2. Nature/Qualities/Attributes of Development
• Move towards modernization (an extensive division of labor,
specialization, high productivity, self-sustaining economic growth,
democratic form of govt., rule of law-equality before the law, active
state apparatus/machine/system),
• Helps to National building (sentiment, loyalty or sympathy which binds
group of people together through common institutions and culture.
Common ideas and beliefs of group of people to unify them on national
interest and sovereign.)
• Equitable distribution,
• Opportunity generation,
• Technological advancement,
• Political leadership development,
• Sustainable economic growth,
3. Nature/Qualities/Attributes of Development
(cont.)
• Positive social change (Positive social thinking of the society),
• Enlarges peoples' choices (Provides human beings with the opportunity
to develop their fullest potential),
• Motivational and decentralization oriented
• Enhances participatory democratic process (Partnership and Peoples'
participation),
• Enables poor, women, and disadvantaged themselves and work
together,
• Sustainability oriented (Enhance the desire, capacity and knowledge),
• Includes economic and non-economic factors,
• Infinite, Relative term, Brings a desirable change,
4. Nature/Qualities/Attributes of Development
(cont.)
• Dynamic process of change and growth,
• Has no fix goal, a continuous process of change,
• A state of mind or tendency,
• Humanistic in spirit, Multidimensional,
• Comprehensive and multifaceted/complex …etc.
• Positive upward movement of society on all fronts,
• May bring side effects on the developmental processes.
• Goal/result oriented
5. Dimensions (Magnitudes, Scopes)
of Development
People define development in different ways based on their area of
interest or focus. So development should be discussed from various
dimensions, scopes or aspects (features /parts/sides) such as:
• Economic Aspect
• Political Aspect
• Socio-cultural Aspect
• Administrative Aspect
• Technological Aspect
6. Economic Aspect
of Development
• Economic develop merely does not imply the total development of a
society/nation rather it is an aspect of development. Economists, especially
classical, have emphasized in progressive increase in GDP and GNP along with
net national product.
• Modern economists on the other hand stress in welfare, where achieving the
goal of social welfare through specific economic policies.
• Theories such as: Rostow's (1962) 'Stages of Development', Leibenstein,
Nelson's 'Low Level of Equilibrium Trap', and Prebisch, Myrdal, Sunder's 'Import
Substitution'.
• Concept of vicious circle of poverty: If there is low income, there would be low
saving, then low capital formation, then low investment, and ultimately low
productivity. In developing countries like Nepal there would be other
supporting factors for the circle which are a) low level of literacy rate, b) poor
health, c) low level of or absence of technical skills, d) lack of entrepreneurship
culture, e) excessive dependency in natural resources, f) high population
growth, g) small market, h) pocket economy.
• In the situation/existence of the vicious circle of poverty, there would be less or
no economic activities, leads to immobile/halt economy which is the sign of
underdevelopment. In contrary to the situation, employment opportunities
would be increased and the circle will be reversed then the nation will move
ahead to development.
7. Economic Aspect
of Development (cont.)
The world development Report (1991) defines economic development as
a sustainable increase in living standards that encompasses material
consumption, education, health, and income and environment. Economic
development would be possible if there is an improvement:
• to increase the level of per capita real income of the economy over a
period;
• in the material welfare especially for persons with the lowest income;
• to eradicate the level of poverty;
• for changing in the composition of inputs and outputs that generally
include shifts in the underlying structure of production away for
agricultural towards industrial activities;
• for the organization of the economy in such a way that generate
productive employment; and
• for a greater participation of broadly based groups in making decision
about the directions, economic matters to improve their welfare.
8. Political Aspect
of Development
• Country's mode of production, administrative system and all other
aspects of development are just the reflection of the Political system of
the nation. Hence, political aspect is the precondition of overall
development. Political system is independent and other systems are
dependent variables in development. National integration or nation
building, peoples' participation, legitimacy, democracy, rule of law,
overall governance system, and values/customs and forms of behavior
(ethics, corruption, dedication, commitment, political and elite
interference) are decided by the national polity.
• Political development should be understood in terms of capability
(performance capability) of political system to deal with its own
fundamental problems more effectively while responding to the
changing political demands of people.
9. Political Aspect
of Development (cont.)
• Political system should be able to resolve around the relationships
between the political culture, authoritative structures, and the general
political process. Participation of mass media, political dedication, and
stable government along with periodic and in time election are also the
attributes of strong political system (governance system).
• In sum, Extractive, Responsive, Regulative, Distributive and Symbolic
capabilities of political system reflects the stage of development.
10. Socio-cultural Aspect
of Development
• Behavioral scientists have emphasized in socio-cultural aspects. Capital
is necessary but not sufficient condition for the development. Social
development deals with the social well-being of people. It insists on
social aspects like: health, education, housing, cultural and religious
conversation, and social security which are regarding providing basic
services to people to change status of women and disadvantaged or
mainstreaming them in national development. It emphasizes on welfare
of minorities and working class/labor and socially victimized ones. It
accounts family structure and system, social organizations, caste system
(touchable and untouchability), higher and lower strata based on caste,
social evils/ills/disorders as the development of the society has been
reflected by all these socio-cultural aspects.
• Social values and attitudes: religious/social values Vs economic
productivity: Bramhans do not prefer poultry or other farming, Muslims
do not prefer family planning etc.
• Caste and Ethnicity system: South Asian Countries, Latin America (White
and Balck), Bhutan etc.
11. Administrative Aspect
of Development
• Administrators believe that development is the product of efficient
administrative system. Capability of administration reflects the capacity of
government in managing public sector along with the monitoring and
supervision of private and third sector. This aspect focuses on administrative
problems and reforms. Vision, mission, goal and strategies of administrative
system/organizations should be based on national and international priorities; it
demands change to cope with the situations of changing needs of the clients
and stakeholders. All of the reforms initiatives are aimed to bust the
performances of the administrative system.
• Many theories like scientific management, administrative theory, bureaucracy,
behavioral sciences theory, human relation theory, contingency theory, New
Public Management, Post structural, post colonialism, post developmental,
feminist etc. identified ways and means to enhance the administrative capability
for overall development.
• Administrative capability for the development involves the ability to
mobilize/allocate and combine the actions those are technically needed to
achieve development objective. Moreover, administrative system is the helping
hands of the political system to materialize set national development objectives.
12. Administrative Aspect
of Development (cont.)
• In developing nations, attention is being paid to reforms through
structural changes or adjustments on merit and carrier system, salary
adjustments, performance based pay, outsourcing system, flexi-time
management, total quality management, contractual arrangements,
human resource development through training and procedure
improvements.
• It is administrative system and its capability which plays catalyst role and
combines skills and bring them to bear more effectively on action
development programmes which will develop their economy, sustain
improvements in social systems, and increase the capacity of political
system. It was known as development administration now has been
shifted to development management.
• Administrative system is the effective instrument to implement
development plans and projects so national development is more
affected by the administrative system capability.
13. Technological Aspect
of Development
Technocrats focuses on the use of latest technological aspects in development
management. For, those technologies could be used to address the growing aspiration
and needs of people in this age of globalization and technological advancements.
More than the use of machine, use of technology in development and advancement of
skills, knowledge and procedure to get the things done is required. Technology can
optimize use of resources and ease management both line and staff role in making
rational decision in timely manner. Technology is being important factor for social
change through changing environment. For example, technology directed changes on
the followings (Narendra Raj Paudel, Development Management, 2014, PP 8):
• On family: nuclear from joint family structure, more freedom to women,
employment opportunities to women, consumption standard, family attitude
towards life;
• On social life: Industrialization, specialization, mass production, division of
labor, occupational mobility, infrastructural capitalism;
• On government side: scope of government activities, lean and thin govt. concept,
change in management practice, rules and regulations, structural changes in
government organizations, waste control, flexi-time and core time concept.
Technology, no doubt, enhances the development if it is used in optimum way. It
should be fit or adopted or adapted in social, cultural, administrative and political
context.
14. In Next Classes
• Development Administration
• Development Management
• Economic and non-economic theory of development (Endogenous Vs
Exogenous)
Thanks.
