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Moral realism claims that moral facts exist independently of human thought. The chapter discusses moral skepticism and nihilism, which deny the existence of objective moral truths. It explores Mackie's arguments from relativity, queerness, and projection against moral realism. Harman's defense of extreme moral nihilism is presented, arguing morality is an illusion. However, criticism is made that scientific and moral observation are analogous, and moral claims can be tested, if not in the same way as empirical theories. The chapter concludes with an outline of a defense for moral realism based on facts about happiness and suffering.
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Immanuel Kant believed that humans perceive things subjectively rather than objectively, as our perceptions represent objects but are not the objects themselves. He distinguished between "pleasant" judgments based on emotion and "beautiful" judgments which require meeting certain conceptual standards. Kant also distinguished between cognitive subjectivity which uses logic to evaluate things, and aesthetic subjectivity where evaluations are based solely on emotions. He viewed "common sense" as universal subjectivity involving concepts most people can agree on. Overall, the document discusses Kant's views on the subjective nature of human judgment and perception.
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Kant was an influential 18th century philosopher who developed deontological ethics. He believed morality should be based on universal principles of reason and duty rather than subjective feelings or consequences. For Kant, the supreme moral principle was the categorical imperative - we should only act in a way that could become a universal law applying to all people. This and treating people as ends in themselves, not means, form the basis of Kant's deontological ethical philosophy.
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The document discusses several ethical theories:
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- Social contract theory sees morality arising from implicit agreements within society.
The document also provides examples to illustrate each theory and analyzes whether copying a music CD or sharing exam answers aligns with each framework. It concludes that sharing answers violates rules and duties.
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Module 7 Overview
Ethical Nonobjectivism and Moral Realism
Welcome to Module Seven. Are there moral truths? Is it actually wrong to lie, or do we just believe it is wrong? Moral nonobjectivists claim that there are no objective moral truths; that is, moral truths exist apart from ourselves. If tomorrow it suddenly became legal to leave a store without paying for an item, would you do it? Would your friends participate? This module assesses moral objectivism and moral nonobjectivism.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
3D
examine the reasons why moral realism might fail.
6G
describe moral nonobjectivism.
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discuss the nature of ethical nonobjectivism.
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explain the modesty of moral realism.
Module 7 Reading Assignment
Waller, B. N. (2011). Consider ethics: Theory, readings, and contemporary issues (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson. Chapters 10 and 11.
Course Login Instructions
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Please register your Pearson Online
Solution
s Student Access Code. You can find your Student Access Code in the AAU Course Registration e-mail that came with your text.
If you are a returning user:
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NOTE: Bookmarking pages in this site, especially the resources you access with the link above, is not recommended.
Please view the Online Presentation for Module 7.
Ethical Nonobjectivism and Moral Realism
Chapter 10 Lecture Notes: Ethical Nonobjectivism
The Nature of Ethical Nonobjectivism
Ethical nonobjectivists hold that there are no objective moral facts and no objectively true moral principles. It is important to emphasize that this theory does not just believe that moral facts are difficult to discover or that we might not be sure what they are; rather, it holds that there are no objective moral truths to discover. One version of ethical nonobjectivism is emotivism or noncognitivism. According to this theory, sentences that appear to state ethical facts, such as “stealing is wrong,” are instead merely expressions of emotion and not genuine statements at all. Most contemporary nonobjectivists, however, are not emotivists; they believe that such sentences are statements, but that there are no objective facts to support these statements.
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1) Ontology is the study of the nature of reality and existence. It examines questions about the relationship between mind and body, the nature of time and causality, and whether reality exists independently of the mind.
2) Ethics examines theories of right and wrong action, including metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. It explores the nature of morality and how people should act.
3) The debate over free will vs determinism centers around whether human actions are freely chosen or determined by prior causes. Compatibilists believe we can have both free will and determinism, while hard determin
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Kant's deontological moral philosophy is based on the categorical imperative and the idea that individuals have a duty to act based on universal moral rules and principles rather than consequences. There are three formulations of the categorical imperative: 1) only act in ways that could become a universal law; 2) treat humanity as an end in itself, never merely as a means; 3) act as if you are a lawmaker formulating universal rules. Kant believed that morality comes from rational will and duty rather than desires. However, some Islamic scholars criticize Kant for making human rationality the sole source of morality and for allowing subjective maxims rather than basing morality on obedience to divine commands.
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The document discusses several ethical theories:
- Subjective relativism and cultural relativism hold that morality is determined by individual or cultural perspectives.
- Divine command theory says morality obeys God's commands.
- Ethical egoism and act utilitarianism focus on individual or short-term benefits.
- Kantianism and rule utilitarianism emphasize duty and long-term consequences.
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The document also provides examples to illustrate each theory and analyzes whether copying a music CD or sharing exam answers aligns with each framework. It concludes that sharing answers violates rules and duties.
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This document provides an overview of topics covered in Chapter 7 on ethics from the textbook "Philosophy: A Text with Readings". The chapter discusses what ethics is, whether ethics is relative or universal, and debates around different ethical theories. It examines whether the consequences of an action or adherence to rules determines what is right or wrong. Criticisms of ethical relativism and debates between ethical egoism versus considering the impacts on all people are also summarized.
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Meta ethics explores the foundations and meaning of ethics. Three views on the origin of ethics are discussed: Platonic realism which holds that ethical principles originate from the spiritual world; moral skepticism which argues there are no objective ethical principles; and the view that principles come from society itself. The document also summarizes several major religious and ethical traditions and their teachings on key ethical issues.
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This document provides an introduction to ethics by defining key terms and concepts. It explains that ethics comes from Greek words meaning character and custom. Ethics studies morality and human conduct. The document outlines the branches of ethics as normative, applied, and meta-ethics. Meta-ethics explores the origins and meaning of moral values and language. The document also distinguishes between ethics, morality, feelings, religion, law, and culture. It discusses how ethics applies to different fields and examines the link between freedom, responsibility, and human dignity.
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This document discusses moral relativism and whether universal moral truths exist. It presents arguments that moral relativism is not self-evidently true, does not have strong philosophical support, and can lead to conclusions that contradict reason, such as equating Hitler with Mother Theresa. The document also suggests that moral relativism became widespread in America after being advocated by 1960s cultural critics inspired by Marxist philosophy who sought to "demoralize" America and prepare people to accept secular values from the state. It summarizes Bowling Alone research showing that measures of social capital and community declined significantly in America starting in the 1960s.
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This document provides an overview of the moral law argument for the existence of God. It discusses various formulations of the argument by philosophers such as Hastings Rashdall, W.R. Sorley, Elton Trueblood, Linda Zagzebski, Robert Adams, and Douglas Drabkin. The moral law argument posits that the existence of objective moral absolutes implies a divine moral lawgiver. If there are universal moral truths, they require a transcendent source outside of human subjective opinions and cultural relativism. The document examines different logical formulations of this argument and responses to objections about the possibility of morality without God.
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Aquinas Refuted
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Chapter 13
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This document discusses different theories of moral realism and anti-realism. It presents the views of moral realism, which claims that objective moral facts exist independently of human beliefs and attitudes. It also discusses anti-realism and skepticism, which reject or are uncertain about the existence of objective moral truths. The document then examines arguments from relativity and queerness against moral realism, before analyzing radical moral nihilism and J.L. Mackie's defense of that view.
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Module 7 OverviewEthical Nonobjectivism and Moral RealismWelco.docx
Module 7 Overview
Ethical Nonobjectivism and Moral Realism
Welcome to Module Seven. Are there moral truths? Is it actually wrong to lie, or do we just believe it is wrong? Moral nonobjectivists claim that there are no objective moral truths; that is, moral truths exist apart from ourselves. If tomorrow it suddenly became legal to leave a store without paying for an item, would you do it? Would your friends participate? This module assesses moral objectivism and moral nonobjectivism.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
3D
examine the reasons why moral realism might fail.
6G
describe moral nonobjectivism.
6H
discuss the nature of ethical nonobjectivism.
6I
explain the modesty of moral realism.
Module 7 Reading Assignment
Waller, B. N. (2011). Consider ethics: Theory, readings, and contemporary issues (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson. Chapters 10 and 11.
Course Login Instructions
If you are a first time user:
Please register your Pearson Online
Solution
s Student Access Code. You can find your Student Access Code in the AAU Course Registration e-mail that came with your text.
If you are a returning user:
Please visit the Access Code Registration page to log in. You must log in every time you access this course. If you are not logged in, you will not be able to access the premium resources.
NOTE: Bookmarking pages in this site, especially the resources you access with the link above, is not recommended.
Please view the Online Presentation for Module 7.
Ethical Nonobjectivism and Moral Realism
Chapter 10 Lecture Notes: Ethical Nonobjectivism
The Nature of Ethical Nonobjectivism
Ethical nonobjectivists hold that there are no objective moral facts and no objectively true moral principles. It is important to emphasize that this theory does not just believe that moral facts are difficult to discover or that we might not be sure what they are; rather, it holds that there are no objective moral truths to discover. One version of ethical nonobjectivism is emotivism or noncognitivism. According to this theory, sentences that appear to state ethical facts, such as “stealing is wrong,” are instead merely expressions of emotion and not genuine statements at all. Most contemporary nonobjectivists, however, are not emotivists; they believe that such sentences are statements, but that there are no objective facts to support these statements.
Arguments for Ethical Nonobjectivism from Moral Diversity
The key argument for ethical nonobjectivism is the argument of moral diversity. This argument focuses on the enormous diversity of moral beliefs both within cultures and cross-culturally. Many cultures around the world hold conflicting moral beliefs that cannot both be correct. If these cultures cannot agree on what is morally true, then there cannot be any moral truths to begin with.
The objectivist has two possible answers to this argument. First, the great divergence of moral opinion is more ...
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1) Ontology is the study of the nature of reality and existence. It examines questions about the relationship between mind and body, the nature of time and causality, and whether reality exists independently of the mind.
2) Ethics examines theories of right and wrong action, including metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. It explores the nature of morality and how people should act.
3) The debate over free will vs determinism centers around whether human actions are freely chosen or determined by prior causes. Compatibilists believe we can have both free will and determinism, while hard determin
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This document provides an overview of morality and ethics. It defines philosophy and explains how ethics relates to the study of morality. It outlines two approaches to studying morality - descriptive and philosophical. The philosophical approach includes normative ethics, which deals with standards of behavior, and meta-ethics, which analyzes the logic and reasoning behind ethical systems. The document also discusses where morality comes from, including objective theories based on supernatural beings or natural laws, and subjective theories that see morality as residing within humans. It explores the relationships between morality, law, religion and culture.
Philosophy 100: Chapt 10
This chapter discusses various Western and Asian ethical theories including teleological theories that judge actions based on consequences, deontological theories that judge actions based on adherence to duty, natural law theory that sees morality emerging from the natural order, virtue ethics that focuses on character development, and Buddhist karma theory. It also covers issues like determinism versus existentialism regarding human freedom and accountability, as well as environmental ethics perspectives like ecocentrism and ecofeminism. Key terms related to these ethical frameworks and issues are defined.
Philosophy 100: Chapt 10 PowerPoint
This chapter discusses various Western and Asian ethical theories including teleological theories that judge actions based on consequences, deontological theories that judge actions based on adherence to duty, natural law theory that sees morality emerging from the natural order, virtue ethics that focuses on character development, and Buddhist karma theory. It also covers debates around human freedom and determinism as well as environmental ethics perspectives like ecocentrism and ecofeminism. Key terms related to these ethical frameworks and issues are defined.
Fundamentals Of Ethics
This chapter discusses the fundamentals of ethics, including defining ethics as the study of distinguishing good from bad actions. It examines why ethics is important by clarifying why some acts are better, contributing to social order, intelligently appraising moral conduct, and pointing to life's true values. Ethics assumes humans are rational and free. It also deals with the objects, classifications, components, and forms of ethical analysis like normative and descriptive ethics as well as theories like consequentialism and deontology. The chapter differentiates between social and personal ethics.
Ethical subjectivism & relativism
This document discusses ethical subjectivism and relativism. It defines ethical subjectivism as the view that the truth or falsity of ethical propositions depends on people's attitudes. There are two types of subjectivism: normative subjectivism, where moral judgments report a speaker's sentiments; and meta-ethical subjectivism, where moral judgments express feelings rather than report attitudes. Ethical relativism holds that morality depends on the norms of one's own culture, so an action being right or wrong varies by society. The document outlines arguments for and against subjectivism and relativism, such as subjectivism aligning with pluralism but conflicting with moral intuitions.
Ethics
This document discusses different theories and perspectives on ethics and morality. It begins by examining how ethics relates to value judgements and decision making. It then explores moral relativism and the idea that moral values vary between cultures. Different views on morality are presented, including that it requires conscience and responsibility. The document also discusses deontological ethics based on duty, utilitarianism focusing on the greatest happiness, and the perspectives that morality stems from religion, fear of punishment, or self interest.
Chapter 12
This chapter discusses the fact-value problem in metaethics and different theories that have attempted to address it. It introduces Hume's view that one cannot derive ought from is, Moore's naturalistic fallacy that you cannot define goodness in natural terms, and Ayer's emotivism which holds that moral statements express attitudes rather than having truth values. It also covers prescriptivism proposed by Hare which sees moral judgments as having both descriptive and prescriptive elements.
1111298173 282420 12
The document discusses the fact-value problem in metaethics. It examines Hume's argument that one cannot derive an "ought" from an "is" and Moore's argument against identifying moral properties like "good" with natural properties. It also summarizes Ayer's view that moral statements are non-cognitive expressions of attitudes (emotivism) and Hare's view that moral judgments have both descriptive and prescriptive elements (prescriptivism). It notes criticisms of these theories and introduces naturalism as linking moral terms to natural properties found in human psychology and society.
Chapter 3
The document discusses different theories of moral objectivism, including absolutism, natural law theory, and moderate objectivism. It examines Aquinas' view of natural law theory and the doctrine of double effect. It argues that if at least one objective moral principle can be established as binding for all people, then relativism is probably false and a limited form of objectivism is true. Core morality principles that are necessary for a flourishing human community and social cohesion are proposed as examples of objective moral rules.
ethics ppt.pptx
This document provides an overview of ethics as a branch of philosophy concerned with concepts of right and wrong conduct. It discusses the major areas of ethics including meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Meta-ethics examines what right and wrong mean and whether moral propositions can be true or false. Normative ethics investigates standards for determining right and wrong actions. Applied ethics involves applying philosophical methods to specific moral issues. The document also discusses moral theories like consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics as well as challenges to ethics such as moral relativism.
ethics ppt.pptx
This document provides an overview of ethics as a branch of philosophy concerned with concepts of right and wrong conduct. It discusses the major areas of ethics including meta-ethics (the nature of moral judgments), normative ethics (moral standards), and applied ethics (examining particular issues). Key concepts covered include moral relativism, deontology, virtue ethics, and consequentialism as normative ethical theories. The document also examines criteria for evaluating ethical theories and the components of an ideal moral judgment.
1.2 Branches of philosophy.pptx
The document outlines the four main branches of philosophy:
1. Logic - The systematic study of reasoning and arguments. Logic underpins all other branches of philosophy.
2. Metaphysics - The study of reality and existence. It examines questions about the nature of reality, what is real, and the relationship between mind and matter.
3. Epistemology - The theory of knowledge which studies the sources, methods and validity of knowledge. It examines questions about the origins of knowledge and the distinction between appearance and reality.
4. Value Theory - The branch studying values and can be divided into ethics, aesthetics, and social/political philosophy. Ethics examines concepts of right and wrong. A
Introduction Ethics & Morals.pptx presentation on ethics of research
This document defines ethics and discusses several key concepts in ethical theory. It explains that ethics considers what makes acts and people good or bad, and how we should act. There are theoretical questions about concepts and practical questions about moral reasoning. Ethical issues often involve disagreement, and people may disagree fundamentally. Moral theories provide principles to guide ethics, while approaches consider cases individually or emphasize cultural context over universal rules. The document also outlines major moral theories and challenges to morality like egoism, relativism, and skepticism.
Phl 105 nihilism relativism-objectivism-subjectivism(3)
This document provides an overview of different moral philosophies including nihilism, relativism, objectivism, and subjectivism. It discusses key concepts of each view such as nihilism's belief that life has no objective meaning or purpose. Relativism is explained as the view that morality is determined by one's culture or society. Objectivism holds that there are universal moral truths and ethics are based on rational self-interest. The document also examines different types of these views like metaphysical nihilism and moral relativism. Overall, the document aims to define and compare major approaches to ethics.
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The document discusses the fact-value problem in ethics. It covers perspectives from philosophers such as Hume, Moore, Ayer, and Hare. The fact-value problem concerns whether moral values can be derived from factual statements or if there is an inherent difference between facts and values. The document also discusses metaethics and attempts to address the fact-value problem through non-cognitivist theories like emotivism and prescriptivism, as well as potential naturalist perspectives.
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The document discusses research on morality in animals and how it relates to human morality. It describes experiments that show animals displaying behaviors related to cooperation, fairness, and empathy. However, it notes we must be careful not to anthropomorphize animal behavior as truly moral. The document also discusses theories of how human morality may have evolved through natural selection as a way to promote cooperative social behaviors among early humans. There is an ongoing debate around whether morality is solely a product of evolution and social instincts or involves additional non-scientific philosophical factors.
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The document discusses different perspectives on gender and ethics throughout history. Aristotle viewed women as naturally subservient, while Rousseau saw women as objects of sexual desire for men. Wollstonecraft argued for a gender-neutral morality. More recently, Gilligan proposed an "ethics of care" perspective focused on relationships, in contrast to Kohlberg's justice perspective. There are debates around whether gender differences are innate or socially constructed. The document concludes that both male and female approaches to ethics are needed, balancing care for others with moral rules against unjust conduct.
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This chapter discusses Kant and deontological moral theories. It provides an overview of Kant's moral philosophy and the categorical imperative. The categorical imperative states that moral rules and duties must be universal and exceptionless. However, critics argue that this absolutism is problematic. The chapter then discusses Ross's theory of prima facie duties as a potential solution that allows for exceptions when duties conflict. In conclusion, it notes attempts to reconcile deontological and utilitarian approaches to ethics.
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The document discusses ethical egoism and arguments for and against it. It examines two types of egoism - psychological egoism, which claims we always act in self-interest, and ethical egoism, which claims one ought to always act in self-interest. It outlines arguments that have been made in favor of ethical egoism, such as from self-satisfaction, self-deception, Hobbes, Smith, and Rand. However, it also discusses several arguments that have been made against ethical egoism, such as the inconsistent outcomes argument, publicity argument, paradox of ethical egoism, counterintuitive consequences argument, and problem of future generations. In conclusion, it states that ethical egoism embraces self-ex
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The document summarizes key points from Chapter Five of the book "Ethics: Discovering Right and Wrong". It discusses social contract theory and why individuals are motivated to be moral. Specifically, it covers how Thomas Hobbes believed people act in self-interest, which leads to conflict without rules, and that rational individuals accept rules and morality via a social contract to achieve order. It also examines why society needs moral rules to function and why individuals should be moral, even if sometimes disadvantaged, for long-term self-interest and advantage.
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The document discusses different views on values and the good life. It outlines eight categories of basic values including material, economic, moral and aesthetic values. It also discusses whether values are intrinsic or instrumental and whether they are objective or subjective. The document explores different theories of happiness, including hedonism and Aristotle's view that true happiness comes from living a virtuous life. It analyzes the happiness machine thought experiment and concludes some key ingredients for a happy life are action, freedom, character and relationships.
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Mantra Yoga is an exact science. "Mananat trayate iti mantrah- by the Manana (constant thinking or recollection) of which one is protected or is released from the round of births and deaths, is Mantra." That is called Mantra by the meditation (Manana) on which the Jiva or the individual soul attains freedom from sin, enjoyment in heaven and final liberation, and by the aid of which it attains in full the fourfold fruit (Chaturvarga), i.e., Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha. A Mantra is so called because it is achieved by the mental process.
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1111298173 282421 13
- 1. Chapter Thirteen: Moral Realism and the Challenge of Skepticism Moral Realism This theory claims that moral facts exist and are part of the fabric of the universe: they exist independently of our thoughts about them
- 2. Terms •Nonnaturalism: a theory held by nonnaturalistic moral realists who ground moral values in nonnatural facts about the world •Moral skepticism: a denial that moral values are objectively factual •Moral nihilism: holds that there are no moral facts, no moral truths, and no moral knowledge.
- 3. Mackie’s Moral Skepticism •Argues “there are no objective values”, there are no objective moral truths •His view is not about the meaning of moral statements but about objective facts, about whether there are any factually right or good actions.
- 4. Arguments from Relativity, Queerness, and Projection •Mackie offers three arguments for his skeptical position: •1. Argument from relativity: there is no universal moral code to which all people adhere to •2. Argument from queerness: the implausiblity of supposing that such things as values have an independent existence
- 5. Arguments from Relativity, Queerness, and Projection • 3. Argument from projection: aims to show that belief in objective value is the result of psychological tendencies to project subjective beliefs to the outside world
- 6. Harman’s Moral Nihilism •Defends an extreme Moral Nihilism, morality is simply an illusion •Disanalogy thesis: moral principles cannot be tested by observation in the same way that scientific theories can. •We choose our moral values not because of the way the world is, but because of the way we were brought up into this world.
- 7. Criticism: Scientific and Moral Observation are Analogous •There is no strong disanalogy between scientific and moral observation •May not be able to be tested in the same way as empirical theories but they can be tested
- 8. A Defense of Moral Realism •Moral Facts about Happiness and Suffering •Universal and Supervenient Properties •Noncognitivism and Moral Realism