wastes for their suitability as substrates for growing the pink oyster mushroom Pleurotus eous. The time required for spawn running, pinhead initiation and fruit body maturation was shortest on paddy straw and it produced the highest yield (330g) and biological efficiency (66%). Paddy straw was found to be a better substrate than the control wheat straw for cultivating P. eous mushrooms based on yield and growth parameters. The study demonstrated that agricultural waste materials can be effectively utilized for mushroom cultivation.
This document reports on a study that investigated the effects of various radiomimetic agents (EMS, MMS, MES) on plant height and pod numbers in two varieties of Trigonella foenum graecum L. (fenugreek). The study found that treatment with these agents generally increased plant height and pod numbers compared to untreated control plants. Specifically, 0.3% MMS increased plant height and pod numbers the most in the Desi methi variety, while 0.1% MES and 0.3% MMS increased height and pod numbers respectively the most in the Kasuri methi variety. The results indicate that these radiomimetic agents have potential for inducing mutations to improve crop yields
Effect of radiomimetic agents on two varieties of Trigonella with emphasis o...Dheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT
The radiomimetic agents like, EMS (Ethyl Methane Sulphonate), MMS (Methyl Methane
Sulphonate) and MES (Methyl Ethane Sulphonate) induce plant height and number of pods per plant
in two varieties of Trigonella foenum graecum L. i.e., Desi methi and Kasuri methi. Plant height at
maturity increases by the treatment of 0.3% MMS in Desi and 0.1%MES in Kasuri methi. Number
of pods per plant observed under the treatment of 0.3% EMS and 0.3% MMS in Desi methi and
Kasuri methi, respectively. The mutants obtained from the treatments 0.3% MMS for height, 0.3%
EMS for number of pods per plant in Desi methi and treatments 0.1% MES for height, 0.3% MMS
for number of pods per plant in Kasuri methi give more yield as compared to control plants.
11.[28 35]insecticidal activity of garlic (alium sativum (l.)) oil on calloso...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the insecticidal effects of garlic oil on Callosobruchus maculatus, a bruchid beetle pest of stored cowpeas. The study tested different concentrations of garlic oil (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 ml) on three cowpea varieties, both before and after the beetles laid their eggs. Results showed that garlic oil treatment significantly reduced the number of eggs laid and the number of adult beetles that emerged, compared to untreated controls. Treatment before egg laying appeared to be more effective than treatment after eggs were laid at protecting the cowpeas from infestation and damage.
Biological control of larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Cole...Premier Publishers
The use of synthetic insecticide has been faced with challenges of resistance among other drawbacks. This has necessitated the search for bio-pesticide that are environmentally friendly, non-toxic to humans and have a residual effect. This study evaluated the entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana for biological control of larger grain borer (LGB) Prostephanus truncatus in maize grains. Pathogenicity examination of dead adult LGB in maize grains treated with conidia of B. bassiana was done to confirm the source of LGB mortality in B. bassiana treated maize grains. Adult dead LGB were subjected to high humidity and observed for the growth of white mould (Muscadine disease), which was cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar and identified. Eighty six percent of the dead insects from treated maize grains showed fungal growth B. bassiana. Mortality of LGB generally increased with the concentration and the exposure time of the treatments. The “weight of grain dust”, “percentage of grain damaged” and “percentage of grain weight loss” were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the untreated maize kernels. Beauvaria bassiana formulation was effective in controlling LGB and is recommended for maize storage. Further studies should be conducted to test the formulation under farmer situations in order to deal with practical challenges.
Assessment of forage corn quality intercropping with green beans under influe...Innspub Net
To assess the quality of forage corn intercropping with green beans under the influence of Rhizobium bacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungus, make a test in educational-research farm of agriculture faulty of Azna PNU that it was design in factorial to randomized complete block with three replications. The experimental factors include cropping systems such as mono cropping of corn, mono cropping of green beans, intercropping, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungus (use and non-use) and Rhizobium bacteria (use and non-use). The results showed that cropping systems on crude protein, wet forage weight, dry forage weight were significant at 1% level as well as leaf to stem ratio was significant at 5% level. Between different levels of bacteria used, acid detergent fiber was impressed and was significant at 5% level. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungus was significant at 5% level on water soluble carbohydrate. The results showed that the use of separate and combined of Rhizobium bacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungus increase the quality of corn in intercropping than mono cropping. Finally with increasing of plant diversity and microorganism in soil increased the quality and quantity of forage. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-5-may-2015-jbes/
Effect of Biofertilizers and their Consortium on Horticultural CropsSourabhMohite
The presentation includes detailed information about the mode of action of different biofertilizers including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. By the use of different biofertilizers, we can minimize the quantity of chemical fertilizers and other agrochemicals. use of biofertilizers enhances plant growth with increased yield and quality sustainably. it also includes some case studies which confirm the beneficial use of biofertilizers and PGPR.
ABSTRACT: The Study was undertaken with an objective to develop a protocol for micropropagation of Pongamia pinnata pierre through shoot apex segments shoot of 0.5 to 1.0 cm were collected and used as a explant. The treatment of 1.0 NaOCl (Sodium hypochloride) (W/v) solution 1 minute to 10 minute time duration. These treated explant washed trice with double distilled water and cultured in MS (Murashige and skoog) medium. In this experiment auxin 2, 4-D, NAA and cytokinin BAP, Kinetin were used for optimization of maximum callus induction.
Shoot apex explant culturing callus induction maximum callus is produced when MS medium with 3.0 mg/l, 2, 4-D and BAP 0.5 mg/l, the optimized physical condition has to be maintain throughout the experiment. In this study about 30 to 35% mature sotmatic embryos germinated after sub culture from shoot apex. Different concentration and combination of NAA, IAA, IBA and BAP were used to inducted rooting on MS based medium. When the hight in vitro shoot, were reached up to 8 cm with healthy shooted roots, the plants were ready for hardening. The complete protocol for somatic embryogenesis, shoot induction, root induction up to hardening.
Bio insecticidal potentials of testa powder of melon, citrullus vulgaris schr...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the potential for melon testa powder to reduce infestation of maize grains by the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais. Maize mixed with varying dosages of melon testa powder was infested with weevils for 28 days. The melon testa powder significantly reduced oviposition and natality of S. zeamais but did not significantly increase mortality. Testa powder from melon seeds shows potential as a natural grain protectant for storage pest management by reducing egg-laying and offspring of maize weevils.
This study investigated the effects of foliar applications of various micronutrients on seed yield characteristics in two tomato varieties. The micronutrients tested individually and in combination were boron, zinc, molybdenum, copper, iron and manganese. Application of a mixture of all micronutrients resulted in the highest seed recovery rates, 100 seed weights, seed yields per plant, and seed yields per hectare in both varieties. The highest seed weights were also observed with boron application in one variety and the micronutrient mixture in the other variety. In general, all micronutrient treatments improved seed yield characteristics compared to the control, with the micronutrient mixture treatment having the greatest effect
This document summarizes a study on developing an efficient micropropagation protocol for the endangered medicinal plant species Exacum bicolor. Nodal segments were used to induce axillary shoot proliferation. The highest multiplication rate of 78% was achieved using MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/l IBA and 0.5 mg/l GA3. Rooting was most effective using MS medium with 1.0 mg/l IBA and 0.5 mg/l NAA, resulting in 75% of shoots developing roots. Using a hardening medium of garden soil, sand and vermiculite, 80% of regenerated plantlets were successfully acclimatized.
To conserve endangered medicinal plant species, Exacum bicolor Roxb. (Gentianaceae), an efficient micropropagation protocol was developed by using nodal segments for axillary shoot proliferation. Higher multiplication rate was achieved with 78% on MS medium supplemented with growth hormones, IBA and GA3 at 1.5 mg/l and 0.5 mg/l respectively. Rooting was more effective with 75% of the node derived in vitro shoots in MS basal medium with the auxins, IBA and NAA at 1.0 mg/l and 0.5 mg/l respectively. Using the hardening medium containing garden soil, sand and vermiculate in the ratio of 1:1:1 by volume, regenerated plantlets could be successfully acclimatized at a rate of 80 % survivability.
The Study of Straw Organics Products and JajarLegowo Utilization toward Rice ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Effect of some thermal processing techniques on the proximate, mineral and an...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effect of different thermal processing techniques on the nutritional properties and anti-nutritional factors of bambara groundnut meal. The study found that boiling bambara groundnut in a potash solution produced meals with the best nutritional values for livestock, as it resulted in higher protein and mineral levels compared to raw or other processed meals, and also significantly reduced anti-nutritional substances like trypsin inhibitors, tannins, and oxalates. Thermal processing generally decreased crude protein and increased ash levels compared to raw bambara groundnut. Boiling with potash may be a preferable processing method as it had milder negative effects on protein quality while achieving greater reductions in anti-nutrients
The Effect of Fura De Nunu on Selected Clinical Isolates of Bacteria-331Oladayo Abiodun
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the antimicrobial effects of fura de nunu, a fermented cow's milk product from northern Nigeria, on three clinical isolates of bacteria (Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Undiluted and diluted samples of fura de nunu were tested for inhibitory effects using an agar cup diffusion technique. All concentrations of fura de nunu inhibited bacterial growth, with minimum inhibitory concentrations varying between isolates and dilutions. This suggests fura de nunu has antimicrobial properties that could reduce public health risks from its consumption.
The Effect of Fura De Nunu on Selected Clinical Isolates of Bacteriapaperpublications3
Abstract: Three clinical Isolates comprises of Gram-negative and Gram positive bacteria were invitrobially impregnated in agar-cup diffusion sensitivity of fura de nunu, a non-alcoholic fermented cow milk product. The undiluted samples of the locally fermented milk appreciably inhibited the growth of all the bacteria tested including, remarkably, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa,The bacteria however varied in their sensitivities to the fractional dilutions of the samples. This antimicrobial effect represents another property for fura de nunu and obviates the possibility of public health risk in its consumption.
11.[34 38]evaluation of (khaya senegallensis) for the control of tribolium co...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the efficacy of Khaya senegalensis products for controlling Tribolium confusum, a beetle pest that infests stored pearl millet. Leaf powder and seed powder from K. senegalensis were tested at different concentrations and compared to a commercial insecticide (Actellic dust). Results showed that the seed powder was most effective at causing beetle mortality. All treatments significantly reduced beetle emergence and progeny development compared to the control. While some seed damage still occurred with treatments, all reduced damage compared to the untreated control. Therefore, K. senegalensis products show potential for controlling T. confusum infestations in stored pearl millet.
11.evaluation of (khaya senegallensis) for the control of tribolium confusum ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the efficacy of Khaya senegalensis products for controlling Tribolium confusum, a beetle pest that infests stored pearl millet. Leaf powder and seed powder from K. senegalensis were tested at different concentrations and compared to a commercial insecticide (Actellic dust). Results showed that the seed powder was most effective at causing beetle mortality. All treatments significantly reduced beetle emergence and seed damage compared to the untreated control. The study demonstrates the potential of K. senegalensis products as natural insecticides for stored product pests.
Research Paper | Effectiveness of two diatomaceous earths (FossilShield® and ...InternationalNetwork
Influence of maize varieties CLH103 and SHABA on the effectiveness of FossilShield® and SilicoSec® against Sitophilus zeamais was evaluated in laboratory. Each product was used at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 g/kg and four exposure periods (1, 3, 7 and 14 days) for adult mortality and F1 progeny production. Damaged and germinated seeds were also assessed. Malathion (positive control) was used at the recommended dosage (0.5 g/kg). Probit analysis showed that FossilShield® and SilicoSec® were more toxic to weevils on CLH103 than SHABA from 3 days post-infestation, while within 1 day post-infestation, the two products were rather more toxic on SHABA than CLH103. Student t-test showed significant difference between the two maize varieties treated with FossilShield® in the reduction of adult emergence at 1 g/kg while with SilicoSec® this difference was observed for all concentrations. Malathion as positive control completely inhibited the development of insects on the two maize varieties. Like Malathion at the single dosage (0.5 g/kg), the number of emerged insects was completely reduced by each diatomaceous earth (DE) at 2 g/kg. FossilShield® (from 1.5 g/kg) reduced completely grain damages in the CLH103 variety, while FossilShield® (2 g/kg) almost reduced grain damages (1.0%). SilicoSec® achieved complete reduction on CLH103 variety, while, on SHABA variety, the reduction of grain damage was significantly different (7.4%). Seed germination was not affect by the DEs. In this study, the results showed that utilization of FossilShield® and SilicoSec® could be favorably considered as alternative solution to Malathion against Sitophilus zeamais.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of dry Moringa oleifera leaf powder in treating anaemia. The leaf powder was found to contain high amounts of protein, iron, calcium, vitamin C and beta-carotene. Rats with induced anaemia were fed diets supplemented with 5% or 10% M. oleifera leaf powder. The supplemented rats showed significantly higher packed cell volume, haemoglobin and red blood cell levels compared to unsupplemented rats, demonstrating the leaf powder's ability to treat anaemia. The study concluded that M. oleifera leaf powder has potential as a nutrient supplement to improve nutritional status and manage anaemia.
Induced Mutagenesis of Flowering, Phenology and Yield in M1 Generation of Bam...ijtsrd
A highly cherished Bambara groundnut variety, ‘Caro’ was treated with different concentrations of ethyl methane sulphonate EMS for different durations to raise an M1 generation. In the M1 generation, the mutagenic effect of EMS on seed germination, growth and seed yield at different doses 0.01 , 0.1 , 0.25 and 0.5 and for different durations 6 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours were studied. Characters like days to first flowering, days to 50 flowering, number of flowers per plant, number of leaves, number of nodes per plant, number of stems per plant, plant spread, plant height, number of branches per plant, pod length, pod width, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, seed length, seed width and seed yield were measured. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance ANOVA and means were separated using least significant difference LSD . The result showed that there was significant effect p 0.05 of ethyl methane sulphonate concentrations in all the parameters except on number of days to maturity. The concentration, 0.1 and soaking duration of 6 hours was more promising in creating variability. Apparently, could Ethyl methane sulphonate significantly improved the performance and create genetic variability of Bambara groundnut and therefore can be employed in breeding programme for Bambara groundnut. Grace O. Chimdi | Michael I. Uguru | Peter. E. Ogbonna | Nwakuche C. Onwubiko "Induced Mutagenesis of Flowering, Phenology and Yield in M1 Generation of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna Subterrnea (L.) Verdc)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49327.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/49327/induced-mutagenesis-of-flowering-phenology-and-yield-in-m1-generation-of-bambara-groundnut-vigna-subterrnea-l-verdc/grace-o-chimdi
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Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
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Evaluation of bio nimbecidine botanical powder in the control of
1. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol 2, No.7, 2012
EVALUATION OF BIO-NIMBECIDINE BOTANICAL POWDER IN THE
CONTROL OF Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (COLEOPTERA: BRUCHIDAE)
INFESTATION IN STORED GRAIN LEGUMES
Y.T. Maina*, Z. Dauda, D.M. Mailafiya & M. M. Degri
Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, PMB 1069 Maiduguri, Borno
State, NIGERIA
*Corresponding Author E-mail: ytmaina@yahoo.com; Tel.: +234 (0) 8063096474
ABSTRACT
The effect of Bio-nimbecidine botanical powder on Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) infestation was investigated
in the laboratory at (30 - 35oC and 55 - 65% Relative Humidity) on two cowpea varieties (Borno white and
Gwalam) and bambara groundnut. Ten gram grains of the two cowpea varieties and bambara groundnut were
treated with three different dosages, 0.04 g, 0.06 g and 0.08 g of Bio-nimbecidine botanical powder. Each
treatment had three replicates and a control (check) which were then infested with three pairs of 1 - 3 days old C.
maculatus. Data on the number of eggs laid, number of adult first filial generation and severity of damage were
collected. All data collected were subjected to two way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The mean number of
eggs laid, adult bruchid emerged and severity of grain damage was significantly (P < 0.05) lower on all pulses
treated with Bio-nimbecidine botanical powder than untreated grains. Amongst the treated grain legumes, mean
values of the above three parameters assessed were all lower at higher doses of Bio-nimbecidine botanical
powder (0.06 g and 0.08 g). The results indicated that higher dosages of Bio-nimbecidine botanical powder were
highly effective against C. maculatus infestation and damage. It had significantly reduced the number of eggs
laid, adult emergence and severity of damage by the cowpea bruchid, as lower infestation and damage were
recorded on the pulse grains.
Key words: Bio-nimbecidine botanical powder, grain legumes, Callosobruchus maculatus, evaluation, control,
infestation
INTRODUCTION
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) (Walp.) and bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean (L.) Verd.), are important
sources of plant protein in sub-Saharan Africa, especially where the daily intake of animal protein derived from
eggs, meat, fish and milk is low. The grain of both pulses contain fairly high amounts of protein (16 to 32% of
grain weight), and in addition, supply carbohydrate, fats, minerals or vitamins (Brough and Azam-Ali, 1992;
Philips et al., 2003). The safe storage of these pulses against insect pest attack over long periods, especially with
poor processing and storage infrastructure in tropical Africa remains a great challenge. The cosmopolitan pest of
pulses and cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), is particularly of economic importance, as bruchid
infestation often results in dry weight loss, reduction in nutritional value (denaturing of protein) or physical
quality (disfigured with egg covers or riddled with adult exit holes) and poor seed germinability (Ofuya, 2001).
Bruchid attack of pulses initially begins in the field, and rapidly builds up during storage. Up to 100% infestation
of pulse grains can occur after three to six months storage (Caswell, 1981; Seck et al., 1991; Ofuya and
Credland, 1995; Maina et al., 2011), resulting in about 60% weight loss (Tanzubil, 1999; Umeozor, 2005).
Although synthetic insecticides such as Pirimiphos methyl and Permethrin are effective against C. maculatus
infestation in storage, human health and environmental hazards associated with their use makes them less
desirable (Ogunwolu and Odunlami, 1996; Swella and Mushobozy, 2007). Botanical insecticides, therefore,
continue to receive increased attention for use as safe and effective protectants of stored grains against insect
pests infestation and damage (Ofuya and Salami, 2002; Alberto et al., 2005; Ngamo et al., 2007). Various
studies have therefore found the leaf, bark and seed powder or oil extracts of some plants including Azadirachta
indica A. Juss, Dennetia tripetala Baker and Zanthozylum zanthozyloides (Lam.) Waterm.; and spice oils applied
at different rates to stored cowpea or bambara groundnuts to reduce adult bruchid emergence, oviposition and
seed damage (Lale, 1994; Ogunwolu and ldowu, 1994; Ogunwolu and Odunlami, 1996; Adedire and Lajide,
2001; Ofuya and Salami, 2002; Lale and Maina, 2002; Maina and Lale, 2005 and Maina, 2006). The efficacy of
several available plant products against insect pest infestation however remains to be ascertained. This study
therefore investigated the efficacy of Bio-nimbecidine botanical powder in the control of C. maculatus in stored
grains legumes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Insect Culture, Pulse Grain Variety and Bio-nimbecidine Botanical Powder
A laboratory culture of C. maculatus was raised using bruchid stock obtained from house-hold infested cowpea
on 500 g grain of Borno white cowpea cultivar in a 1 L kilner jar kept under the prevailing conditions of 30 – 35
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2. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol 2, No.7, 2012
°C and 55 – 65 % RH. The grains of two cowpea varieties, Borno white and Gwalam, and also bambara
groundnut were all purchased from the Monday Market in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Bio-nimbecidine powder was
obtained from the Department of Crop Protection, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria.
Experimental Procedure
Three replicates and a control containing 10 g grains each in a 200 ml glass jar were prepared for both cowpea
varieties (Borno white and Gwalam) and bambara groundnut. The replicates of each cowpea variety and
bambara groundnut were treated with three dosages, 0.04 g, 0.06 g and 0.08g of Bio-nimbecidine botanical
powder. Each experimental jar (treated or untreated) was then infested with three pairs of 1 – 3 days old adult C.
maculatus. All adult bruchids were removed five days after infestation, and the number of eggs laid counted. The
experimental jars were then left untouched until adult emergence. Daily counts of adults that emerged during the
first filial generation (F1) were taken per experimental jar. Data on the number of eggs laid, number of F1 adults
that emerged and severity of grain damage were subjected to two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means
were compared using Least Significant Difference (LSD) statistic at 5% level of probability.
RESULTS
Results in Table 1 showed a high significant (P < 0.05) difference in the mean number of eggs laid between
treated and untreated pulse grains of variety Gwalam, Borno white and Bambara groundnut. Comparing the
treated grains of all pulses, the number of bruchid eggs laid were significantly (P < 0.05) different amongst the
three dosages tested, but not between grains treated with 0.06 g and 0.08 g of Bio-nimbecidine botanical powder
in all the pulse varieties (Table 1).
Table 1: Mean number of eggs laid by C. maculatus five days after infestation on 10 g cowpea
grains and bambara groundnuts treated with Bio-nimbecidine botanical powder
Bio-nimbecidine Pulse variety
botanical powder
Dose (g)
Gwalam Borno white Bambara groundnut
0.0 65.33 65.00 71.33
0.04 36.67 28.00 31.33
0.06 22.00 10.00 14.67
0.08 11.33 4.33 8.67
SE(±) 5.66 10.04 7.43
LSD 13.05 23.14 17.14
Values are means of three replicates
Similarly, the mean number of F1 adult bruchids emerged were significantly (P < 0.05) different between the
pulse grains of Gwalam, Borno white and Bambara groundnut treated with Bio-nimbecidine botanical powder
and untreated grains (Table 2).There was no significant (P < 0.05) difference between grains
treated with 0.06 g and 0.08 g of Bio-nimbecidine botanical powder (Table 2).
Table 2: Mean number of F1 adults of C. maculatus emerged from 10 g cowpea grains and
bambara groundnuts treated with Bio-nimbecidine botanical powder
Bio-nimbecidine Pulse variety
botanical powder
Dose (g)
Gwalam Borno white Bambara groundnut
0.00 52.67 49.67 55.00
0.04 27.67 13.67 20.33
0.06 3.33 1.67 5.33
0.08 1.67 0.33 0.33
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ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol 2, No.7, 2012
SE(±) 3.30 5.65 5.40
LSD 7.61 13.05 12.45
Values are means of three replicates
The mean severity of damage caused by bruchids were significantly (P < 0.05) different between the grains of all
pulses treated with Bio-nimbecidine botanical powder and those untreated (Table 3). Among the treated grains of
each pulse, the mean severity of damage by bruchids was significantly (P < 0.05) different between the dosages
of Bio-nimbecidine botanical powder applied, but not particularly between 0.06g and 0.08 g dosages of the
powder (Table 3).
Table 3: Mean severity of damage caused by of C. maculatus on 10 g cowpea grains and
bambara groundnuts treated with Bio-nimbecidine botanical powder
Bio-nimbecidine Pulse variety
botanical powder
Dose (g)
Gwalam Borno white Bambara groundnut
0.00 202.17 101.00 472.73
0.04 104.37 26.70 199.70
0.06 2.43 6.20 47.21
0.08 6.30 0.67 2.77
SE(±) 10.28 10.4 48.11
LSD 23.73 23.98 112.46
Values are means of three replicates
DISCUSSION
Significantly higher mean number of bruchid eggs laid on untreated compared to treated cowpea grains and
bambara groundnuts indicate that Bio-nimbecidine botanical powder effectively deters oviposition by C.
maculatus on these pulses. This effect is however dosage dependent, in that, exceedingly lower number of
bruchid eggs were laid on pulses treated with higher dosages (0.06 g and 0.08 g) of the botanical powder. The
botanical powder of neem (A. indica) and the West African Black Pepper (Piper guineense Schumach. &
Thonn.) have also been documented by Lale (1994); Oparaeke et al. (1998) to highly deter oviposition by C.
maculatus females on cowpea grains. Yahaya and Magaji (1997); Yahaya (2002) and Maina (2006) similarly
reported that the oil and powder of P. guinnense significantly reduced the egg laying capacity of adult C.
maculatus weevils, as well as their survival on cowpea grains. Both factors were observed to greatly decrease
with increasing concentration of the botanical oil and powder applied. The ovicidal effects of P. guinnense were
attributed to the irritating smell of its ‘guineensine 1’ component which causes suffocation of adult bruchids,
thereby, preventing physical contact or hindering oviposition success. Moreover, large quantities of powders can
exert negative mechanical effects against oviposition by the bruchid. In comparing the effects of various
vegetable oils and botanical powders on cowpea infestation by C. maculatus, Callosobruchus chinensis and
Callosobruchus rhodesianus. Rajapakse and Van Emden (1997) found that some botanical powders, especially
of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl., Monodora myristica (Gaertn.)
Dunal and Zingiber spectabile Griff significantly reduced the number of eggs laid by all three bruchid species.
Higher mean number of F1 adult bruchids emerged from untreated than treated pulses recorded in this study
suggests that application of Bio-nimbecidine botanical powder, especially at 0.06 g or 0.08 g / 10 g grains,
greatly reduces the number of bruchid larvae that survive till the emergence of adults. In line with the results of
the current study, A. indica (Echendu, 1991; Rajapakse et al., 1998), Anacardium occidentale Linn. Balogo (Ilk.)
or Z. officinale (Echendu, 1991; Maina, 2006), Citrus paradisi (Rutaceae) or Citrus aurantifolia (Christm. &
Panzer) Swingle (Onu and Sulyman, 1997), Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) (Bamaiyi et al., 2006) and Alium
sativum (L.) (Dauda et al., 2012) have also been reported to significantly reduce egg laying and adult emergence
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ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol 2, No.7, 2012
of C. maculatus on cowpea grains. Lowered F1 adult emergence due to Bio-nimbecidine botanical powder
application was not clear, but thought to be due to either higher mortality of immature larvae or emerging adults
contacting the botanical powder while gnawing their way out of the pulses. The toxicity effect of botanical
powders, are however, only well documented for adult bruchids. The powder of leaves and kernels of A. indica
(Seck et al., 1991) and leaves of Piper nigrum. L. (Rajapakse, 1989) has been reported to increase the mortality
of adult C. maculatus on cowpea grains.
Altogether, reduced bruchid oviposition and the number of F1 adults emerged from pulses treated, especially
with higher dosages (i.e., 0.06 g or 0.08 g / 10 g) of Bio-nimbecidine botanical powder, than from untreated ones
must have contributed to the lowering of mean severity of damage to these pulses. This is because, considerable
reduction in the population size of C. maculatus, for instance through fewer eggs laid or hatched, adults emerged
and lowered adult longevity or fitness should ultimately influence the extent of damage caused by bruchid
infestation in stored pulses. The correlation or quantification of such relationships are however scarce, and will
need to be done in subsequent studies.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful to Mr. Francis Jude of the Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture,
University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria, for assisting with data collection.
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