Investigative journalism involves deeply investigating topics of public interest, such as crime, corruption, or corporate wrongdoing. It requires original research through sources and documents to uncover new information or shed light on an issue in a way that reveals its significance. The core of investigative journalism is to uncover information that is in the public interest. Successful investigative journalists employ strong reporting skills, determination, and ethics to ferret out well-guarded information from hostile sources on issues that matter to readers.
The news agencies, also known as wire services, are among the most powerful and trusted names in news business. Some of them like Reuters have been in existence since the nineteenth century.
However, few are aware of their reach or existence. They do not own physical properties such as newspapers or television channels. But they generate news for all forms of media. Their subscribers include newspapers, magazines, radio stations, television networks and now news sites.
Online journalism, strengths and weaknesses, citizen journalism, history of online journalism (including comprehensive history of online journalism in Nepal)
The essential components of a research that is undertaken in the field of Medicine as well as the protocol that should be followed while undertaking a research project is highlighted.
The news agencies, also known as wire services, are among the most powerful and trusted names in news business. Some of them like Reuters have been in existence since the nineteenth century.
However, few are aware of their reach or existence. They do not own physical properties such as newspapers or television channels. But they generate news for all forms of media. Their subscribers include newspapers, magazines, radio stations, television networks and now news sites.
Online journalism, strengths and weaknesses, citizen journalism, history of online journalism (including comprehensive history of online journalism in Nepal)
The essential components of a research that is undertaken in the field of Medicine as well as the protocol that should be followed while undertaking a research project is highlighted.
CHAPTER6RESEARCHLEARNING OBJECTIVES• Describe the importan.docxtiffanyd4
CHAPTER
6
RESEARCH
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Describe the importance of responsible research choices
• Outline an effective, efficient research strategy
• Create search terms for focused online searches
• Gather relevant research materials
• Discover the note-taking approach that works best for you
• Evaluate the credibility and usefulness of different sources
• Effectively organize research materials and choose the most useful ones
• Correctly cite your sourcesCHAPTER OUTLINE
• Introduction: Becoming an Expert
• Researching Responsibly
• The Research Process
• How to Conduct an Online Search
• Gathering Your Materials
• Reading Your Materials and Taking Notes
• Evaluating Sources
• Revising Your Claims
• Organizing Your Research Information
• Choosing the Sources for Your Speech
• Citing Your Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism
• Getting Help from a Research Expert
Robert and Dixie have been assigned to speak on either side of an issue, a kind of “pros and cons” format. They chose home schooling as their issue. each has a general position on it (Dixie is in favor, and Robert against) but they admit they just don't know that much about it. So what now? How do they become well enough informed to give a speech on the topic? Where should they even start? How can you keep track of your research? Do you have cite it?Overview
Research is necessary for an effective public speech. This chapter will help you make responsible, well-crafted, and carefully executed research choices. First, we will help you figure out what you already know and translate that knowledge into a research strategy. Next, we will provide some concrete tips on where to go for research (including other people as well as the Internet and the library), how to design a good search query for search engines and databases, and how to narrow your search. After that, we will address what you need to do once you have collected your research material, including how to read through it, take notes, and evaluate which sources are worthwhile. Finally, we will deal with how to use your research process to refine your arguments, choose and organize your quotations, and give proper credit for the sources you use in your speech.
MindTap®
Start with a warm-up activity about Stephanie's speech, and review the chapter's Learning Objectives.INTRODUCTION: BECOMING AN EXPERT
Researching, composing, and delivering an effective public speech requires you to acquire some expertise on your topic. You don't have to be the kind of expert who can produce original facts, figures, and data and publish groundbreaking work regarding your topic. But you do need to become enough of an expert on your topic to translate the research that you have done to an audience that may not have the same background or comfort with concepts and terminology that you have developed in your research. On your topic, you are the expert for your audience's purposes. You should cultivate enough expertise on your topic to bring new insights to .
This lecture talks about the importance of evidence in scientific, business, and innovation research. It lists down important examples to carry this process in perspective of the problem statement.
RELATE: Research Labs for Training Journalists. 80 journalism students are sent on one-week study tours to EU-funded research labs, where they shadow and interview researchers. Subjects cover everything from climate change modelling to cultural heritage, aeronautics, photonics, and vaccine research for TB and cancer.
Only Connect: Media, social media & beyondKara Gavin
A presentation combining elements of general lay-language communication, media relations, institutional outreach and social media for academic researchers & clinicians. Originally presented to University of Michigan Dept. of Psychiatry faculty/postdocs May 2017
The presentation is a brief introduction to news writing in campus publications. It tackles the theory of social responsibility and advocacy in journalism.
2. One of the major duties of a
journalist is to be a civic watch
dog and achieving this often
demands investigation and in-
depth work.
3. Thus, in a way, all stories are
investigative
stories because they require
research, digging, interviewing
and writing.
4. According to
Itule and Anderson (2007:
397), all reporters are
investigators who are trained to
ask
questions, uncover information
and write the most complete
stories possible.
7. Their aim is to ferret out well-
guarded information from often
hostile sources. This gives
them a chance to be
creative, to become part of
their reader‟s
emotional lives and sometimes
to uncover an injustice and
correct it
8. According to Ansell et al (2002:
4-5) investigative reporting has
the following elements:
It’s about digging deeply into an issue or topic
The issue or topic has to be of public interest
It’s a process, not an event
It’s original and proactive
It should produce new information or put together previously
available
information in a new way to reveal its significance
It should be multi-sourced
Because of its in-depth nature, it calls for greater resources, team
working
and time than a routine news report
9. The core of investigative journalism
is to uncover information that is in
the
public’s interest.
10. Investigative journalism is a
form of journalism in which
reporters deeply investigate a
single topic of interest, often
involving crime, political
corruption, or corporate
wrongdoing.
11. University of Missouri
journalism professor Steve
Weinberg defined investigative
journalism as:
“Reporting, through one's own
initiative and work
product, matters of importance
to readers, viewers, or
listeners”
12. British media theorist Hugo de Burgh (2000)
states that: “An investigative journalist is a
man or woman whose profession it is to
discover the truth and to identify lapses from
it in whatever media may be available…
13. …the act of doing this
generally is called investigative
journalism and is distinct from
apparently similar work done
by police, lawyers, auditors,
and regulatory bodies in that it
is not limited as to target, not
legally founded and closely
connected to publicity.”
14. …any journalist becomes an
investigative journalist when
their story grows in scope and
depth beyond a routine report
15. So investigative journalism:
1- employs the toolkit of any good
reporter, but at a very high level of
skill;
2- uncovers both facts formally
defined as secret and issues
nobody wants to talk about; and
3- looks beyond individuals to
faulty systems and processes.
16. Qualities of an investigative
journalist
Passion
Curiosity
Initiative
Logical thinking, organisation and self-discipline
Flexibility
Teamworking and communication skills
Well-developed reporting skills
Broad general knowledge and good research skills
Determination and patience
Fairness and strong ethics
Discretion
Citizenship
Courage
17. Story ideas:
Your own experience and that of friends
and neighbours
Follow-ups on previous stories
Reading and the Internet
Street, café and taxi gossip
Routine checks of public information and
with contacts.
Tip-offs
19. Story ideas:
Investigative journalism sets its own
agenda, and uses sources and tips to
uncover important truths. When
sources and tips use the journalist,
this is called ‘leak journalism’, not
investigation.
Wherever a story idea comes from,
journalists should start with their
own and their community’s real
concerns:
20. Story ideas:
Analyse those concerns
Boil the story idea down to a clear
„headline‟ to focus the investigation
Source map the story
Data map the information as it is
uncovered.
21. Planning the investigation
You need a framework of structured
questions that will allow you to move
from a broad, theoretical story idea to
a tightly-framed hypothesis or
question your IJ project can prove or
answer
You need to plan your project,
thinking about rationale, sources,
obstacles, timeline and budget
22. Planning the investigation
You need to base any story pitch on
this plan
Consider all sources: primary,
secondary, paper, human and digital
Be aware of the uses of each, and
construct a methodology that allows
you to dig for information from
sources that are appropriate.
23. The first is the classic formula
for focusing a story:
What’s been happening? So what? (Why
should our readers care?)
Who did it? How did they do it? What are
the consequences? How can it be put
right?
What went wrong? How did it go wrong?
Why did it go wrong? What are the
consequences? How can it be put right?
What’s the news? What’s the story? What’s
the keyword?
What’s the rationale? (Why are we doing
this story?)
26. Sources and Spin Doctors
The usefulness of sources depends
not only on the sources
themselves, but how skillfully you
use them.
Start with your subject, and then
‘map’ witnesses, people currently or
previously involved, experts and
relevant official and organisational
contacts. Make your selection from
these.
27. Sources and Spin Doctors
Select and evaluate experts carefully, and find a
way of dealing with differences in expert views
without distorting arguments.
Pay particular attention to organisational
contacts who act as gate-keepers, surveyors and
door-openers.
Use covert techniques only after careful
decision-making on important, public-interest
stories.
Evaluate sources and documents methodically.
Use the two-source rule to try to ensure that
each of your findings has independent back-up.
Beware of spin. Question the origins and motives
of everything
28. The most important principle
is that your relationship with
your sources is sacred. Do
not make promises you
cannot
keep. If you have made
promises, you must be
prepared to put your own
liberty or life on the line to
see they are kept.
29. Investigative Interviewing
Interview preparation is key
Set up the interview in a way that suits the story and
circumstances.
Lose the attitude.
Have a strategy for the whole interview.
Keep questions clear, simple and direct.
Establish ground rules
Follow-up, re-phrase or reflect back to get answers
that are equally clear and direct.
Handle reluctant or fearful interviewees kindly and
carefully – but don’t let them off the hook.
Establish support structures and strategies to help
you deal with threats and intimidation.
Never take interview answers out of context.
30. Writing the investigative
story
This requires choices about: form,
content, and style.
The 7 stages of writing: choosing the
subject, planning, news gathering, pre-
writing, writing, re-writing and feedback.
Good writing: accuracy, clarity,
conciseness, coherence, conventionality
and originality.
31. Writing the investigative
story
Make sure the story is complete
Make sure the story makes sense
Make sure the story is written well, as
well as time will allow.
32. Writing the investigative
story
Descriptive story: who, what, where, &
when.
Analytical story: how & why.
Consequential story: so what?
33. references
Steve Weinberg, The Reporter's Handbook:
An Investigator's Guide to Documents and
Techniques, St. Martin's Press, 1996.
Investigative Journalism: Context and
Practice, Hugo de Burgh (ed), Routledge,
London and New York, 2000.
Ansell et al (2002) „Investigative Journalism in
Africa: Walking through a Minefield at
Midnight‟ Reporters without Borders.
Itule, Bruce and Anderson, Douglas (2007):
News Writing and Reporting for Today’s Media
7th edition. McGraw Hill New York U.S.A.