The document provides information about using regular expressions and common Linux utilities like grep and sed to search text files. It covers the basic syntax and options for grep and sed, examples of how to use them to search and make substitutions in files, and an overview of common regular expression metacharacters. The key topics discussed are using grep to search for patterns in files, the s command and flags in sed for substitutions, and metacharacters in regular expressions like *, ., ^, $, [], etc. and what they are used to match in text searches.

1. Junior Level Linux Certification

2. Exam Objectives
Key Knowledge Areas
Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
Objective 3: GNU and Unix Commands
Search text files using regular expressions Weight: 2
Terms and Utilities
grep
egrep
fgrep
sed
regex(7)
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3. Search text files using regular expressions
Using the stream editor
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4. Search text files using regular expressions
The sed utility is a stream editor that takes input either from a file or from data that
is piped into the utility.
Sed works globally within a file unless addressing symbols are used to limit scope
Using the stream editor
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sed command can be used to make simple substitutions and more powerful changes to a file.
Simple substitutions throughout a file are made using the following syntax:
sed -option s/REGEXP/replacement/flag filename
sed command will work using text from standard input as well as text from specified files. Original file is
left intact, and the changes are written to a new file.
REGEXP stands for regular expression, which is a way of searching for particular characters
s/ command instructs sed to locate REGEXP and remove that while adding the replacement in its place.
sed -e ‘s/lisa/Lisa/’ -e ‘s/nikki/Nikki/’ myfriends
sed -e ‘s/lisa/Lisa/’; ‘s/nikki/Nikki/’ myfriends
Ex: search the my friends file and replace the characters lisa and nikki with Lisa and Nikki, respectively.

5. Search text files using regular expressions
Using the stream editor
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6. Search text files using regular expressions
Using the stream editor
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Options Used with sed
Option Use
-V Displays version information and then exits.
-h Displays help information and then exits.
-n Prevents the file from being displayed after it has been processed.
-e command Appends the commands to those being processed.
-f file Appends the commands in the specified script file to those being processed.
sed -f scriptname filename
Ex: run a script on a file by using the -f option. This enables you to store frequently used options and simplifies
larger commands

7. Search text files using regular expressions
Using the stream editor
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Flags Used with s - flags allow further configuration of command
Flag Use
g Applies the changes globally.
p Prints all lines that contain a substitution. (Normally used with the -n option.)
NUMBER Replaces only the NUMBER match.
w filename Writes all lines with substitutions to the file specified.
I Ignores case when matching REGEXP.
Addressing Used with sed
Address Use
number Specifies the line number to match.
number, number Specifies the line numbers to match and includes all lines located between these numbers.
$ Specifies to match the last line.
! Matches all lines except for the lines specified.

8. Search text files using regular expressions
Using the stream editor
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9. Search text files using regular expressions
Using the stream editor
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10. Search text files using regular expressions
Using the stream editor
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11. Search text files using regular expressions
Using the stream editor
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12. Search text files using regular expressions
Using grep
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13. Search text files using regular expressions
Using grep
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14. Search text files using regular expressions
Using grep
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grep utility is used to search files for the pattern specified.
•Default action of the utility is to print the matches to the search.
•Can accept filenames to search or it can search data from standard input.
Syntax: grep –options [-e searchpattern] [-f filename]
Used with 3 variants controlled by options:
Option Use
-G The default behavior which interprets the pattern as a basic regular expression.
-E Interprets the pattern as an extended regular expression.
This option functions the same as the –G option with GNU grep.
-F Interprets the pattern as a list of fixed strings.

15. Search text files using regular expressions
Using grep
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16. Search text files using regular expressions
Using grep Exemple
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17. Search text files using regular expressions
Using grep Exemple
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18. Search text files using regular expressions
Using grep Exemple
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19. Search text files using regular expressions
Regular expressions are patterns of characters, some with special meaning, that
are useful when using text filters.
Special characters are and can be used to represent other characters or groups of characters.
These special characters are known as metacharacters.
Regular expressions
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It is important to understand that although these characters may appear to be the same as
wildcard characters used at a shell prompt, they function differently.

20. Search text files using regular expressions
metacharacters
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Metacharacter Use
The slash is used to locate any of the characters following the slash.
* The asterisk matches zero or more occurrences of the preceding regular expression. The zero or more occurrence matching
is useful when using this character along with others. For example, when searching for *are, matches for are and stare are returned.
. A dot matches any single character; this character is used as a wildcard.
^ The caret is used to locate the start line; it is often followed by another character to locate a line starting with that
character. Using this metacharacter to search for ^A would locate all lines beginning with A.
$ The dollar sign locates the end of the line, and when proceeded by another character, it will locate lines ending with that
character. So, using a$ will locate all lines ending with a.
[ ] Brackets are used to locate specific characters; a range of characters can also be specified within brackets. When a range is specified such
as 1-5, the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are specified.
[^ ] Brackets with a caret as the first character contained between them search for all characters except those that are also contained within
the brackets. So, for [^1-9] all characters are found except for the numbers ranging from one to nine.
{ } These symbols are used to locate a range or specific number of instances. The expression a{3} will search for aaa while the expression a
{1,3} will locate a, aa, and aaa.
< > The slash and less than symbols are used with a set of characters followed by the slash and greater than symbols. The characters that are
located within the symbols are searched for at the word boundary. This allows you to locate complete words, regardless of where they are located within a sentence.

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