This study aimed to identify and analyze meiofaunal organisms in Songculan Lagoon, Philippines. Eleven meiofaunal taxa were identified, including nematodes, copepods, ostracods, turbellarians, gastropods, flatworms, gastrotrichs, polychaetes, oligochaetes, rotifers, and tardigrades. Nematodes and gastropods were present at all sampling stations. Analysis found that nematodes made up 34% of organisms, making them the most abundant taxa overall. Physicochemical properties of the water and sediments were also measured. This baseline data on meiofaunal composition and environmental conditions can inform further studies
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal ...Angelo Mark Walag
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal zone of Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines were assessed from March to May 2014. Water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, and type of substrate were determined in the study were within the normal range. A modified transect-quadrat method was used in an approximately 14,000 m2 of study area. Seven hundred twenty seven individuals belonging to 15 species were found in the area. These organisms belong to four phyla namely: Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Annelida. The three most abundant organisms found were Coenobita clypeatus, Ophiothrix longipeda, and Cypraea poraria with relative abundance of 73.86%, 4.13% and 3.71% respectively. Most of the macrobenthic fauna identified exhibited a clumped pattern of distribution, while the rest are randomly distributed. The species diversity of the area is 1.19 which is very low compared to reports from related studies.
Optimal Salinity, Nitrate and Phosphate Concentrations on Germination and Gro...iosrjce
The effects of salinity, nitrate (N) and phosphate (P) concentrations on the germination of Enhalus
acoroides seeds and growth were studied under laboratory condition. The highest percentage of seed
germination was at 20 ppt salinity for all concentrations of Nand P. However, there was not different (P >0.05) in
the percentage of germinated seed compared with other salinity levels of 25 and 30 ppt at all N and P concentrations. In
regard to the growth rate of seedling was found to be effective to the extension of root and lengths. In present
study, root and leaf lengths of E. acoroides seedling were observed to be significantly declined when the level of
salinity and N and P concentrations increased. Hence, alteration in the major nutrient concentration indicates
the vulnerability of E. acoroides seagrass under culturing laboratory condition, which must be avoidably
approached prior to transplantation into the meadow area for conservative management of seagrass resource.
Environmental conditions and zooplankton community structure in five ponds in...Innspub Net
The degradation of surface water quality in Cameroon is linked to the absence of a functional waste management strategy. For such a strategy to be efficient, a general understanding of aquatic ecosystems will be of importance, these management strategies are particularly lacking in the eastern part of the country. To better understand and appreciate the ecosystems in the town of Bertoua, five ponds where chosen for the physicochemical and zooplankton communities analysis. Sampling on these ponds was conducted from March 2016 to April 2017 on a monthly basis. Samples for physicochemical analysis were collected at 20cm below water surface at the middle of each pond and measured were done following the recommendations of Rodier and Alpha. Biological samples were collected by filtering 50 liters of water through a 64µm mesh opening sieve. Identification was done using standard methods and identification keys. One-way ANOVA analysis was conducted to assess the potential differences between the different ponds base monthly observations. Although they are all hypereutrophic, with regard to the values of the physicochemical parameters, the five ponds showed no significant difference between them but, the structure of the zooplankton community remains very diverse. 118 zooplankton species have been identified in the five ponds. The distribution of zooplankton in these hydrosystems was mainly governed by the presence of organic matter. This study sheds light on the status and biological diversity of ponds in eastern Cameroon, data on which to rely to develop management strategies.
Chemical communications among plant and animal components are fundamental elements for the functioning and the connectivity of ecosystems. In particular, wound-activated infochemicals trigger specific reactions of invertebrates according to evolutionary constraints, permitting them to identify prey cues, escape predators and optimize their behaviors according to specific life strategies.
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal ...Angelo Mark Walag
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal zone of Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines were assessed from March to May 2014. Water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, and type of substrate were determined in the study were within the normal range. A modified transect-quadrat method was used in an approximately 14,000 m2 of study area. Seven hundred twenty seven individuals belonging to 15 species were found in the area. These organisms belong to four phyla namely: Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Annelida. The three most abundant organisms found were Coenobita clypeatus, Ophiothrix longipeda, and Cypraea poraria with relative abundance of 73.86%, 4.13% and 3.71% respectively. Most of the macrobenthic fauna identified exhibited a clumped pattern of distribution, while the rest are randomly distributed. The species diversity of the area is 1.19 which is very low compared to reports from related studies.
Optimal Salinity, Nitrate and Phosphate Concentrations on Germination and Gro...iosrjce
The effects of salinity, nitrate (N) and phosphate (P) concentrations on the germination of Enhalus
acoroides seeds and growth were studied under laboratory condition. The highest percentage of seed
germination was at 20 ppt salinity for all concentrations of Nand P. However, there was not different (P >0.05) in
the percentage of germinated seed compared with other salinity levels of 25 and 30 ppt at all N and P concentrations. In
regard to the growth rate of seedling was found to be effective to the extension of root and lengths. In present
study, root and leaf lengths of E. acoroides seedling were observed to be significantly declined when the level of
salinity and N and P concentrations increased. Hence, alteration in the major nutrient concentration indicates
the vulnerability of E. acoroides seagrass under culturing laboratory condition, which must be avoidably
approached prior to transplantation into the meadow area for conservative management of seagrass resource.
Environmental conditions and zooplankton community structure in five ponds in...Innspub Net
The degradation of surface water quality in Cameroon is linked to the absence of a functional waste management strategy. For such a strategy to be efficient, a general understanding of aquatic ecosystems will be of importance, these management strategies are particularly lacking in the eastern part of the country. To better understand and appreciate the ecosystems in the town of Bertoua, five ponds where chosen for the physicochemical and zooplankton communities analysis. Sampling on these ponds was conducted from March 2016 to April 2017 on a monthly basis. Samples for physicochemical analysis were collected at 20cm below water surface at the middle of each pond and measured were done following the recommendations of Rodier and Alpha. Biological samples were collected by filtering 50 liters of water through a 64µm mesh opening sieve. Identification was done using standard methods and identification keys. One-way ANOVA analysis was conducted to assess the potential differences between the different ponds base monthly observations. Although they are all hypereutrophic, with regard to the values of the physicochemical parameters, the five ponds showed no significant difference between them but, the structure of the zooplankton community remains very diverse. 118 zooplankton species have been identified in the five ponds. The distribution of zooplankton in these hydrosystems was mainly governed by the presence of organic matter. This study sheds light on the status and biological diversity of ponds in eastern Cameroon, data on which to rely to develop management strategies.
Chemical communications among plant and animal components are fundamental elements for the functioning and the connectivity of ecosystems. In particular, wound-activated infochemicals trigger specific reactions of invertebrates according to evolutionary constraints, permitting them to identify prey cues, escape predators and optimize their behaviors according to specific life strategies.
— The formation, species composition and functional role of red algae were studied in the Black Sea's coastal zone. In sublittoral plant communities, red algae are dominant both by their number of species in the phytocenosis and by their active thallus-the one that ensures their high metabolism. Algae with a large specific surface area of thallus can accumulate heavy metals in higher concentrations. In the paper, we discuss possibilities of using red algae as biomarkers of marine pollution, and as bio filters in the processes of water natural.
Heavy Metals in organs and endoparasites of Oreochromisniloticus, Sediment an...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Assessment of pesticides residues in fish (Tilapia guineensis) in the Couffo ...IJEAB
In Benin, the main cash crop is the cotton of which the level of production is largely insufficient to satisfy the national and international market. The main food crops (corn, cassava, yam, bean, rice, etc.) permit to cover the food needed globally, but remain again extensively on this side of the potentialities offered by the ecological conditions of the country. In the process to increase the agricultural production, the herbicides, insecticides and the fertilizers are used now in higher quantity that in the past. The aim of this work was to assess the level of contamination of fish (Tilapia guineensis) in the Couffo River in Djidja (Benin) by the pesticides. Nine (09) samples of fish (Tilapia guineensis) have been collected in nine (09) points along the Couffo River. The analysis of these fish has been done by gas chromatography after extraction and purification. In fish, the detected concentrations in average ranged between 0.123 µg/kg and 0.191 µg/kg for the glyphosate, from 0.095 to 0.128 µg/kg for the profenofos, between 0.112 and 0.125 µg/kg for the acetamiprid and 0.127 and 0.139 µg/kg. To assess the risk to public health, pesticides intake by fish consumption was estimated and compared with Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) values reported by the Codex Alimentarius. This comparison showed that fish consumption does not pose a risk for public health.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.10
bio-indicators. The present study is focused on the effective use of L. rohita, an economically significant carp as a
bio-indicator of zinc pollution through its several physiological, histopathological biomarkers. Primarily, acute toxicity
test is performed in which the carp fingerlings are exposed to different concentrations (10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320 ppm) of
zinc sulphate. 96 hour LC50 value is determined to be 100 ppm. It is taken as lethal concentration and the fishes are
exposed to it for a period of 96 hours during which wide range of behavioural abnormalities are evidenced like general
hyperactivity, surfacing activity, hyper-opercular activity, and erratic swimming pattern. It is followed by loss of balance
and convolutions. One fifth of the lethal concentration is taken (i.e., 10 ppm) as sub-lethal concentration and fishes are
exposed to it for a period of 15 days during which growth, behaviour, oxygen consumption, histopathology, hematology
and genotoxicity are studied. Negative growth performance is observed with insignificant length increment up to 0.24 %
and significant weight reduction up to -2.38 %. Wide range of behavioural abnormalities are evidenced which includes,
erratic swimming, hyperactivity, surfacing activity and depression in appetite. Besides, general body discolouration and
haemorrhage are observed as well. Rate of oxygen consumption showed a time dependant decrease which ranged up to
-49.10%. Gills of the fishes are shown to have conspicuous histopathological alterations like lamellar necrosis, lamellar
fusion, lamellar erosion, epithelial lifting and epithelial swelling. Key-words- Bioindicator, L. rohita, Zinc sulphate, Growth, Behaviour, Oxygen Consumption, Histopathology
— The formation, species composition and functional role of red algae were studied in the Black Sea's coastal zone. In sublittoral plant communities, red algae are dominant both by their number of species in the phytocenosis and by their active thallus-the one that ensures their high metabolism. Algae with a large specific surface area of thallus can accumulate heavy metals in higher concentrations. In the paper, we discuss possibilities of using red algae as biomarkers of marine pollution, and as bio filters in the processes of water natural.
Heavy Metals in organs and endoparasites of Oreochromisniloticus, Sediment an...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Assessment of pesticides residues in fish (Tilapia guineensis) in the Couffo ...IJEAB
In Benin, the main cash crop is the cotton of which the level of production is largely insufficient to satisfy the national and international market. The main food crops (corn, cassava, yam, bean, rice, etc.) permit to cover the food needed globally, but remain again extensively on this side of the potentialities offered by the ecological conditions of the country. In the process to increase the agricultural production, the herbicides, insecticides and the fertilizers are used now in higher quantity that in the past. The aim of this work was to assess the level of contamination of fish (Tilapia guineensis) in the Couffo River in Djidja (Benin) by the pesticides. Nine (09) samples of fish (Tilapia guineensis) have been collected in nine (09) points along the Couffo River. The analysis of these fish has been done by gas chromatography after extraction and purification. In fish, the detected concentrations in average ranged between 0.123 µg/kg and 0.191 µg/kg for the glyphosate, from 0.095 to 0.128 µg/kg for the profenofos, between 0.112 and 0.125 µg/kg for the acetamiprid and 0.127 and 0.139 µg/kg. To assess the risk to public health, pesticides intake by fish consumption was estimated and compared with Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) values reported by the Codex Alimentarius. This comparison showed that fish consumption does not pose a risk for public health.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.10
bio-indicators. The present study is focused on the effective use of L. rohita, an economically significant carp as a
bio-indicator of zinc pollution through its several physiological, histopathological biomarkers. Primarily, acute toxicity
test is performed in which the carp fingerlings are exposed to different concentrations (10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320 ppm) of
zinc sulphate. 96 hour LC50 value is determined to be 100 ppm. It is taken as lethal concentration and the fishes are
exposed to it for a period of 96 hours during which wide range of behavioural abnormalities are evidenced like general
hyperactivity, surfacing activity, hyper-opercular activity, and erratic swimming pattern. It is followed by loss of balance
and convolutions. One fifth of the lethal concentration is taken (i.e., 10 ppm) as sub-lethal concentration and fishes are
exposed to it for a period of 15 days during which growth, behaviour, oxygen consumption, histopathology, hematology
and genotoxicity are studied. Negative growth performance is observed with insignificant length increment up to 0.24 %
and significant weight reduction up to -2.38 %. Wide range of behavioural abnormalities are evidenced which includes,
erratic swimming, hyperactivity, surfacing activity and depression in appetite. Besides, general body discolouration and
haemorrhage are observed as well. Rate of oxygen consumption showed a time dependant decrease which ranged up to
-49.10%. Gills of the fishes are shown to have conspicuous histopathological alterations like lamellar necrosis, lamellar
fusion, lamellar erosion, epithelial lifting and epithelial swelling. Key-words- Bioindicator, L. rohita, Zinc sulphate, Growth, Behaviour, Oxygen Consumption, Histopathology
The effects of different water quality parameters on zooplankton distribution...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Proximate Analysis of Bait Polychaetes from Port Dickson, Malaysia as Prospec...AI Publications
Bait polychaete worms were obtained from areas around Port Dickson coasts of Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus in Malaysia. There were four species of bait polychaete species used in this study Perinereis quatrefagesi, Halla parthenopeia, Diopatra neapolitana, and Marphysa mossambica. These polychaete species were subjected to lipid, protein, water, carbohydrate, and ash content analysis. The lipid contents in polychaete were determined using Soxhlet analysis. The protein contents were determined using Kjeldahl analysis. The water and ash content were determined by using the oven drying method. Marphysa mossambica has the highest percentage of lipid as much as 27.98. Diopatra Neapolitana has the highest protein content in their body, as much as 51.87% and followed closer by Marphysa mossambica as much as 51.14% respectively. The highest carbohydrate content was found in the polychaete species Perinereis quatrefagesi, as much as 24.61%. The highest ash content was found in Diopatra neapolitana yet Marphysa mossambbica has comparatively high ash content as well as much as 3.12% compared to 3.24% in Diopatra neapolitana. Similar pattern as in ash content can be seen for water content as well. Diopatra neapolitana has the highest percentage of water as much as 71.38% and followed closer by Marphysa mossambica with water content as much as 70.23%. The biochemical composition in polychaete species varies because of species size, feeding biology, habitat and environmental factor as well. The biochemical composition within species also shows a constant composition even though it varies in terms of value.
Variation in the plankton abundance, biomass and diversity of Municipal pond ...AbdullaAlAsif1
This is the first approach to identification, abundance calculation; biomass analysis and diversity evaluation in two water bodies namely, Municipal pond and Bukvora baor at Jashore district, Bangladesh. The present study was conducted to find out the abundance and species diversity of plankton, water quality parameters in pond and baor environment. However, Municipal pond that is located at the central point of Jashore town and Bukvora baor that is located at sadar upazila in Jashore district. Study also concentrated on the comparison about abundance, species diversity and water quality parameters between pond and baor. Water samples were collected in each month throughout the study period from May, 2016 to August, 2016. Different water quality parameters such as air temperature, water temperature, dissolve oxygen; pH and transparency were measured in every month. The mean water parameters such as air temperature, water temperature, dissolve oxygen; pH and transparency were 30.4±2.30°C, 32.25 ± 2.6°C, 5.7±0.35 mg/l, 7.05 ± 0.39 and 19.9 ± 2.6 cm, respectively in pond. In baor, the mean water parameters such as air temperature, water temperature, dissolve oxygen, pH and transparency were 33.45 ± 1.19°C, 33.15 ± 1.49°C, 5.03 ± 0.15 mg/l, 8.45 ± 0.36 and 24.95 ± 2.6 cm, respectively. A total of 30 phytoplankton species have been found in the study area of which species under four groups; namely Cyanophyta (5), Heterokontophyta (3), Chlorophyta (11), Euglenophyta (2) have been identified and nine species were unidentified. Phytoplankton species distribution was not uniform. Chlorophyta species was most dominant group in both environments. Major four groups of zooplankton identified in study area both pond and baor; namely Cladocera (10%), Copepoda (55%), Ostracoda (3%), Rotifera (15%). In addition Nauplius (2%), Tunicata (4%), Insect larve (5%) fish eggs (6%) were also identified. Copepoda species was most dominant group in both environments. Plankton diversity was highest in June occurred in both environments.
Assessment of the Plankton Biodiversity,Bay of Bengal, Cox's Bazar, BangladeshAbuMusa51
I am Abu Musa. This is my Internship Presentation. This is for partial fulfillment of the 4th-year final examination of the Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka. This is based on my findings from one month of research on the Coxs Bazar coast. The research is done in the live feed lab of BFRI Cox's Bazar.
Utilization of Multiple Habitat Sampling Protocol for Macroinvertebrates as Indicators of Water
Quality in Stream Ecosystem in Lawis,
Buruun, Iligan City
This plain English fact sheet outlines the work done by the EPA in monitoring phytoplankton in Ireland's marine environment.
The EPA and the Marine Institute sample phytoplankton in estuaries and coastal waters around Ireland. They carry out sampling three times during the summer and once during winter. At each location, they take water samples just below the surface and above the seabed. They use the samples to assess how much phytoplankton is in the water and what species are present.
Phytoplankton are tiny, free-floating plants found suspended in the world’s oceans. Their name comes from Greek and means ‘plant drifter’. They are carried along by ocean currents and are usually found floating near the surface of the water. Like all plants they need sunlight to grow.
The main sources of nutrients around Ireland’s coast are discharges from wastewater treatment plants and run off from agricultural land. Phytoplankton in the estuaries and coastal waters around Ireland are monitored by the EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA) and the Marine Institute. They monitor phytoplankton to assess the quality (status) of our marine environment. They must do this as part of the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive.
Effect of water parameters on temporal distribution and abundance of zooplank...AbdullaAlAsif1
Seasonal abundance of zooplankton in relation to different physico-chemical conditions of Kaptai lake has been studied. A total of four major groups of zooplankton were identified from study area of Kaptai lake during three seasons observation at pre-monsoon, monsoon and Post-monsoon. These four groups were categorized into rotifers, copepods, cladocerans and others (fish larvae, shrimp larvae, insects, mosquito larvae etc.). The mean abundance of group rotifers, copepods, cladoceras and others were 103, 84.67, 38.33 and 41.83 ind. L-1 respectively. The highest group was rotifers in terms of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 38 % at three season's observation. The lowest group was cladoceras in term of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 14 %. The air temperature, water temperature, transparency, water pH, DO, BOD5, PO 4-P, NO 2-N, SiO 3-Si, TSS, TDS, Alkalinity ranged between 21 and 27.5C, 23.5 and 31.5C, 0.8 and 3 m, 7.1 and 7.5, 5.72 and 8.58 mg/l, 8.55 and 12.87 mg/l, 3.22 and 4.13 µg/l, 0.992 and 1.19 µg/l, 161.18 and 201.15 µg/l, 0.28 and 0.48 g/l, 0.18 and 0.68 g/l, 40 and 60 ppm, respectively. Margalef richness index (d), Pielou's evenness index (J'), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Simpson dominance index (λ) are analyzed by Primer V6 software to quantify the collected species. Through same software SIMPER, Cluster analysis also done to compare similarity between season.
The Growth of Oreochromis niloticus (2.6g initial average size) was studied in 100m2 earthen ponds for 180 days under tropical field environment. Varying fertilizing regimes consisting of Pennisetum purpureum (PP) and Musa sapientum (MS), two locally available weedy grasses were applied in duplicates in the experimental ponds, at the rate of 0.1-0.2 kg dry matter per m2 per day. Water quality parameters were monitored bimonthly between 8:00am-9:00am . Final average fish weight varied significantly (p<0.05) as follows: 43.85g, 35.5g, 59.5g, 24.9g and 50g, 2 respectively for PP, MS, MS+PP, T0 and T1. Corresponding daily growth were 2.2g/d, 0.1g/d, 0.3g/d, 0.1g/d and 0.2g/d. Survival rate equally varied significantly as follow: 60 %, 67 %, and 98 %, 70 % and 97 % respectively. During the study period, the results indicated the water quality were permissibole limits and can be used for livestock of Oreochromis niloticus .
A Rapid marine biodiversity assessment of the coral reefs in morales Beach, B...Innspub Net
Morales beach is one of the beaches located in the coastal town of Glan, Sarangani Province and noted for its quite enormous coral reef which is continuously degrading. This study was conducted to assess the health status of coral reef ecosystem and to evaluate the physico-chemical parameters of the area. Point Intercept Transect (PIT) method was used to monitor live coral condition and the supporting fauna at a coral reef ecosystem. Physico-chemical parameters were obtained in situ using a thermometer, refractometer, and a pH meter. The result of the study showed a very low percentage cover of hard corals, no cover percentage of soft corals and high cover percentage of other biota or substrate. The reef areas exhibited poor coral cover with an average of 15 percent live hard corals having family Acropora as the most dominant species (Shannon diversity index of 1.653). Water samples obtained were within the DENR (1990) standards suitable for the optimum growth of coral reefs. The health status of the coral reefs in Morales beach showed a partially disturbed reef due to human intervention. It is greatly recommended to constantly monitor the coral conditions in order to effectively manage and protect the increasing number of Marine Protected Areas (MPA).
Diversity and abundance of Macrobenthos in a subtropical estuary, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
Soft bottom macrobenthos are important component of the marine and coastal trophic chain. There has been sparse information regarding the distribution of soft bottom macrobenthos form the coastal water of Bangladesh. Consequently, the present study was an effort to reveal the diversity and abundance of macrobenthos in the Feni Estuary in a seasonal pattern together with the hydrological factors. A total of 17 taxa families of soft-bottom invertebrates were found over the two sampling seasons. The current study yielded a total number of 34,726 ind./m 2 (mean 2480ind./m 2) including 18,909ind./m 2 in wet season (mean 2682ind./m 2) and 15,817 ind./m 2 in dry season (2259ind./m 2). The highest density of soft-bottom invertebrates was in the wet season while the lowest number in the dry season. A total of 5 groups of macrobenthos were found over the two sampling seasons. The dominant group was Polychaeta that contributed 43.60% of the total soft-bottom invertebrates. The values of biodiversity indices were higher in dry season compare to the wet season in most of the sampling station during the study period.
Productivity of phytoplankton using different organic fertilizers in the glas...AbdullaAlAsif1
The experiment intended to estimate the productivity using different organic fertilizer and to identify the species of phytoplankton in the aquarium tanks. The study was conducted in the laboratory Phytoplankton samples for culture were collected from fisheries experimental pond by using conical-shaped monofilament nylon net (phytoplankton net). Three treatment such as cow dung (T₁), chicken manure (T₂) and control (T₃) were designed. Each treatment had two replications. In case of T₁ and T₂, 10 g of fertilizer was used in each aquarium tank. Sampling of phytoplankton for counting and identification was done every week and 1 litre of water sample was taken from each tank. Phytoplankton sample for identification were preserved by Lugol's solution. Three physicochemical parameters namely water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH were measured in every sampling week during the study period. Water quality parameters of the aquarium tank varied with the variation of sampling week. There was no significant difference between water temperature, pH and DO in case of three treatment. The mean water temperature, pH and DO were 21.85±1.95 °C, 8.38±0.23 and 5.55±0.58 mg/l, respectively. The abundance of phytoplankton in T₁, T₂ and T₃ were 25-65, 25-105 and 6-20 individual/l, respectively. The phytoplankton abundance were influenced by different organic fertilizer and noticed higher in number by using chicken manure. Irregular relationship between phytoplankton abundance and water temperature was found. Phytoplankton showed positive relationship with DO. In this study 15 species of phytoplankton were identified under four groups namely Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Bacillariophyta and Euglenophyta. Chlorophyta (52%) was the dominant group in the aquarium. The findings of the present study will help to improve the management strategies of water quality, for estimating the productivity of phytoplankton and for the best use of organic fertilizer especially chicken manure.
Cycloartanes from Tabernaemontana coronaria (Jacq) Willd flowers with their c...Akhil Gupta
The n-hexane fraction of Tabernamontana coronaria (Jacq) Willd flowers afforded two cycloartane type triterpenes, cycloart-25-en-3β, 24 diol and cycloart-23-en-3β, 22α, 25triol for the first time from this plant, in addition to lupeol acetate, α-amyrin, cycloeucalenol, stigmasterol.
In vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the various e...Akhil Gupta
The present study was designed to investigate antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of pet ether, chloroform and methanol extracts of Ganoderma lucidum available in Bangladesh.
Histophysiology and Histochemical Analysis of the Saccus Vasculosus of Butter...Akhil Gupta
Cellular details including histochemical nature and functional aspects of saccus vasculosus in Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch, 1794) were studied using histological and histochemical techniques. The oval protruded saccus vasculosus
situated on the ventral side of the diencephalon behind the pituitary. This circumventricular organ contained atypical large central lumen lined by single stratified ithelium with characteristic coronet cells and supporting cells.
Silver stain was adopted for the occurrence and distribution of neurons if any in the epithelium and various regions
of the saccus vasculosus. Intensity of glycogen was found to be associated with the coronet cells and blood vessels.
Histochemical localization of basic protein and bound lipid were recorded in the cells of saccus epithelial lining as
well as in the blood vessels. Coronet cells perhaps involved in secretory as well as sensory function of the fish concerned.
1. ISSN: 2320-7078
Volume 1 Issue 3
Online Available at www.entomoljournal.com
Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
Vol. 1 No. 3 2013 www.entomoljournal.com Page | 47
Marine Meiofauna in Songculan Lagoon, Songculan, Dauis,
Bohol Philippines
Hongayo, Menelo C 1*
, Abad, Lawrence Alvir A1
., Acuesta, Tara R1
., Ayeng, Ted Mikko A1
., Cano, Vincent Nino
V1
., Guioguio Enrique A1
., Lingas Jarryn M1
., Vito Margie P 1
1. Field biology (Bio 10) 2012, Mathematics and Natural Sciences Department, College of Arts and Sciences,
Holy Name University, Tagbilaran City Bohol, Philippines.
[E-mail: menelo20022003@yahoo.com; Tel: 639177321085 ]
Meiofaunal organisms are small animals found living in the benthic zones of both freshwater and marine habitats
and are considered numerically dominant metazoans. Their presence in the benthic zone is important since they
serve as links to higher trophic levels in the ecosystems. This study aimed to identify meiofaunal organisms found in
Songculan Lagoon, Songculan Dauis, Bohol, Philippines; determine the physico – chemical properties of water and
sediments in Songculan Lagoon; and compute and compare for relative abundance of the meiofaunal taxa. This
study was limited to meiofaunal taxa identification up to class level. Sampling involves coring method [2, 9]
. The
results identified eleven (11) meiofaunal taxa namely; Nematoda, Copepod, Ostracod, Turbellaria, Gastropod,
Flatworms, Gastrotricha, Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Rotifera and Tardigrada.
Keyword: Meiofaunal organisms, Marine habitats, Metazoans
1. Introduction
Meiofaunal organisms are small animals (pass
through a .500 mm sieve and are retained on a
0.063 or 0.045 mm sieve) [1]
, found living in the
benthic zones of both freshwater and marine
habitats and are considered numerically dominant
metazoans. They occur from the splash zone on
the beach to the deepest sediments in the sea, and
found on all types of sediments. Their sizes are
intermediate with that of the macrofauna and
microfauna [2, 3, 4]
. Due to their taxonomic
diversity and species richness, meiofauna
represent an important but often neglected
component of marine biodiversity.
About twenty – three higher taxa of the thirty –
three metazoan phyla have some meiobenthic
representatives. Some of these taxa are
exclusively meiobenthic, like Gastrotricha,
Kinorhyncha, Loricifera, Nematode, Turbellaria,
Oligochaeta, Polychaeta, Copepoda, Ostracoda,
Mystacocarida, Halacuroidea, Hydrozoa,
Nemertina, Entoprocta, Gastropoda,
Aplacophora, Brachiopoda, Holothuroidea,
Tunicata, Priapulida, Sipunculida wherein other
taxa are meiobenthic in certain point in their life
history [2]
. To date, 390 of the approximate 700
described are exclusively marine species, with the
remainder known from various freshwater
habitats [5]
. Despite its taxonomic heterogeneity,
meiofauna are believed to belong to a separate
functional group of marine benthos [4]
.
With these, their presence of these interstitial
organisms in the benthic zone is important since
they serve as links to higher trophic levels in the
marine ecosystems. They play an important role
in bioturbation and stimulation of bacterial
metabolism in marine sediments [2]
. They also
participate in the biomineralization of organic
matter particularly the sediments and act as a link
between detritus and higher trophic levels in
2. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
Vol. 1 No. 3 2013 www.entomoljournal.com Page | 48
tropical habitats. This also exhibit high sensitivity
to anthropogenic inputs, making them excellent
sentinels of pollution [6]
. Futhermore, the
importance of meiofauna on ecosystem dynamics
and the lack of background information on them
suggest the creation of baseline research [7]
and
will provide the first steps for a comprehensive
understanding of the effect of habitat loss and
fragmentation, since the state and composition of
meiofauna assemblages may reflect the general
health of the marine benthos [8]
.
2. Objectives of the Study
This study aimed to identify possible meiofaunal
organisms found in Songculan Lagoon,
Songculan Dauis, Bohol, Philippines; determine
the physico – chemical properties of water and
sediments in Songculan Lagoon; and compute for
relative abundance of the meiofaunal taxa.
3. Significance of the Study
The main importance of this study is to identify
the meiofaunal taxa in Songculan Lagoon. The
results of this study serve as baseline information
of the meiofaunal taxa and their abundance. This
raised awareness of the importance of these
interstitial organisms in Songculan Lagoon so
that activities that directly or indirectly cause
disturbance will be taken into consideration. The
importance of meiofauna on ecosystem dynamics
and the lack of background information on them
suggest the creation of baseline research, which
`provide the first steps for a comprehensive
understanding of the effect of habitat loss, and
fragmentation, since the state and composition of
meiofauna assemblages may reflect the general
health of the marine benthos [7]
.
4. Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study was limited to meiofauna taxa
identification up to class level in Songculan
Lagoon. The sampling was conducted last July
25, 2012. Sampling involved coring method[2]
.
Salinity and temperature were the only physical
parameters taken. The variables measured for
water analysis included density, temperature,
turbidity, salinity, suspended solids, color and
pH.
5. Materials and Methods
5.1 Sampling site
Three stations were selected, station 1- one near
the mouth (9° 38'9'' N, 123°50'18'' E), station 2-
in the middle (9°38'8" N, 123°50'13'' E) and
station 3-the other one in the end (9°38'5'' N,
123°50'7'' E) of Songculan Lagoon in Songculan,
Dauis, Bohol Philippines with dense mangrove
populations on the edges.
Fig 1: Songculan Lagoon
5.2 Sample collection, fixation, extraction and
identification
Sediment samples were collected during low tide
in the intertidal zone through coring method [2,9]
and fixed in 5% buffered formalin stained with
congo red. Extraction was conducted through
decantation [2]
. The collected meiofaunal
organisms were examined and identified under
the use of stereoscope using pictorial key
identification.
5.3 Sediment Analysis
The samples were dried at 60º C, weighed and
then sieved (sieves 75 µm and 150 µm). The
sediments that were able to pass through each
sieve were weighed and computed for % sand, %
silt, % clay [8]
.
5.4 Data Analysis
In this particular study, in determining the
abundance, the formula of Smith and Smith [10]
,
was used
=
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Fig 2: Meiofaunal Organisms in Songculan Lagoon, Songculan Dauis Bohol Philippines.
Table 3: Physico-chemical properties of seawater in Songculan Lagoon, Songculan Dauis Bohol Philippines.
Properties
Temperature Salinity pH Turbidity Density Color Suspended solids(100ml)
30°C 31.5ppt 8 (Basic) 30cm+++ 100.415g/ml Clear 8.75
Table 4: Sediment analysis in Songculan Lagoon, Songculan Dauis Bohol Philippines.
Wet Wt.
Dry Wt. 184.3 g
Sand Silt Clay
195.4 g 149.5g (81%) 28.9 g (16%) 5.9 g (3%)
Eleven (11) meiofaunal taxa were identified in
Songculan Lagoon namely; Netamoda, Copepod,
Ostracod, Turbellaria, Gastropod, Flatworms,
Gastroticha, Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Rotifera
and Tardigrada. In station 1, six (6) meiofanual
taxa determined which included the Tardigrada,
Polychaeta, Gastropod, Turbellaria, Ostracod, and
Nematodes. For station 2, seven (7) taxa were
determined having the highest number taxa in
Songculan Lagoon namely Tardigrada,
Oligochaeta, Flatworms, Gastropod, Ostracod,
Copepod and Nematodes. In station 3 with six (6)
taxa which included the Rotifera, Polychaeta,
Gastroticha, Gastropod, Copepod and
Nematodes. Nematodes and Garstropods were
the taxa occurring in all stations.
The most dominant at the entire sampling site
were the Nematodes as shown in Table 1 and
Figure 2. Table 1 showed the relative abundance
or dominant of meiofaunal taxa found among
sediments in Songculan Lagoon namely;
Netamoda (34%-552 individuals), Copepod
(17%-282 individuals), Ostracod (16%-258
individuals), Turbellaria (15%-241 individuals),
Gastropod (11%-182 individuals), Flatworms
(2%-40 individuals), Gastroticha (1%-22
individuals), Polychaeta (1%-21 individuals),
Oligochaeta (1-%19 individuals), Rotifera (1%-
13 individuals) and Tardigrada (0%-8
individuals).
In the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Two Sample Test as
shown in Table 2 for the comparison of the
abundance of meiofauna taxa, for Nematoda that
there was a significant difference compared
among meiofauna taxa identified in this study.
For Oligochaeta, there was a significant
difference compared to Nematoda (P>0.05) and
Gastropoda (P>0.028). For Tardigrada, there was
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Vol. 1 No. 3 2013 www.entomoljournal.comPage | 51
a significant difference compared to Ostracod
(P>0.028) and Nematoda (P>0.05). For
Ostracoda, there was a significant difference
compared to Nematoda (P>0.05) and Tardigrada
(P>0.028). For Gastropod, there was a significant
difference compared to Nematoda (P>0.05),
Oligochaeta (P>0.028) and Gastroticha
(P>0.028). For Gastroticha, there was a
significant difference compared to Nematoda
(P>0.05) and Gastropod (P>0.028). For Copepod,
Flatworms, Polychaeta, Rotifera and Turbellaria,
there was no significant difference among
meiofauna taxa except for Nematoda (P>0.05).
The abundance of the interstitial organisms in
Songculan Lagoon could be associated to the
following environmental factors: grain size,
circulation of water, temperature, salinity and
wave action.
In this study sediment analysis was conducted, it
was found out that the sediments were composed
of 81% sand, 16% silt and 3 % clay. Having this
type this would unable to hold-in water when
tides ebbs leaving. This could explain the
abundance of nematodes identified with 34% of
relative abundance (552 individuals) like in the
study of Gheskiere [8]
, that these are slender and
adapted to live in small water-filled interstitial
spaces like the fine grain sized sandy beaches are
suitable environments. In addition, according the
Nybakken [11]
, nematodes are most abundant and
diversed interstitial organism. This could be
explain to the abundance of the crustacean
representative the Copepod and Ostracod,
Turbellaria, Gastropod, Flatworms, Gastroticha,
Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Rotifera and Tardigrada
in relation to their sediment type preference.
Circulation of water through pore spaces in
sediments is an important factor because this is
responsible for water movement in renewing the
oxygen supply [11]
. This circulation is ideal to
coarse type of sediment like documented in this
study as shown in Table 4.
Furthermore, with some limitations of the
procedure and equipments used in this study
eleven 11 taxa of interstitial organisms from the
three (3) sample stations were identified. For
future studies more sampling stations should be
selected inorder to show the clearer picture of
how diverse the meiofaunal organisms that are
found in Songculan Lagoon, Songculan, Dauis,
Bohol, Philippines.
7. Acknowledgement
Mathematics and Natural Sciences Department,
College of Arts and Sciences, Holy Name
University, Tagbilaran City Bohol, Philippines
LGU, Songculan, Dauis Bohol, Philippines
MCH CO.
8. References
1. Meiofauna.org. What is meiobenthology?,
http://www.meiofauna.org/index.html. 6
September, 2012.
2. Vincx M. Meiofauna in marine and freshwater
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195.
3. Funch P, Neilsen NEN, Graf S, Buttler F. Marine
Meiofauna. Feltkursus i videregående zoologi på
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4. Kotwicki L, Szymelfenig M, De Troch M, Urban-
Malinga B, Weslawski JM. Latitudinal biodiversity
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5. Hochberg R. Gastroticha of Bocas del Toro Panama:
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http://www.marbef.org/wiki/Meiofauna_of_Sandy_
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37-38.
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Verbeke JV, Vincx M. The sandy beach meiofauna
and free-living nematodes from De Panne
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9. Chindah A, Braide S. Meiofauna occurrence and
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(1):33-41.
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