The document provides an overview of newspaper history and types of newspaper articles. It discusses how newspapers originated in ancient Rome and China and evolved with the printing press. The document outlines the differences between broadsheet and tabloid newspapers. It also describes various types of newspaper articles like news articles, features, editorials, columns, and interviews. Headlines and conclusions of news stories are also addressed.

1. Newspaper
:By
MONA, NOUF, WESAM, ETAAB

2. preseNtatioN outliNe
1. newspaper brief history.
2. Types of news paper
3. Head lines
*types of head lines and examples.
*Differences between head lines

3. Newspaper history
For centuries, civilizations have used print
media to spread news and information to the
masses. The Roman Acta Diurna, appearing
around 59 B.C, is the earliest recorded
“newspaper”. Julius Caesar, wanting to inform the
public about important social and political
happenings, ordered upcoming events posted in
major cities. Written on large white boards and
displayed in popular places like the Baths, the
Acta kept citizens informed about government
scandals, military campaigns, trials and
executions. In 8th century China, the first
newspapers appeared as hand-written newsheets
in Beijing.

4. Newspaper history
The printing press, invented by Johann Gutenberg in
1447, ushered in the era of the modern newspaper.
Gutenberg’s machine enabled the free exchange of ideas
and the spread of knowledge -- themes that would define
Renaissance Europe. During this era, newsletters supplied a
growing merchant class with news relevant to trade and
commerce. Manuscript newssheets were being circulated in
German cities by the late 15th century. These pamphlets
were often highly sensationalized; one reported on the
abuse that Germans in Transylvania were suffering at the
hands of Vlad TsepesDrakul, also known as Count Dracula.
In 1556 the Venetian government published Notizie scritte,
for which readers paid a small coin, or “gazetta”.

5. Newspaper history
In the first half of the 17th century, newspapers began to
appear as regular and frequent publications. The first
modern newspapers were products of western European
countries like Germany (publishing Relation in 1605), France
(Gazette in 1631), Belgium (Nieuwe Tijdingen in 1616) and
England (the London Gazette, founded in 1665, is still
published as a court journal). These periodicals consisted
mainly of news items from Europe, and occasionally included
information from America or Asia. They rarely covered
domestic issues; instead English papers reported on French
military blunders while French papers covered the latest
British royal scandal.

6. Newspaper history
 No sooner had newspapers adapted to radio than
they were forced to re-evaluate themselves in light of a
new and more powerful medium: television. Between
1940 and 1990, newspaper circulation in America
dropped from one newspaper for every two adults to one
for every three adults. Despite this sharp decline,
television’s omnipresence did not render the newspaper
obsolete. Some newspapers, like USA Today, responded
to the technological advancements by using color and by
utilizing the “short, quick and to the point” stories that are
usually featured on television.
 The technological revolution of today is creating new
challenges and opportunities for traditional media. Never
before has so much information been so accessible to so
many

7. types of Newspaper
Newspapers can be divided into two sorts:
broadsheets, and tabloids.
Broadsheet newspapers are the large ones (e.g.
The Times and The Daily Telegraph)
Tabloid newspapers are the small ones (e.g. The
Sun andThe Daily Mirror).
You may have discovered the following things:
1. Newspaper writing is in columns .
2. Newspaper stories are often called articles or
reports
3. All articles' titles are called headlines .

8. types of Newspaper
4. Many articles have pictures to go with
them; the writing under a picture is
called a caption
5. Articles are often split into sections by
subheadings ; often these are just one
word.
6. Articles often include interviews with
people involved in the incident.

9. TYPES OF NEWSPAPER
ARTICLES
Most of the articles you see in The Dispatch are news
articles. News articles focus only on the facts <ETH>
they don't contain anyone's opinion There are several
types of news articles.
A local news article focuses on what's going on in your
neighborhood. An example of a local news story would
be an article on a city council meeting.
A national news article focuses on what's happening in the
United States. An example of a national news article
would be an article on the U.S. Senate passing a new
bill.
An international news article focuses on news that's
happening outside the United States. A story on an
influenza outbreak in Chile would be considered an
international news story.

10. TYPES OF NEWSPAPER
ARTICLES
A feature article is an article that is about "softer" news. A
feature may be a profile of a person who does a lot of
volunteer work in the community or a movie preview.
Feature articles are not considered news stories.
An editorial is an article that contains the writer's opinion.
Editorials are usually run all together on a specific page
of the paper and focus on current events. Editorials are
not considered news stories.
A column is an article written by the same person on a
regular basis. A columnist (the writer of the column)
writes about subjects of interest to him/her, current
events or community happenings. Columns are not
considered news stories.

11. TIPS FOR WRITING FEATURES

A feature article is an article that is about "softer" news. A feature
may be a profile of a person who does a lot of volunteer work in the
community or a preview of a movie about to hit the theaters. Like
news writing, strong feature writing is simple, clear and orderly. But,
unlike news stories, feature stories don't have to be written about
events that just happened. Instead, they focus on human interest,
mood, atmosphere, emotion, irony and humor. Here are some steps
to follow to help you write a good feature story:
1. Get the reader's attention quickly.
• Start with a well thought-out first paragraph touching on some
aspect of the person's life that you are writing about or the event if it
is not a person.
• Good feature stories have a beginning that draws in readers, a
transition that might repeat it in the middle and an ending that refers
to the beginning.

12. TIPS FOR WRITING
FEATURES
2. Organize your story carefully.
• Feature stories can be told in narrative fashion or by sliding from event
to event even though not in chronological order. Use careful transitions to
maintain the flow of the story if you're not going to follow chronological
order.
3. Use short paragraphs effect and vary the lengths of sentences for.
• Reading sentences and paragraphs that are always the same length
gets boring.
4. Write with strong verbs and nouns, but go easy on adjectives.
• Try to draw a picture of your subject or event through your writing. Read
the sentences below and think about which paints a better picture for
your reader:
The man was tall.
The man's head almost brushed against the eight foot ceiling in the room.
The ship sank in 1900.
The ship sank just as the first intercontinental railroad was nearing
completion.

13. TIPS FOR WRITING
FEATURES
5. Don't be afraid to use offbeat quotes.
• Not profanity, but rather witty things the person
may say in response to a question about their
success, life or family.
6. Write tightly.
• You do not need to tell the reader everything
you know on a subject or event. Tell only the
most important things. It's better to write shorter
than longer. A good feature can be done in 500-
750 words

14. FEATURES
Feature articles are nonfiction articles that intend to inform, teach, or
amuse the reader on a topic. The topic centers around human
interests. Feature stories may include conventions found in fiction
such as dialogue, plot and character. A feature article is an umbrella
term that includes many literary structures: personality sketches,
essays, how-to's, interviews and many others.The following are
examples of feature articles:
 Column — A short newspaper or magazine piece that deals
specifically with a particular field of interest, or broadly with an issue
or circumstance of far-reaching scope. They appear with bylines on
a regular basis (daily, weekly, etc.). They may be written exclusively
for one newspaper or magazine; they may be marketed by a
syndicate, or they may be self-syndicated by the author.

15.  Essay — A short, literary, nonfiction composition (usually prose) in
which a writer develops a theme or expresses an idea.
 Evergreen — A timeless article that editors can hold for months and
publish when needed. They need little or no updating.
 Exposè — These articles use in-depth reporting with heavy research
and documentation. Used to expose corruption in business, politics
or celebrities. Also called the investigative article.
 Filler — Short non-fiction items, usually just under 300 words used
to fill in space on a page of a magazine or newspaper
 How-to — How-to articles help people to learn how to do something.
They provide step-by-step information for the reader.
 Human interest story — An article that involves local people and
events and can be sold to daily and some weekly newspapers.
Human interest elements, such as anecdotes or accounts of
personal experiences, can support ideas in magazine articles as
firmly as facts or statistics. Also called "true-life" stories.
 Interview —This feature story type article includes the text of the
conversation between two or more people, normally directed by the
interviewer. Interviews are often edited for clarity. One common
variation is the roundtable--the text of a less organized discussion,
usually between three or more people.

16.  Op-Ed — Articles that run opposite the editorial page. They are a response
to current editorials and topical subjects. Political op-eds are the most
common, but they don't have to be limited to politics. They must, however,
reflect items that are current and newsworthy.
 Personal experience — An article in which the writer recounts an ordeal,
process, or event he has undergone.
 Personality Profile — A personal or professional portrait--sometimes both--
of a particular individual.
 Seasonal — An article written about a holiday, season of the year, or timely
observance. This kind of article must be submitted months in advance of the
anticipated publication date .
 Service Article — An article about a consumer product or service; it outlines
the characteristics of several of the same type of commodity. The aim is to
help the consumer make the best selection possible.
 Sidebar — A short feature that accompanies a news story or magazine
article. It elaborates on human interest aspects of the story, explains one
important facet of the story in more depth, or provides additional factual
information--such as a list of names and addresses--that would read
awkwardly in the body of the article. Can be found in a box, separated from
the main article on the side or bottom.
 Travel literature — Travel articles inform and enlighten the reader through
facts about a region's landscape, scenery, people, customs, and
atmostphere.

17. Types of arTicle s
Articles can be divided into two main categories: news and features. Straight news
stories deal with the timeliness and immediacy of breaking news, while feature
articles are news stories that deal with human interest topics.
A NEWS article is an article published in a print or Internet news medium such as a
newspaper, newsletter, news magazine, or news-oriented website that discusses
current or recent news of either general interest (i.e. daily newspapers) or on a
specific topic (i.e. political or trade news magazines, club newsletters, or
technology news websites).
 A news article can include accounts of eyewitnesses to the happening event. It
can contain photographs, accounts, statistics, graphs, recollections, interviews,
polls, debates on the topic, etc. Headlines can be used to focus the reader’s
attention on a particular (or main) part of the article. The writer can also give facts
and detailed information following answers to general questions like who, what,
when, where, why and how. Quoting references can also be helpful. References
to people can also be made through written accounts of interviews and debates
confirming the factuality of the writer’s information and the reliability of his source.
The writer can use redirections to ensure that the reader keeps reading the article
and also draws his attention to other articles. For example: - phrases like
“continued on page x …” redirects the reader to page number x where the article
is continued. Conclusions also are very important ingredients for newspaper
articles.

18. Types of arTicle
 Other types of articles
 Academic — An academic article is an academic paper published in a
journal. An academic's status is usually dependent on how many articles they
have had published, and also the number of times their articles are cited by
other articles.
 Blog — Some styles of blogging are more like articles. Other styles are
written more like entries in a personal journal.
 Encyclopedia — In an encyclopedia or other reference work, an article is a
primary division of content.
 Marketing — An often thin piece of content which is designed to draw the
reader to a commercial website.
 Usenet — Usenet articles are e-mail like messages posted to share Usenet
newsgroup.
Characteristics of well-written articles
 The piece is a factual account of a newsworthy event.
 The writer is objective and shows all sides to an issue.
 The sources for this news story are identified and are reliable.

19. Body
Body of feature article
 Feature articles follow a format appropriate for its type. Structures for these
types of articles may include, but are not limited to:[15]
 chronological — the article may be a narrative of some sort.
 cause and effect — the reasons and results of an event or process is
examined.
 classification — items in an article are grouped to help aid understanding
 compare and contrast— two or more items are examined side-by-side to
see their similarities and differences
 list — A simple item-by-item run-down of pieces of information.
 question and answer —such as an interview with a celebrity or expert.
Body of news story
 For the news story, details and elaboration are evident in the body of the
news story and flow smoothly from the lead.
 Quotes are used to add interest and support to the story.
 The inverted pyramid is used with most news stories

20. Body
 One difference between a news story and a feature
article is the conclusion. Endings for hard news article
occur when all of the information has been presented
according to the inverted pyramid form. By contrast, the
feature article needs more definite closure . The
conclusions for these articles may include, but are not
limited to:
 a final quote
 a descriptive scene
 a play on the title or lead
 a summary statement

21. The language of news
sTories
News writing tends to be:
 impersonal to make it appear objective (to distance the
reporter from the story) hence:
 written in the third person
 use of direct speech or indirect speech which is attributed
to someone other than the reporter.
 some use of passive verbs but usually only when
someone who is being quoted wants to distance
themselves from an issue and to show their objectivity
about an issue.
 about something that has taken place so mostly written in the
past tense

22. The language of news
sTories
 simple - in fact close to the way we talk - so relatively short sentences and
words and some use of cliches which the whole audience understands.
 punchy - it must grab the reader's attention so often uses:
 short rather than long words
 active verbs
 relatively short sentences
 concrete rather than abstract vocabulary
 See this Assessment Resource Bank resource on Types of Nouns
 sometimes emotive and colorful vocabulary
 some use (but not overuse) of adjectives
 but also relatively formal hence
 no use of contractions
 sentences written in full (no elision) or eliptical sentences
 sometimes imagery is used to help create a clearer mental picture for the
reader.
 often including the reporter's bi-line and/or a date-line

23. headlines
Stylistic features of headlines:
 Alliteration is the repetition of a leading consonant sound in a
phrase a common example in English is " Peter piper picked a
peck of pickled peppers “
 Assonance is repetition of vowel sounds to create internal
rhyming within phrases or sentences, and together with
alliteration and consonance serves as one of the building
blocks of verse. For example, in the phrase "Do you like blue?",
the "oo" (ou/ue) sound is repeated within the sentence and is
assonant.
 Assonance is more a feature of verse than prose. It is used in
(mainly modern) English-language poetry, and is particularly
important in Old French, Spanish and Celtic languages.

24. headlines
 A cliché (from French, klɪ'ʃe) is a phrase, expression, or idea that has been
overused to the point of losing its intended force or novelty, especially when
at some time it was considered distinctively forceful or novel. The term is
most likely to be used in a negative context.
Cliché" applies also to almost any situation, plot device, subject,
characterization, figure of speech, or object—in short, any sign—that has
become overly familiar or commonplace.
Because the novelty or frequency of an expression's use varies across
different times and places, whether or not it is a cliché depends largely on
who uses it, the context in which it is used, and who is making the judgment.
The meaning of a particular cliché may shift over time, often leading to
confusion or misuse
Quote
It is a cliché that most clichés are true, but then, like most clichés, that cliché is
untrue.

25. Headlines
A euphemism is the substitution of an agreeable or less
offensive expression in place of one that may offend or
suggest something unpleasant to the listener; or in the
case of doublespeak, to make it less troublesome for the
speaker.[1] It also may be a substitution of a description
of something or someone rather than the name, to avoid
revealing secret, holy, or sacred names to the
uninitiated, or to obscure the identity of the subject of a
conversation from potential eavesdroppers. Some
euphemisms are intended to be funny

26. Headlines
Irony is a literary or rhetorical device, in which there is an
incongruity or discordance between what a speaker or a
writer says and what he or she means, or is generally
understood.
In modern usage it can also refer to particularly striking
examples of incongruities observed in everyday life between
what was intended or said and what actually happened.
There is some argument about what is or is not ironic, but all
the different senses of irony revolve around the perceived
notion of an incongruity between what is said and what is
meant; or between an understanding of reality, or an
expectation of a reality, and what actually happens.
Irony can be funny, but it does not have to be.

27. Types of irony
 Most modern theories of rhetoric distinguish between three types
of irony: verbal, dramatic and situational.
 Verbal irony is a disparity of expression and intention: when a
speaker says one thing but means another, or when a literal
meaning is contrary to its intended effect.
 Dramatic (or tragic) irony is a disparity of expression and
awareness: when words and actions possess a significance that
the listener or audience understands, but the speaker or character
does not.
 Situational irony is the disparity of intention and result: when the
result of an action is contrary to the desired or expected effect.
Likewise, cosmic irony is disparity between human desires and
the harsh realities of the outside world (or the whims of the gods).
By some older definitions, situational irony and cosmic irony are
not irony at all.

28. Headlines
METAPHOR The user interface of newspapers has been
developed and standardized throughout centuries. Despite
sociological differences, publishers and editors from different
parts of the world can meet to discuss the content, role, and
technology of newspapers--just as readers from different
parts of the world can pick up a local paper and immediately
know how to read it if the written language is known. The
different elements of the newspaper interface are collectively
known as the "newspaper metaphor". It is important to
understand how the various elements of the newspaper work
together before trying to transcode them into new media The
front page is the most distinct feature of the newspaper
format. It was invented 300 years ago.

29. Headlines
pun (or paronomasia) is a phrase that deliberately exploits
confusion between similar-sounding words for humorous or
rhetorical effect.
A pun may also cause confusion between two senses of the
same written or spoken word, due to homophony,
homography, homonymy, polysemy, or metaphorical usage.
Walter Redfern has said: "To pun is to treat homonyms as
synonyms"[1]. For example, in the phrase, "There is nothing
punny about bad puns", the pun takes place in the deliberate
confusion of the implied word "funny" by the substitution of the
word "punny", a heterophone of "funny". By definition, puns
must be deliberate; an involuntary substitution of similar
words is called a malapropism.
Puns are a form of word play, and occur in all languages, with
the exception of Lojban.

30. Headlines
 Repletion of words in headlines is for emphasis and
very strong dramatic effect.
Example : out out out .
 Shared knowledge, many headlines assume shared
cultural knowledge and shared general knowledge
between the headline writer and the reader. This include
the use of only first names or surnames of people are
considered so well-known that stating their full name,
position or title or reason for prominence is considered
unnecessary.
Example: kiss for Harry as he meets pop idols.
 Simile is describing one thing by linking it to another
Example: villagers sick as a parrot.

31. resources
 www.wecapedia.com