Beekeeping has a long history dating back to ancient civilizations. In India, references to honey bees can be found in religious texts from ancient times. However, beekeeping methods were primitive until the 19th century. In 1851, Langstroth designed the movable frame hive, revolutionizing beekeeping. This allowed extraction of honey without disturbing the hive. Other advancements included the honey extractor in 1865 and foundation sheets in 1857. Modern beekeeping was introduced to India in the late 19th century through individuals' efforts. The government began promoting beekeeping in the early 20th century through research stations. Karnataka has a long history of beekeeping focused in districts like Coorg. Though production has declined due to disease, the state
Sorghum, or jowar, is a grain crop grown in India and parts of Africa. It has many uses as a human food, animal feed, and for brewing alcohol. In India, it is grown primarily as a rainfed crop in kharif, rabi, and summer seasons across different zones based on rainfall and soil type. Proper land preparation, seed treatment, fertilizer application, irrigation at critical stages, and water management are important for high yields. Sorghum grows well in a range of soils from heavy black soils to red soils.
Mustard is an important rabi oilseed crop grown in temperate regions. It has a seed rate of 4-6 kg/ha and a spacing of 40x10 cm. Under rainfed conditions, it requires 60:40:20 kg/ha of NPK nutrients, while under irrigation 80:40:20 kg/ha of NPK is recommended. Mustard requires 200-300 mm of irrigation, applied in two stages. With proper agronomic management, the average yield of mustard is 400 kg/ha.
This document provides information on the production technology of sesame. It discusses the scientific name, history, economics importance, land preparation, sowing time and methods, irrigation, varieties, pest attack, fertilizers, diseases, harvesting, yield, and storage of sesame. Key details include that sesame is considered the oldest oilseed crop known to humanity, originating in India approximately 5500 years ago. It is used to produce oil, soap, pharmaceuticals, and other products. Proper land preparation, sowing methods, irrigation, use of recommended varieties and fertilizers can result in yields of 370-440 kg per acre.
Notes on "SERICULTURE" for the school , UG and PG Students.PRANJAL SHARMA
Sericulture, the production of raw silk by means of raising caterpillars (larvae), particularly those of the domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori). ... Care of the silkworm from the egg stage through completion of the cocoon. Production of mulberry trees that provide leaves upon which the worms feed.
Jute is a rain-fed crop grown for its fiber. It has two main species, Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorius. Jute grows well in alluvial soils and requires adequate rainfall from March to May. Proper agronomic practices such as fertilizer application, insect and disease management, and harvesting between 120-150 days are needed to obtain optimum fiber yields of 2-2.5 tonnes per hectare. Jute fiber has many uses including ropes, sacks, rugs, and paper production.
production technology of rabi crops , wheat , barley SuneelKumarNaidu
- Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops worldwide and in India. It is grown in a variety of climates and soil types.
- The three main wheat species cultivated in India are bread wheat, durum wheat, and emmer wheat. Bread wheat is most widely grown.
- Key factors for successful wheat production include proper soil preparation and seed bed creation, variety selection, fertilizer and irrigation management, and integrated pest management. Proper timing and amounts of irrigation, especially at critical growth stages like crown root initiation, are important for high yields.
This document discusses the cultivation and utility of rice. It begins by providing background on rice production worldwide and in India. It then covers the taxonomy, morphology, nutritional value, and cultivation methods of rice, including different rice varieties, climate and soil requirements, and methods like aerobic, SRI, upland, and wetland cultivation. It concludes by discussing harvesting and post-harvest processing, the major rice producing states in India, and worldwide rice production trends.
Sorghum, or jowar, is a grain crop grown in India and parts of Africa. It has many uses as a human food, animal feed, and for brewing alcohol. In India, it is grown primarily as a rainfed crop in kharif, rabi, and summer seasons across different zones based on rainfall and soil type. Proper land preparation, seed treatment, fertilizer application, irrigation at critical stages, and water management are important for high yields. Sorghum grows well in a range of soils from heavy black soils to red soils.
Mustard is an important rabi oilseed crop grown in temperate regions. It has a seed rate of 4-6 kg/ha and a spacing of 40x10 cm. Under rainfed conditions, it requires 60:40:20 kg/ha of NPK nutrients, while under irrigation 80:40:20 kg/ha of NPK is recommended. Mustard requires 200-300 mm of irrigation, applied in two stages. With proper agronomic management, the average yield of mustard is 400 kg/ha.
This document provides information on the production technology of sesame. It discusses the scientific name, history, economics importance, land preparation, sowing time and methods, irrigation, varieties, pest attack, fertilizers, diseases, harvesting, yield, and storage of sesame. Key details include that sesame is considered the oldest oilseed crop known to humanity, originating in India approximately 5500 years ago. It is used to produce oil, soap, pharmaceuticals, and other products. Proper land preparation, sowing methods, irrigation, use of recommended varieties and fertilizers can result in yields of 370-440 kg per acre.
Notes on "SERICULTURE" for the school , UG and PG Students.PRANJAL SHARMA
Sericulture, the production of raw silk by means of raising caterpillars (larvae), particularly those of the domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori). ... Care of the silkworm from the egg stage through completion of the cocoon. Production of mulberry trees that provide leaves upon which the worms feed.
Jute is a rain-fed crop grown for its fiber. It has two main species, Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorius. Jute grows well in alluvial soils and requires adequate rainfall from March to May. Proper agronomic practices such as fertilizer application, insect and disease management, and harvesting between 120-150 days are needed to obtain optimum fiber yields of 2-2.5 tonnes per hectare. Jute fiber has many uses including ropes, sacks, rugs, and paper production.
production technology of rabi crops , wheat , barley SuneelKumarNaidu
- Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops worldwide and in India. It is grown in a variety of climates and soil types.
- The three main wheat species cultivated in India are bread wheat, durum wheat, and emmer wheat. Bread wheat is most widely grown.
- Key factors for successful wheat production include proper soil preparation and seed bed creation, variety selection, fertilizer and irrigation management, and integrated pest management. Proper timing and amounts of irrigation, especially at critical growth stages like crown root initiation, are important for high yields.
This document discusses the cultivation and utility of rice. It begins by providing background on rice production worldwide and in India. It then covers the taxonomy, morphology, nutritional value, and cultivation methods of rice, including different rice varieties, climate and soil requirements, and methods like aerobic, SRI, upland, and wetland cultivation. It concludes by discussing harvesting and post-harvest processing, the major rice producing states in India, and worldwide rice production trends.
Good Cultivation Practices of Lentil Lens culinaris.pdfAsbinKatwal
Good cultivation practices for lentils involve selecting high-quality seeds, preparing the soil with proper tillage and adding proper nutrients, providing adequate irrigation, controlling pests and diseases, and proper harvest management.
Role of micro nutrients and their deficiency symptoms in Mulberrymohd younus wani
The document discusses the roles of various micronutrients in mulberry plants and their deficiency symptoms. It begins by defining nutrients and classifying them as macronutrients and micronutrients. It then discusses 17 essential plant nutrients and the criteria for determining essentiality. Specific roles and deficiency symptoms are described for zinc, boron, and iron in mulberry plants. The document also discusses factors affecting micronutrient availability in soil and presents data on the effects of deficient and excess levels of zinc, boron, and iron on mulberry plant growth and dry matter yield.
Cluster bean (guar) is a drought resistant legume crop grown for its green pods, dry seeds, and gum. It is native to India and has a chromosome number of 2n=14. The plant is cultivated for its green pods, dry seeds, as a forage crop, and for guar gum extraction. Varieties include Pusa Mausami, Pusa Sadabahar, and Pusa Navbhar.
Insect pests of cotton Pakistan Jassid Aphid Whitefly Thrips Red Cotton Bug S...Muhammad Naveed Laskani
This document provides information on common insect pests of cotton and their descriptions. It lists 9 major pests including their scientific names, descriptions of adults, eggs, nymphs and damage symptoms. For each pest, it mentions active period, number of generations per year, and control methods both chemical and non-chemical. It concludes by providing economic threshold levels for deciding control measures for different pests based on number observed per leaf or plant.
This document discusses irrigation scheduling for maize crops. It defines irrigation and irrigation scheduling, and explains why scheduling is important for crop growth. It outlines the criteria and growth phases to consider when scheduling maize, and describes techniques like soil moisture depletion and critical growth approaches. The document also discusses irrigation methods for maize, the effects of improper scheduling, and concludes that proper scheduling can optimize yields, conserve water, and improve crop quality and productivity.
Bajra, also known as pearl millet, is a widely grown crop in Africa and Asia, especially in India. It is grown in areas with low rainfall and poor soils. India is the largest producer of bajra. It requires a temperature between 30-35°C and rainfall between 40-50cm. Bajra can be grown during the kharif, rabi, and summer seasons. Common varieties grown are BJ-104 and ICMV-221. Fertilizer doses of 50-100kg N, 30-40kg P2O5, and 20kg K2O per hectare are recommended. Bajra is harvested when grains are hard with 20% moisture.
Presentation (1) diseases and pest of silkworm.Dev Dixit
pest of silkworm : Uzifly, Dermestid beetle. diseases: Grasserie,flacherie, muscardine, pebrine . pests and diseases of mulberry tree plant: morus alba, morus indica etc.
The document provides information about cotton production, processing, and uses. It discusses where cotton was first cultivated (India), major cotton producing areas (US, China, India, Pakistan, Uzbekistan), and cotton varieties grown in the US (American Pima and Upland). It also summarizes the cotton harvesting process, from mechanical picking to ginning and baling, and cotton processing into textiles via carding, spinning, and weaving or knitting into fabrics.
silk worm is a holo metabolous insect four stages are there in its life cycle. 1. Egg 2. Larva ( 5 instars) 3. Pupa 4. Adult. rearing of silkworms is called sericulture. Moriculture is the science of mulberry cultivation to rear silk worms for silk production. Bombyx mori feed specifically on mulberry leaves, Different types of silk worms. There are five major types of silk of commercial importance, obtained from different species of silkworms which in turn feed on a number of food plants: Except mulberry, other varieties of silks are generally termed as non mulberry silks. India has the unique distinction of producing all these commercial varieties of silk. SILK WORM TYPES ARE:- 1. Mulberry silk worm. 2. Tasar silk worm. 3. Oak Tasar silk worm. 4. Eri silk worm. 5. Muga silk worm. silk gland is modified salivary gland produces silk, The silk of silkworms is secreted by a pair of labial gland, known as silk glands. The silk glands lie ventral to the alimentary canal. In full grown larvae, these occupy most of the body cavity. The silk glands are tubular in shape with different diameters in different regions. Each gland has 3 distinct regions
This document provides information on sunflower cultivation in India. It discusses the composition of sunflower seeds and the main areas of cultivation across North, West, South, and Central zones of India. The focus is on the Kachchh district in Gujarat state, with planned acreage across several villages. A campaign is outlined to promote sunflower cultivation, including farmer meetings and demonstrations. Recommended varieties, growth cycle, agronomic practices, and pest and disease management are described. Harvesting methods and some additional facts regarding sunflower cultivation are also summarized.
This document provides information on finger millet (Ragi), including its scientific name, top producing states in India, nutritional value, suitable growing conditions, cultivation practices and more. It is predominantly grown in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Finger millet is well adapted to tropical and subtropical climates from sea level to 2100 meters, in areas with 500-1000mm of annual rainfall. It can be cultivated through various methods like broadcasting, drilling or transplanting. Varieties suited for different seasons include AKP-2, AKP-7, Kalyani and VZM-2. Finger millet is nutritionally rich and highest in calcium content among millets.
The document discusses many factors that affect seed vigor and quality. It explains that seed vigor is maximized by producing seed crops under optimal environmental conditions, harvesting seeds as soon as they reach physiological maturity, and carefully handling, conditioning, and storing seeds to minimize damage. Some key factors discussed include initial seed quality, nutrition, temperature during seed development, rainfall, soil moisture levels, use of chemicals, harvesting methods, field weathering effects, and storage conditions and duration. The kind or variety of seed can also influence its storability. Timely harvesting and proper storage are important for maintaining high seed vigor.
This document discusses the different types of damage insects can inflict on plants. It is divided into several sections:
1) Direct effects of feeding by chewing and sucking insects. Chewing insects cause damage like holes, notches and defoliation. Sucking insects cause chlorosis, silvering, and hopper burn.
2) Indirect effects like making harvest difficult, reducing quality, and spreading disease.
3) Injury by internal feeders like borers, worms, leaf miners and gall insects.
4) Injury to underground parts by root feeders.
5) Injury to stored products which can continue from field or storage attacks.
Various examples are given for
This document provides information on mulberry cultivation. It begins with the botanical description of mulberry, including that it is a fast growing deciduous tree that can be propagated through cuttings. It then discusses optimal soil and climate conditions for mulberry growth, as well as different planting systems and varieties suitable for different conditions. The document also outlines best practices for irrigation, fertilization, pruning and harvesting mulberry leaves.
The document summarizes several insect pests that affect oilseed and groundnut crops. It describes the life cycle, nature of damage, and management strategies for each pest. Key pests discussed include mustard sawfly, mustard aphid, painted bug, white grub, groundnut leaf miner, groundnut aphid, and groundnut hairy caterpillar. For each, it provides details on the insect's appearance, egg-laying behavior, larval and pupal stages, and how it damages crops by feeding on leaves, shoots, or roots. Management involves cultural, biological and chemical controls.
Maize is an important staple food and feed crop cultivated worldwide. It is high in starch content and used for various industrial purposes through wet and dry milling processes. In India, maize is predominantly cultivated during the kharif season across many states. Different varieties and hybrids have been developed suited to various growing conditions. Maize requires warm weather and moderate rainfall to grow. Proper spacing, fertilizer application, irrigation, weed control and protection from pests are essential agronomic practices for optimal yields.
1) Barley is a grain that originated in Asia or Ethiopia and is cultivated in Pakistan, where it is grown on about 227,000 hectares annually producing around 158,000 tons.
2) Barley grows best in temperate regions with optimum temperatures between 15-20°C and requires clay loam soils and marginal or less fertile lands.
3) The document outlines best practices for barley production in Pakistan, including land preparation, seed rates, irrigation, fertilizer use, weed control, and harvesting. Popular barley varieties suited for different regions are also listed.
Beekeeping has a long history dating back to ancient times. Egyptians, Greeks, and others recognized the importance of bees and honey. In India, honey was used in Ayurvedic medicine and religious rituals. While the benefits of honey were known, beekeeping methods were primitive until the 19th century. In 1851, Langstroth designed movable frames with bee spaces, revolutionizing beekeeping. Later advances included the honey extractor and foundation sheets. In India, modern beekeeping began in the late 19th century and was promoted by organizations like the Khadi and Village Industries Commission. Today, Apis cerana and Apis mellifera species are kept, though yields remain lower than in commercial beekeeping operations in other
This document provides information on apiculture (beekeeping) including:
- The creators and contributors of the course on apiculture
- An index of chapters covering topics in apiculture such as bee species, colony organization, seasonal management, honey production, and diseases
- Details on the morphology and anatomy of honey bees, describing the head, thorax, abdomen, legs, wings, and specialized structures
- Identification of the four main species of honey bees - Apis dorsata, Apis florea, Apis cerana, and Apis mellifera - and their characteristics
Good Cultivation Practices of Lentil Lens culinaris.pdfAsbinKatwal
Good cultivation practices for lentils involve selecting high-quality seeds, preparing the soil with proper tillage and adding proper nutrients, providing adequate irrigation, controlling pests and diseases, and proper harvest management.
Role of micro nutrients and their deficiency symptoms in Mulberrymohd younus wani
The document discusses the roles of various micronutrients in mulberry plants and their deficiency symptoms. It begins by defining nutrients and classifying them as macronutrients and micronutrients. It then discusses 17 essential plant nutrients and the criteria for determining essentiality. Specific roles and deficiency symptoms are described for zinc, boron, and iron in mulberry plants. The document also discusses factors affecting micronutrient availability in soil and presents data on the effects of deficient and excess levels of zinc, boron, and iron on mulberry plant growth and dry matter yield.
Cluster bean (guar) is a drought resistant legume crop grown for its green pods, dry seeds, and gum. It is native to India and has a chromosome number of 2n=14. The plant is cultivated for its green pods, dry seeds, as a forage crop, and for guar gum extraction. Varieties include Pusa Mausami, Pusa Sadabahar, and Pusa Navbhar.
Insect pests of cotton Pakistan Jassid Aphid Whitefly Thrips Red Cotton Bug S...Muhammad Naveed Laskani
This document provides information on common insect pests of cotton and their descriptions. It lists 9 major pests including their scientific names, descriptions of adults, eggs, nymphs and damage symptoms. For each pest, it mentions active period, number of generations per year, and control methods both chemical and non-chemical. It concludes by providing economic threshold levels for deciding control measures for different pests based on number observed per leaf or plant.
This document discusses irrigation scheduling for maize crops. It defines irrigation and irrigation scheduling, and explains why scheduling is important for crop growth. It outlines the criteria and growth phases to consider when scheduling maize, and describes techniques like soil moisture depletion and critical growth approaches. The document also discusses irrigation methods for maize, the effects of improper scheduling, and concludes that proper scheduling can optimize yields, conserve water, and improve crop quality and productivity.
Bajra, also known as pearl millet, is a widely grown crop in Africa and Asia, especially in India. It is grown in areas with low rainfall and poor soils. India is the largest producer of bajra. It requires a temperature between 30-35°C and rainfall between 40-50cm. Bajra can be grown during the kharif, rabi, and summer seasons. Common varieties grown are BJ-104 and ICMV-221. Fertilizer doses of 50-100kg N, 30-40kg P2O5, and 20kg K2O per hectare are recommended. Bajra is harvested when grains are hard with 20% moisture.
Presentation (1) diseases and pest of silkworm.Dev Dixit
pest of silkworm : Uzifly, Dermestid beetle. diseases: Grasserie,flacherie, muscardine, pebrine . pests and diseases of mulberry tree plant: morus alba, morus indica etc.
The document provides information about cotton production, processing, and uses. It discusses where cotton was first cultivated (India), major cotton producing areas (US, China, India, Pakistan, Uzbekistan), and cotton varieties grown in the US (American Pima and Upland). It also summarizes the cotton harvesting process, from mechanical picking to ginning and baling, and cotton processing into textiles via carding, spinning, and weaving or knitting into fabrics.
silk worm is a holo metabolous insect four stages are there in its life cycle. 1. Egg 2. Larva ( 5 instars) 3. Pupa 4. Adult. rearing of silkworms is called sericulture. Moriculture is the science of mulberry cultivation to rear silk worms for silk production. Bombyx mori feed specifically on mulberry leaves, Different types of silk worms. There are five major types of silk of commercial importance, obtained from different species of silkworms which in turn feed on a number of food plants: Except mulberry, other varieties of silks are generally termed as non mulberry silks. India has the unique distinction of producing all these commercial varieties of silk. SILK WORM TYPES ARE:- 1. Mulberry silk worm. 2. Tasar silk worm. 3. Oak Tasar silk worm. 4. Eri silk worm. 5. Muga silk worm. silk gland is modified salivary gland produces silk, The silk of silkworms is secreted by a pair of labial gland, known as silk glands. The silk glands lie ventral to the alimentary canal. In full grown larvae, these occupy most of the body cavity. The silk glands are tubular in shape with different diameters in different regions. Each gland has 3 distinct regions
This document provides information on sunflower cultivation in India. It discusses the composition of sunflower seeds and the main areas of cultivation across North, West, South, and Central zones of India. The focus is on the Kachchh district in Gujarat state, with planned acreage across several villages. A campaign is outlined to promote sunflower cultivation, including farmer meetings and demonstrations. Recommended varieties, growth cycle, agronomic practices, and pest and disease management are described. Harvesting methods and some additional facts regarding sunflower cultivation are also summarized.
This document provides information on finger millet (Ragi), including its scientific name, top producing states in India, nutritional value, suitable growing conditions, cultivation practices and more. It is predominantly grown in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Finger millet is well adapted to tropical and subtropical climates from sea level to 2100 meters, in areas with 500-1000mm of annual rainfall. It can be cultivated through various methods like broadcasting, drilling or transplanting. Varieties suited for different seasons include AKP-2, AKP-7, Kalyani and VZM-2. Finger millet is nutritionally rich and highest in calcium content among millets.
The document discusses many factors that affect seed vigor and quality. It explains that seed vigor is maximized by producing seed crops under optimal environmental conditions, harvesting seeds as soon as they reach physiological maturity, and carefully handling, conditioning, and storing seeds to minimize damage. Some key factors discussed include initial seed quality, nutrition, temperature during seed development, rainfall, soil moisture levels, use of chemicals, harvesting methods, field weathering effects, and storage conditions and duration. The kind or variety of seed can also influence its storability. Timely harvesting and proper storage are important for maintaining high seed vigor.
This document discusses the different types of damage insects can inflict on plants. It is divided into several sections:
1) Direct effects of feeding by chewing and sucking insects. Chewing insects cause damage like holes, notches and defoliation. Sucking insects cause chlorosis, silvering, and hopper burn.
2) Indirect effects like making harvest difficult, reducing quality, and spreading disease.
3) Injury by internal feeders like borers, worms, leaf miners and gall insects.
4) Injury to underground parts by root feeders.
5) Injury to stored products which can continue from field or storage attacks.
Various examples are given for
This document provides information on mulberry cultivation. It begins with the botanical description of mulberry, including that it is a fast growing deciduous tree that can be propagated through cuttings. It then discusses optimal soil and climate conditions for mulberry growth, as well as different planting systems and varieties suitable for different conditions. The document also outlines best practices for irrigation, fertilization, pruning and harvesting mulberry leaves.
The document summarizes several insect pests that affect oilseed and groundnut crops. It describes the life cycle, nature of damage, and management strategies for each pest. Key pests discussed include mustard sawfly, mustard aphid, painted bug, white grub, groundnut leaf miner, groundnut aphid, and groundnut hairy caterpillar. For each, it provides details on the insect's appearance, egg-laying behavior, larval and pupal stages, and how it damages crops by feeding on leaves, shoots, or roots. Management involves cultural, biological and chemical controls.
Maize is an important staple food and feed crop cultivated worldwide. It is high in starch content and used for various industrial purposes through wet and dry milling processes. In India, maize is predominantly cultivated during the kharif season across many states. Different varieties and hybrids have been developed suited to various growing conditions. Maize requires warm weather and moderate rainfall to grow. Proper spacing, fertilizer application, irrigation, weed control and protection from pests are essential agronomic practices for optimal yields.
1) Barley is a grain that originated in Asia or Ethiopia and is cultivated in Pakistan, where it is grown on about 227,000 hectares annually producing around 158,000 tons.
2) Barley grows best in temperate regions with optimum temperatures between 15-20°C and requires clay loam soils and marginal or less fertile lands.
3) The document outlines best practices for barley production in Pakistan, including land preparation, seed rates, irrigation, fertilizer use, weed control, and harvesting. Popular barley varieties suited for different regions are also listed.
Beekeeping has a long history dating back to ancient times. Egyptians, Greeks, and others recognized the importance of bees and honey. In India, honey was used in Ayurvedic medicine and religious rituals. While the benefits of honey were known, beekeeping methods were primitive until the 19th century. In 1851, Langstroth designed movable frames with bee spaces, revolutionizing beekeeping. Later advances included the honey extractor and foundation sheets. In India, modern beekeeping began in the late 19th century and was promoted by organizations like the Khadi and Village Industries Commission. Today, Apis cerana and Apis mellifera species are kept, though yields remain lower than in commercial beekeeping operations in other
This document provides information on apiculture (beekeeping) including:
- The creators and contributors of the course on apiculture
- An index of chapters covering topics in apiculture such as bee species, colony organization, seasonal management, honey production, and diseases
- Details on the morphology and anatomy of honey bees, describing the head, thorax, abdomen, legs, wings, and specialized structures
- Identification of the four main species of honey bees - Apis dorsata, Apis florea, Apis cerana, and Apis mellifera - and their characteristics
In this PowerPoint, included a history of beekeeping, the economic importance of honeybees, and today's scenario of beekeeping. This PowerPoint may be informative to all the learners.
This document provides an introduction to apiculture (beekeeping). It discusses the etymology and history of beekeeping worldwide and in India. Key details include that beekeeping was practiced as early as 4000 years ago in Egypt, the development of the Langstroth beehive in 1851, and the introduction of European honey bees to India in 1880. The document also describes bee anatomy and morphology, focusing on the head, thorax, abdomen, digestive system, and reproductive organs. It concludes with an overview of the bee life cycle for queens, workers, and drones.
Author : Sriman Krishna Balarama Das
Email : kbd@sscclab.com
Date Produced : February 12, 2015
Editor : Sriman Subhananda Hari Das
Serial no : 38 of 54
Beekeeping
- Beekeeping Defination
- History Of beekeeping
- Beekeeping in india
- What is bee hives?
- Commercial Methods of bee rearing
- What is an apiary?
- Beekeeping Equipments
- Seasonal Management Of Honey Bees
This document discusses apiculture, or beekeeping. It defines apiculture as the cultivation of honey bees to obtain honey and wax. There are two main methods of beekeeping - the traditional/indigenous method using natural hives found in trees or buildings, and the modern method using movable frame hives introduced by Langstroth to improve hive management. The modern hives allow inspection of frames for brood rearing and honey/pollen storage. Beekeeping provides benefits like crop pollination but also has challenges like disease resistance and climate dependence.
Rice originated in the foothills of the Himalayas and southern India, then spread throughout Asia and was introduced to other parts of the world over centuries. It is an important staple crop grown across diverse climates and elevations in India. Rice is significant culturally and economically, and is the primary food for over half the world's population. The document discusses the botanical description, varieties, history, production regions, nutritional value, and medicinal uses of rice in India.
Introduction to Honeybees and ApicultureYahyea Laskar
Apiculture is the practice of raising honeybees for commercial or agricultural purposes. The oldest evidence of beekeeping dates to 1669, although it is likely that beekeeping is more than 3,000 years old. Apiculture provides farmers and hobbyists with a variety of enterprises, including production of beeswax, honey, and other edible bee products, crop pollination services, and sale of bees to other beekeepers. Bees are bred in apiaries, which are areas that can hold many beehives. Bees are cared for and managed to produce honey and wax. Humans are responsible for maintaining bee colonies, which are usually kept in hives.
This document discusses apiculture, or beekeeping. It describes the different types of honey bees, the roles of workers, drones and queens in a bee colony. Indigenous and modern methods of beekeeping are explained, along with common beekeeping equipment like hives, honey extractors, and protective gear. Products from beekeeping like honey and wax are outlined, along with their various uses.
The document discusses the history and modern practices of apiculture, or beekeeping. It describes how traditional beekeeping methods were crude and harmful to bees. The invention of movable frame hives and extraction equipment in the 1800s revolutionized the practice. Modern beekeeping uses artificial hives with movable frames to facilitate honey production. The document also outlines the roles and anatomy of queen bees, drones, and worker bees in a colony. It discusses the importance of bees in pollination and the medicinal properties and production of honey.
This document provides an overview of apiculture (beekeeping). It begins with an introduction defining apiculture and beekeeping. It then discusses the four main species of honey bees - Apis dorsata, Apis florea, Apis cerana, and Apis mellifera. Key details are provided on the morphology, classification, history of beekeeping in India, and differences between queen, worker, and drone bees. The document also covers bee products like honey, beeswax, royal jelly, and pollen. It summarizes beekeeping methods and important activities like combing, swarming, and migration. Common bee diseases and their management are also outlined. Finally, the economic importance of honey is highlighted.
Apiculture is beekeeping for collecting honey, beeswax, and propolis. Honey bees are highly social insects in the order Hymenoptera. A bee colony contains three castes - the queen bee, worker bees, and drone bees. Worker bees perform different tasks as they age, including cleaning, guarding, and foraging. Beekeeping using movable frame hives was developed based on the optimal bee space between frames. Honey is extracted using a honey extractor after removing frames from the hive.
The document provides an overview of apiculture (beekeeping). It discusses the systematic position of honey bees, the history of beekeeping, common species of honey bees, the structure of bee colonies, and modern beekeeping methods. The bee colony consists of the queen bee, worker bees, and drone bees. Worker bees perform different tasks as they age, such as cleaning, guarding, and foraging. Modern hives use Langstroth's "bee space" theory of leaving optimal distances between frames and surfaces.
The document discusses India's achievements and innovations throughout history. It describes how ancient Indians had advanced knowledge of building construction materials and techniques as seen in the Indus Valley Civilization. It notes that India constructed the world's first dam and discusses innovations in town planning, textiles, papermaking, wireless technology, agriculture, astronomy, surgery, and industry. The document highlights India's leadership in many fields and important historical figures like Ramanujan, Abdul Kalam, and industrialists from the Tata, Infosys, Wipro, and Reliance groups. It conveys that India has a long tradition of scientific and technological advancement.
Sericulture is the cultivation of silkworms to produce silk. The most widely used silkworm is Bombyx mori, which was first domestically raised in China thousands of years ago. Today, China and India are the world's largest silk producers, responsible for over 60% of global production annually. Sericulture is important in other countries as well, serving as a cottage industry.
Sericulture is the study of silkworms and silk farming. China was the first to start sericulture over 5000 years ago. Today, China and India produce over 60% of the world's silk. Sericulture provides employment, especially for women, and economic benefits to rural communities. It involves growing mulberry trees to feed silkworms, rearing the silkworms, and reeling silk filaments from cocoons. India's states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal are major silk producers. Sericulture is environmentally friendly and makes use of byproducts. It provides a sustainable livelihood for farmers.
This document discusses different aspects of agriculture in India. It covers:
1) Food crops like rice which many Indians eat and cash crops like sugarcane which are used in industries.
2) Horticulture, the cultivation of fruits, flowers and vegetables in various states for market sale.
3) Livestock rearing of animals like cows, buffalo, sheep and goats which provide uses like milk, labor, wool and skins.
4) The two types of fishing - inland fishing from rivers/lakes and marine fishing from the sea, mentioning example catches.
This document discusses traditional and modern methods of beekeeping. Under the traditional or indigenous method, bees would build combs in wall cavities or wooden boxes, and honey was extracted by killing the bees or smoking them out and squeezing the honeycombs by hand, resulting in impure honey and a weakened bee colony. The modern method uses movable frame hives, queen excluders to separate the brood chamber from honey supers, and centrifugal honey extractors and uncapping knives to harvest honey without harming bees or combs. Appliances and scientific practices allow for better control, productivity, and humane treatment of bee colonies.
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
1. History and Development of bee keeping from ancestral
and 1851 onwards, History of beekeeping in India,
Karnataka, Institutes and Societies of beekeeping
2. Honey bees are reared in artificial hives for produces they give
viz., honey, bee wax, royal jelly and for they help they render
in pollinating crop.
The practice of rearing bee is called ‘Apiculture’ or
‘Beekeeping’
The place where the hives are maintained is called ‘Apiary’
3. Man had known that honey is delicious, sweet and nutritious
food long before he learnt the method of keeping bees in hives
to provide him a more accessible supply of honey.
Mention of this winged creature is found in all most all the
religious epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata, and the
Vedas, the Puranas and the Upanishads and Quran and many
of other ancient books.
4. The Indian systems of medicines belonging to both Ayurveda and
Sidha school heavily rely on honey as a carrier which enhances the
properties of drugs
Honey had been in use from very ancient days for religious rites of
sanctity.
There was flourishing trade of honey and wax in our country till
the introduction of cane sugars
5. Figures, drawings and carvings of the honey bee and its combs
are found in tombs, coffins, crowns and maces of Egyptian
kings and coins of ancient and modern empires.
Egyptians also hold bees in higher order.
The great Prophet Mohammed is said to have advised many of
his followers to use honey for various ailments
6. Hippocrates, piny and others have advocated the use of bee tea
prerpared of burnt bees as a cure for kidney troubles and also a
stimulant for growth of hair
Though the virtue of honey bee and the utility of honey have
thus been known from ancient days, the methods of bee
keeping and honey extraction have been primitive and crude all
over the world till recently.
7. The changes in Bee keeping is observed between the year1500
and 1851.
– 1586: Luis Mendez de Torres first described the Queen bee
as female that laid eggs. It was the first revolutionary
discovery.
– 1609: Charles Butler identified drone as Male bee
– 1637: Richard Remnant recognized worker bees as females.
Advances in bee keeping
8. The understanding of the life cycle helped the beekeepers in
management and care of their colonies.
The next advancement was successful extraction of honey with
least damage to the hive and bees.
The understanding of the life cycle and the ability to harvest
honey without disturbing the hive made beekeeping easier.
9. In 1851:
L. Langstroth studied the natural colonies of bee and found
the bees maintaining space between combs.
Based on this bee space he designed a bee hive with movable
frames with proper spacing which made it easy to extract
honey without affecting the bee population.
This created history in modern bee keeping.
10. Hence, Langstroth is considered as ‘Father of Modern beekeeping’ in
USA
He revolutionized the concept of bee keeping in India from 1851
onwards.
Bee spaces or passage way: is the space required between any two
frames for the bees to move conveniently between the combs and it is
too small to encourage bees building combs and too large to induce
their depositing propolis.
It is about 0.635 cm for A.cerena indica and 0.794 cm for A.mellifera
11. 1865 AD:
– During this period Major Von Hruschka invented the
honey extractor for the first time
– Advantages of honey extractor are:
• We can get pure honey
• Bees are safe
• Combs can be reused
12. The successful use of movable frames, the discovery of bee
space and invention of honey extractor completely
revolutionized the primitive crude way of keeping bees and the
modern bee hive came to be designed.
This break through even increased the production of honey.
13. 1857 AD:
Johanns Mehring invented the artificial comb Foundation
sheet.
This invention was another milestone in bee keeping
Because worker bees have to secrete wax from their wax glands.
They secrete wax after consuming ten times of its weight of
honey besides labour they put in.
14. Therefore in the process it reduces production of honey firstly
because of additional consumption
Secondly due to additional labour which otherwise could have
been utilized for the collection of honey.
In India:
In our country also beekeeping industry was in its primitive
stage till recently.
15. – In ancient times honey bees used to be kept in a crude manner in
India as in other countries of the world.
– The earliest method of keeping bees was first started in South
India in the 2nd half of 18th century, in parts of Karnataka
(Coorg), Kerala and TN and later in J&K, WB
– In Karnataka they started bee keeping with log hives called
horizontal log hives, empty pots or any other suitable receptacles
smeared with wax and sweet scented leaves of Cinnamomum iners
on the inner surface.
16. – Then those receptacles are kept in jungles to entice the bees, during
swarming seasons
– When the bees are settled there, those receptacles are carried to and
kept in desired places.
– This type of hive is called as Pot hive
– Hollowed wooden log with one end closed and another end is
opened but closed with wooden plank and with a hole in centre.
17. Modern Bee keeping in India:
– 1882: During this period first attempt to keep bees in the
standard/movable hives in India was made in W.B
(Calcutta) by Mr. John Douglas, working in post and
telegraph dept.
– He also in 1884 wrote a book called ‘Handbook of
Beekeeping’ which was perhaps the first published book on
beekeeping in India.
18. – 1883: GOI collected information on bee keeping from different
states and published in booklet form
– 1911: In South India , Father Newton designed a smaller hive
suitable for Indian bee A. cerana in Kanyakuamri district and
successfully maintained the honey bee in hives.
• This smaller hive named as Newton hive is in common use
even today for bee keeping in maidan areas. He also gave
training in beekeeping for many from 1911-1917
19. – 1917-25: Work on beekeeping was started in Thiruvancoor
and Mysore in 1925
• Beekeeping was started during 1927, 1931, 34 and 1938
in Kashmir, Madras, Coorg and UP respectively.
– 1938-39: During winter season of 1938-39, beekeepers of
India formed ‘All India Beekeepers Association’. This
Association started publishing ‘Indian Bee Journal’ and
also held conferences and meeting all over India
20. – 1945: ‘Indian Council of Agricultural Research’ established
‘Central Beekeeping Research Station’ (CBKRS) in
Punjab. Six year after this i.e., during 1951 ICAR also
started CBKRS at Coimbatore (Madras), Baptala (AP) and
Sundernagar (HP)
• IARI also carried out scientific investigation on cultural
problems at New Delhi and Pusa (Bihar)
21. – ‘All India Khadi and Village Industries Commission’
(AIKVIC) started ‘Central Bee Research Station’
(CBRS) at Pune and Mahabaleshwar (Maharashtra) which
transfers latest findings of research on beekeeping to
various grass root implementing bodies.
22. The pioneering work in the establishment of modern beekeeping
in India were done by certain noble personalities in their
respective states. Notables were:
– Swami Shambhavananda from Coorg district in Karnataka
– Marthandam and Dr. Spencer Hatch from the southern most
costal India
– Shri R N Muttoo from the Central Himalayas
– Smt. Ramadevi and Manamohan Chowdhary from Orissa
23. – Shri T C Razdan, J N Raina and A M Shah from J&K
• All these efforts were restricted to smaller pockets in
different states of the country
After Independence the GOI took a policy decision to revive
various traditional Industries and ‘All India Khadi and
Village Industries Board’ was constituted to undertake this
work.
24. This board was later re-constituted as ‘Khadi and Village
Industries Commission’ in 1956, a statutory body under the
Ministry of Industry.
However large scale implementation of bee keeping was
possible due to role played by Khadi and Village Industries
Commission and various ‘State Khadi and Village Industries
Boards’.
25. Present Status of Beekeeping
– Apis cerena and Apis mellifera are only two species
maintained in hives.
– European, A.mellifera bee is much better than Indian bee in
all aspects and it has wide distribution both in Tropical and
Temperate Countries and regions.
– European bee has 5 strains/races which are maintained in
different regions
26. – A.cerena found in Asian countries. In recent years it is replaced
by A.mellifera in Japan and China (70% honey comes from
this)
– In India also maintaining A.mellifera in Karnataka, TN and
Kerala (South Indian states); in Punjab, HP, J&K, Haryana,
Bihar and UP (North Indian states)
– In western countries they mainly maintain European bee.
– They done this on a large commercial scale and as a main
occupation
27. – In America, a bee keeper can maintain an average number of
100-300 colonies, can harvest an average yield of 15-20
kg/colony/year
– Similarly in California, 1000-2000 colonies; yield 35kg/colony.
– In some places where there are lot of bee flora, have recorded
upto 100-150 kg honey/colony/year.
– But in developing countries, the bee keeping is not done on a
commercial, large scale.
28. – A bee keeper can maintain an average number of 10-20
colonies (at the most 50 colonies) and can harvest 8.5 kg
honey/colony/year in India [that too after the introduction
of European bee otherwise still low]
– World honey production is 1.1 million tonnes (1991).
– Out of this major contributors are Europe [>2,00,000 m.t],
USSR [>1,00,000 m.t] and USA [1,10,000 m.t]
29. – Worlds largest producer is China – production >2,00,000
metric tonnes (1991). China also produces 1800 m.t of royal
jelly & 1000 m.t of pollen and exported
– Royal jelly and pollen are good source of proteins and
Royal jelly is in demand in America
– Because it is believed to delay ageing or prevents ageing.
– Most of honey is imported by Europe
30. – According to 1994 data, India’s production in 30000 m. tonnes
– >50% of honey comes from natural colonies. Though we have the
capacity to keep 4 million colonies and the potential is about 6 lakh
metric tonnes of honey, we have only 1 million colonies in the
country.
In Karnataka:
– In Karnataka, actual bee keeping started in 1925 in Coorg by
Swami Shambhavananda [Associated with Ramakrishna mission]
is the father of bee keeping in Karnatka
31. He found that Newton hive was very small and he brought
some Langstroth hive which was very long and he constructed
hives called as ‘Coorg Standard hive’
In 1936 he started ‘Coorg honey and wax produces Co-
operative society’ as a leading society in Karnataka.
In Karnataka, bee keeping is practiced in 18 districts: Coorg,
S.Canara, N.Canara, Hassan, Kolar, Bengaluru and Dharwad.
32. During 1979 – ‘Bengaluru Beekeepers Association’ was registered
with 300 members.
Today there are 12 registered Beekeepers Associations
– Sirsi
– Bhagamandala
– Sakaleshapura
– S. Canara
– N. Canara
33. In dry belt:
– Kolar
– Dharwad
– Bengaluru
Among these ‘Coorg Progressive Bee keepers Society’ (CPBKS)
is the major one.
“Bengaluru Beekeepers Association’s” head quarters is
Entomology Department, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru.
34. In 1997, a separate department for Apiculture was started by
Dr. G K Veeresh was the then Vice – Chancellor of UAS and
Dr. D Rajgopal was made as Head of the Apiculture
Number of bee keepers in Karnataka – 51200
35. Bee Products in Karnataka
* Decrease is due to viral infection known as THAISAC
Brood diseases [Thai – Thailand, the brood becomes sac like]
Production 91-92 93-94
No of colonies 1,60,000 45119*
Honey 860 metric tons 206 m.tons*
Wax Production 8.2 metric tons* 2.09 m tons*
36. Thaisac brood disease was 1st appeared in J&K in 1980’s and in
1991-92 attacked in South India
Research on Beekeeping
In the last few years, GOI has shown a very keen interest in
this eco-friendly activity and launched a number of new
research schemes with the following objectives:
37. 1. To promote the development of bee keeping and honey
production in the country
2. To identify the potential of beekeeping in different agro-climatic
zones of the country.
3. Confronting problems and their possible remedies
In 1952, the first research institute was established
[i.e., Apicultural Research Laboratory in Mahabaleshwar (near
Bombay) –
38. Here major work done is standardization of bee keeping
equipments, management practices; bee flora; Bee genetics and
quality control of Bee products etc.
In 1962, “Central Bee Research and Training Institute” was
started in Pune (Maharashtra) by KVIC. Now it is a premier
institute
It also have substations: One is at Aldur (Chickmagalur
district).They train people in bee keeping
39. AICRP: [All India Co-ordinated Research Project] on honey
bee research and training started in 1981 and funded by ICAR.
It has 8 centers in different parts of the country. One is in
Coorg in Chetthalli [Near Gonikoppal]
Training in bee keeping is also extended by ‘Central Bee
Research and Training Institute’. There are 2 courses in
Pune:
40. – Apiary men course
– Demonstrator course/ Field man course
3 month duration course
At local level, Co-operative societies also conduct 3 days
training.
Even our UAS also conduct training.