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Module 1 Basics of Failure
- 1. Value of Failure! Module1: Basics of failure! Students Course!
- 31. Module 1: Basicsof failure! 1. Perceptions of success and failure! 2. Hope and fears! 3. Achievement motivation! Content!
- 32. Module 1: Basicsof failure! • Mindset:! – Your mindset is related to your belief about ability! – Your mindset creates a mental framework! – Two different mindsets possible:! • Fixed Mindset: Ability cannot change! • Growth Mindset: Ability can grow! 1. Perceptions of success and failure!
- 33. Module 1: Basicsof failure! • Motivational framework supporting mindsets! – Goals! – Responses! – Effort! – Strategies! 1. Perceptions of success and failure!
- 34. Module 1: Basicsof failure! • Goals in different mindsets: What are we aiming for?! 1. Perceptions of success and failure! Fixed Mindset! Growth Mindset! Performance Goals! Those with a growth mindset tend to create learning goals.! They believe that a person’s potential can be measured. They aim to receive validation from others.! The goal is mastery and competence.! Receiving low marks mean that they are not smart.! Scores and marks reflect how people are doing now and do not measure a person’s potential! Both success and failure cause anxiety.! Creating goals for learning has shown to increase performance and enjoyment and decrease negative emotion!
- 35. Module 1: Basicsof failure! • Responses in different mindsets: What are we aiming for?! 1. Perceptions of success and failure! Fixed Mindset! Growth Mindset! do not pay attention to learning information! Pay attention to learning information, and so do better on future tests.! get depressed, become de-energised and lose self-esteem! Focus on what they are learning, rather than focusing on how they feel.! denigrate their intelligence: ‘I am stupid’, they’ll think! Try out new ways of doing things.! under-represent past successes and over- represent failures (pessimism)! Use self-motivating statements such as ‘ the harder it gets the harder I try’.! explain the cause of events as something stable about them.! When faced with tests which are impossible to pass they will factor in other reasons and not blame their intellect i.e. this test was beyond my ability for now.!
- 36. Module 1: Basicsof failure! • Effort in different mindsets: What is required for success! 1. Perceptions of success and failure! Fixed Mindset! Growth Mindset! Those with a fixed mindset view effort as a reflection of low intelligence.! Those with a growth mindset see effort as a necessary part of success.! Hard work means ‘I don’t get it’, ‘I’m unintelligent! They try harder when faced with a setback.! Effort = lack of ability! Effort = success.! They use effort to overcome difficulty.!
- 37. Module 1: Basicsof failure! • Effort in different mindsets: What is required for success! – People were asked about intelligence and how much they thought it was down to effort and how much they thought it was about ability! Intelligence=______% effort _______% ability! – Fixed = 35% effort vs. 65% ability! – Growth = 65% effort vs. 35% ability! 1. Perceptions of success and failure!
- 38. Module 1: Basicsof failure! • Strategies in different mindsets: How we reach success! 1. Perceptions of success and failure! Fixed Mindset! Growth Mindset! Carol Dweck has found that students with a fixed mindset keep using the wrong strategy when faced with a problem.! People adopting a growth mindset tend to generate other, and new, ways to do things.! Then they disengage from the problem.! If one route doesn’t work they will try others.! Finally, they give up.! They will think ‘outside of the box’ to solve problems because they believe that they ‘can’.!
- 39. Module 1: Basicsof failure! • Summary! – A growth mindset helps people to be motivated and to succeed.! – A growth mindset can be learnt.! – We can foster a growth mindset in others by the type of feedback we give and by teaching them about the brain’s huge potential.! – Role models give people evidence of the growth mindset in action.! 1. Perceptions of success and failure!
- 40. Module 1: Basicsof failure! 1. Perceptions of success and failure! 2. Hope and fears! 3. Achievement motivation! Content!
- 41. Module 1: Basicsof failure! • Hope theory! – “Successful people have high hope. Hope can be nurtured.”! Rick Snyder, The Psychology of Hope! ! – Hope results from having willpower (desire) and way power (a plan) for goals.! • Goals: target! • Pathways: Waypower! • Agency: Willpower! • Emotions: information feedback about goal pursuit! – Negative: blocked goal! – Positive: progress or accomplishment! 2. Hope and fears!
- 42. Module 1: Basicsof failure! • Hope theory: Goals! – Mental targets! – (Some) probability of reaching! – Short or long term! – Hierarchical! 2. Hope and fears! Ideal Self Be Healthy Be Happy Diet Exercise Run Swim Abstract (“Be”)! Concrete (“Do”)!
- 43. Module 1: Basicsof failure! • Hope theory: Pathways! – Perceived ability to produce strategies! – Crucial when encountering blockages! – Most preferred vs. alternate routes! 2. Hope and fears!
- 44. Module 1: Basicsof failure! • Hope theory: Agency! – Mental determination! – Channels mental energy to appropriate routes! – Internal or external sources possible! 2. Hope and fears!
- 45. Module 1: Basicsof failure! • Hope theory: Process! 2. Hope and fears! Hoep & Thougts Pathways (developmental lessons of correlation/causality) Agency (developmental lessons of self as author of causal chains of events) Emotion Set Outcome Value Pathways Thoughts Agency Thoughts Stressor Goall attainment/ non- attainment Surprise Event Event Sequence!Pre-Event!Learning History!
- 46. Module 1: Basicsof failure! 1. Perceptions of success and failure! 2. Hope and fears! 3. Achievement motivation! Content!
- 47. Module 1: Basicsof failure! • Motivation: Definition! – Motivation has been defined as “…desires, needs, and interests that energize the organism and direct it toward a goal” ! (Santrock, 1987, p. 662)! – Motivation related to achievement has been examined in many ways! – From this growing literature, some useful concepts have emerged…! 3. Achievement motivation!
- 48. Module 1: Basicsof failure! • Motivation: Early theories! – Early theorists suggested there are two components of motivation:! – These drives oftentimes conflict, and a student’s classroom behavior depends on the balance or imbalance of the two! 3. Achievement motivation! Motivation Hope for Success Fear of Failure
- 49. Module 1: Basicsof failure! • Motivation: Modern theories! – Later theorists divided fear of failure into two subcomponents:! – Positive Fear of Failure – anxiety that improves performance! – Negative Fear of Failure – anxiety that impedes performance! 3. Achievement motivation! Performance! Low Anxiety! High Anxiety!
- 50. Module 1: Basicsof failure! • Achievement Motivation:! – Links Personality with the degree of competitiveness shown by an individual.! – How motivated are you to succeed?! – Is achievement motivation linked with nature or nurture?! – Murray (1938) indicated that it is only natural for one to want to surpass another (Nature).! – Bandura (1977) however, believed competitiveness is a product of learning (Nurture).! 3. Achievement motivation!
- 51. Module 1: Basicsof failure! • Interactionists and Achievement Motivation:! – Atkinson and McClelland (1976) predicted that motivation is generated through a combination of personality and situational factors, These are… ! • Probability of success: The likelihood of success- when a task is easy or done before.! • Incentive value of success: The intrinsic value experienced after success. If the task is harder the greater incentive value…Why?! 3. Achievement motivation!
- 52. Module 1: Basicsof failure! • NAch and NaF: Different settings in Achievement motivation! 3. Achievement motivation! Need to Achieve: NAch! (Low NaF/Hich NAch)! Need to avoid Failure: NaF! (Low NAch/High NaF)! The desire of success far outweighs the fear of failure.! The fear of failure far outweighs the desire to succeed.! Referred to as high achievers.! Referred to as low achievers.!
- 53. Module 1: Basicsof failure! • What are the problems with Achievement Motivation Theory?! – What is success to you?! – Success can be interpreted in several different ways…! • Success over other people: Ego Goal Orientation- Beating someone in a race.! • Personal Improvement: Task Orientation- performance and process goals i.e. Achieving a personal best.! – Achievement Motivation within sport should be referred to as Competitiveness.! 3. Achievement motivation!
- 54. Module 1: Basicsof failure! • Competitiveness! – The motivation to achieve in sport.! – Gill and Deeter (1988) confirmed that Athletes are far more competitive than non athletes.! – However, Athletes favoured performance goals (Task Orientation) whereas the non-athletes preferred the importance of winning (Ego Orientation).! 3. Achievement motivation!
- 55. Module 1: Basicsof failure! • Attribution Theory! – What do you attribute your success to?! – Weiner (1971) saw that there were two areas which affect our attribution levels.! • The Locus of Causality- internal or external factors. ! • Stability- Stable and un-changeable/ Unstable is temporary i.e. Luck.! • Control is also mentioned and is a key factor in attribution retraining.! 3. Achievement motivation!
- 56. Module 1: Basicsof failure! • What we discussed today! – how different mindsets control your personal perception of success and failure in the context of goals, responses, effort, and different strategies! – the basics of hope theory and how fear of failure is preventing from success, and that hope can be nurtured! – the basics of motivation theory and how the “Need for Achievement” and the “Need to avoid Failure” affect your personal strategies! • Thank you for your attention! ! Learned!