Development involves transformation across structures, attitudes, and institutions to accelerate economic growth, reduce inequality, and eradicate poverty. It encompasses improving education, health, nutrition, environment, opportunities, freedom, and culture to raise standards of living. Development aims to increase access to necessities like food, shelter, and protection, while expanding economic and social choices. Scholars define development in social, political, and economic terms, focusing on topics like economic growth, modernization, institutions, freedoms, poverty reduction, and more. Development of a nation requires strengthening its governance, identity, revenue generation, and ability to make decisions and distribute resources to its citizens.

2. ⦁ What is Development?
⦁ - Development: A multi-dimensional process
which involves transformation in structures,
attitudes and institutions as well as the
acceleration of economic growth, reduction of
inequality and the eradication of absolute
poverty.

3. ⦁ “ A better quality of life in world’s
poor countries calls for higher
incomes-but it involves much more.
It encompasses better education,
higher standards of health and
nutrition, less poverty, a cleaner
environment, more quality of
opportunities, greater individual
freedom, and richer cultural life.”

4. ⦁ To increase the availability and widen the
distribution of basic life sustaining goods such as
food, shelter, health and protection
⦁ To raise levels of living, that is to say, higher
incomes, the provision of more jobs, better
education, and greater attention to cultural and
humanistic values.
⦁ To extend the range of economic and social
choices available to individuals and nations by
freeing them from servitude and dependence not
only in relation to other people and nation- states
but also to the forces of ignorance and human
misery.

5. ⦁ Development is primarily defined in the
context of economy as it is equaled with
economic development of the country.
⦁ Various scholars of diverse disciplines have
view development in the following context:
- Improvement-change (for the better)
- Economic growth, Modernization,
Industrialization

6. ⦁ Myrdal’s concept –”Soft State”
underdevelopment is caused by external
relationships (trade, aid, and investments)
⦁ United Nations- looking for better
alternatives for third world countries in
dealing with developed countries.
⦁ Brandt Commission Report- (Uphoff and
Ilchman) development is one of the more
depreciated terms in social science literature.

7. ⦁ Ferrel Heady- in the case of modernization
development tends to be discussed in societal
terms.
⦁ Walter Rostow (Rostowian concept)-5 stages
of economic growth. Development process is
successive stages. (Traditional, pre-take off,
growth, maturity and high mass
consumption).

8. ⦁ Harrold- Domar equation- GNP =NS; 3RD
world nations must have mixture of
savings, investments and foreign aid in
order to be developed.
⦁ Simon Kuznets –social, ideological and
institutional aspects of development.
⦁ Dudley Seers-reduction of poverty,
inequality and unemployment.
⦁ Michael Todaro-changes in structures,
attitudes, institutions and acceleration of
economic growth.

9. ⦁ Amartya Sen: Expanding real freedoms that
people enjoy.
⦁ Douglas North- Institutions (Institutional
building).

10. ⦁ Development is understood in terms of the
following;
🞄Social
🞄Political
🞄Economic

11. ⦁ Social development: Process of growth and
development of the capacities of the people
and the improvement of society in which they
live in order to obtain a better life for all.
⦁ Economic development: discussed in terms of
economic growth although economist were
aware of non-economic factors.
⦁ Political development: process of increasing
rationality, equality, participation and
secularization in the political system.

12. ⦁ Democratic governance: involves the
interdependent democratization of the state
and its governmental institutions.
⦁ Civil society: All sectors and institutions in
the political community outside of the state
and its government.
⦁ Political parties: meaningful and attractive
organizations of people who want to play
active political roles in affecting public policy
and governance.

13. ⦁ Capacity for governance: Refers to the ability
of the state to make and enforce its decisions
on all citizens and groups.
⦁ National Identity: Citizens identification
within the state to make them perform their
duties and responsibilities as participants in
the political process.

14. ⦁ Extractive capacity: The ability of the state to
raise revenues and generate public support in
order to perform its functions and render
public service.
⦁ Distributive capacity: The ability of the state
to make decisions to distribute or redistribute
material and other benefits in the society.

15. ⦁ World Bank World Development Report, 1991
⦁ Michael P. Todaro economic development 6th
New York University

16. Thank
you