1- Describe the three different types of asexual reproduction- How doe.pdf

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1. Describe the three different types of asexual reproduction. How does Daphnia pulex case study, show a good example of how some species switch between asexual and sexual reproduction? 2. Compare and contrast gametogenesis of sperm and eggs in mammals. In your comparison, describe three similarities and three 3. Compare and contrast external versus internal fertilization. Describe at least three major differences. 4. What is meant by 'sperm competition'? What is 'second male advantage'? Describe the case study of Drosophila melanogaster in your text. 5. Describe the difference between oviparous, viviparous, and ovoviviparous. What evolutionary pressures would favor one form over the other? 6. Use your text to identify all the structures in the figures below. Also provide a brief description of each structures function. 7. 8..

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1.Developmental Biology brings together many different areas of study within Biology.What types of questions can be asked about Development? 2.Describe a technique that would allow a developmental biologist to visualize the expression of developmental genes in space and time. Be sure to describe how it works in as much information as you can remember or give an example. 3.Describe (briefly) ONE historical experiment provided by Hans Driesch which refuted the most accepted cell specification mechanism of the time period (1800s). 4.In developmental biology researchers often want to ‘drive’ gene expression within developing tissues – sometimes expressing genes in different locations or at different times of development so as to demonstrate the gene’s role during normal development. What research tools could you use to ‘drive’ gene expression of Your Gene of Interest (YGI)? Explain. 5.What does it mean to be genetically equivalent? Describe how cloning demonstrates this? 6.Experiments with Xenopus (frog) in the late 1950s demonstrated that cells within the 3 germ layers had an affinity for each other and thus indicated that they had differentiated enough to be “biased” toward a specific cell layer (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm). Describe an experiment that demonstrated how the 3 different layers of the gastrula have an affinity for each other. 7.Morphogenesis involves the orchestration of Cell Affinity, Cell Adhesion, and Cell Migration. How do the adhesive molecules play a role as cells of the embryo change their affinity for one another? please help... Solution 1.How biological discoveries and their applications can be shaped by social prejudices of the time. About The significance and conceptual value of a particular discovery. What are theories involved in the development and what are the controversies regarding these theories. Studies of persistence of unicellular stages in life histories and studies of divergence in durations of cell cycles. How the evolution of development and dispersal differ in terrestrial and marine environments. How organisms survive and reproduce in their environments Regarding genetic heterogeneity within and among cells,Methods of studying gene action in development,Genetic diversity in different organisms . How reproduction takes place? How does the fertilized egg give rise to the adult body,and how does that adult body produce yet another body? How is the development of an organism integrated into the larger context of its habitat?.

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1. Explain why the term synapomorphy is relative (relative to what?). Give an example to illustrate. Why is it said that only synapomorphic traits are phylogenetically informative? Give an example. 2 What are the different reasons why a particular set of traits might not provide accurate phylogenetic information? Give an example using morphological and/or DNA phylogenies (e.g., whale). What types of traits will provide the most accurate phylogenetic information (hint; role of natural selection?). 3. How can examples of organisms and traits that exhibit different combinations of presence and absence of homology and/or analogy be used to indirectly test hypotheses of "descent with modification," natural selection, and convergent evolution. What explains repeated independent evolution of traits (be precise)? 4. How does genetic relatedness in a phylogeny relate to the independent evolution of a trait or protein? For example, if HIV-1 and HIV-2 have both evolved proteins that allow infection of humans, what is the genetic relatedness of HIV-1 to an SIV lineage, relative to the relatedness to HIV-2? Draw a tree that demonstrates your answer. 5. Consider the example of A , S , and C alleles and the evolution of malaria resistance in humans. Explain why evolution is different in Asia and Africa malaria environments in terms of the type of selection and the starting conditions. What can you conclude about the predictability of natural selection?.

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1. Explain what antbiouc resistance is. Be sure to inchade specific examples diecussed in the text. 2. Compare and contrast the three gencral patterns of natunl relection (directional, stabilizing, and disruptive. Include a definition of and examples of each. 3. What is convergent evolution? What are analogous traits? 4. What is mutation? Why is mutation important in cvolution?5. What is gene flow? What is horizontal gene transfer? Discuss each with an example froms the texibook. How is gene flow important in evolution? 6. What is genetic drift? How does genetio drift work? Discuss with an example from the textbook Include a definition and example of founder effect. 7. What is sexual selection? How does sexual selection work? Discuss with an example from the textbook. 8. What is the importance of variation within a population? (You may continue on to a separate sheet of paper - if so, place your name on it and staple to this page).

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Assignment 4 BIO 151 Summer 2016 Upload by Sunday, July 24th at 11:00 PM CHAPTER 12: THE CELL CYCLE 1.Define genome: 2. What is the difference between DNA in the chromatin form and the chromosome form? What form is DNA in during most of the cell cycle? 3. What is the difference between the centromere and the kinetochore? 4. What happens during each of these phases of the cell cycle? G1: S: G2: M: 5. The mitotic spindle is mainly made of what type of protein fiber? 6. How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells? 7. Is binary fission truly mitosis? What type of organisms use binary fission for reproduction? Is this process sexual or asexual? 8. Draw/depict the phases of mitosis from prophase to the end of cytokinesis for an animal cell containing a total of six chromosomes. 9. What is the cell cycle control system and why is it important? 10. What happens to most mammal cells when they reach the G1 checkpoint? 11. Explain how MPF helps to regulate the cell cycle. (See Fig 12.16) 12. What is a growth factor? Provide an example from the chapter. 13. What does cancer have to do with the cell cycle? 14. Explain why each of the following would undergo mitosis: An early embryo: An amoeba: Skin cells: A broken bone: 15. How is prokaryotic DNA different from eukaryotic DNA? 16. Are the daughter cells produced by mitosis clones of the parent cell? 17. When mitosis is used for reproduction, is it sexual or asexual? What type(s) of organisms use mitosis for reproduction? CHAPTER 13: MEIOSIS & SEXUAL LIFE CYCLES 1.Define: Gene Allele Locus Gametes Somatic cells 2. What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction (in terms of number of parents, and variation in offspring)? 3. What is the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids? (Where do they “come from”? Are they identical?) 4. What are autosomes? How many pairs of autosomes do humans have? 5. Meiosis produces gametes. What are gametes used for? What is the union of gametes called? The union of gametes creates what? 6. What is the difference between cells that are haploid and cells that are diploid? Are gametes haploid or diploid? Are somatic cells haploid or diploid? 7. Do the following eukaryotes primarily reproduce sexually or asexually? Animals: Plants: Fungi: 8. How many daughter cells does meiosis produce? Are they diploid or haploid? Are they clones of the parent cell? 9. Draw/depict Meiosis Prophase I and Metaphase I for three pairs of chromosomes: 10. What happens during synapsis? Does synapsis happen during mitosis? 11. What are three things that happen during meiosis but not mitosis? (See P.260) 12. What is independent assortment of chromosomes? During which phase of meiosis does this occur? 13. If a cell undergoing meiosis has a haploid number of ...

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Assignment 4 BIO 151 Summer 2016 Upload by Sunday, June 12th at 11:00 PM CHAPTER 12: THE CELL CYCLE 1.Define genome: 2. What is the difference between DNA in the chromatin form and the chromosome form? What form is DNA in during most of the cell cycle? 3. What is the difference between the centromere and the kinetochore? 4. What happens during each of these phases of the cell cycle? G1: S: G2: M: 5. The mitotic spindle is mainly made of what type of protein fiber? 6. How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells? 7. Is binary fission truly mitosis? What type of organisms use binary fission for reproduction? Is this process sexual or asexual? 8. Draw/depict the phases of mitosis from prophase to the end of cytokinesis for an animal cell containing a total of six chromosomes. 9. What is the cell cycle control system and why is it important? 10. What happens to most mammal cells when they reach the G1 checkpoint? 11. Explain how MPF helps to regulate the cell cycle. (See Fig 12.16) 12. What is a growth factor? Provide an example from the chapter. 13. What does cancer have to do with the cell cycle? 14. Explain why each of the following would undergo mitosis: An early embryo: An amoeba: Skin cells: A broken bone: 15. How is prokaryotic DNA different from eukaryotic DNA? 16. Are the daughter cells produced by mitosis clones of the parent cell? 17. When mitosis is used for reproduction, is it sexual or asexual? What type(s) of organisms use mitosis for reproduction? CHAPTER 13: MEIOSIS & SEXUAL LIFE CYCLES 1.Define: Gene Allele Locus Gametes Somatic cells 2. What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction (in terms of number of parents, and variation in offspring)? 3. What is the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids? (Where do they “come from”? Are they identical?) 4. What are autosomes? How many pairs of autosomes do humans have? 5. Meiosis produces gametes. What are gametes used for? What is the union of gametes called? The union of gametes creates what? 6. What is the difference between cells that are haploid and cells that are diploid? Are gametes haploid or diploid? Are somatic cells haploid or diploid? 7. Do the following eukaryotes primarily reproduce sexually or asexually? Animals: Plants: Fungi: 8. How many daughter cells does meiosis produce? Are they diploid or haploid? Are they clones of the parent cell? 9. Draw/depict Meiosis Prophase I and Metaphase I for three pairs of chromosomes: 10. What happens during synapsis? Does synapsis happen during mitosis? 11. What are three things that happen during meiosis but not mitosis? (See P.260) 12. What is independent assortment of chromosomes? During which phase of meiosis does this occur? 13. If a cell undergoing meiosis has a haploid number of ...

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Tetrad Analysis You should be able to explain and you should know examples of these: 1) Incomplete dominance 2) dominant negative 3) co-dominance, 4) pleotropic effect 5) epistasis 6) suppressors 7) developmental noise 8) norm of reaction (phenotypic plasticity). 9) You should be able to explain the biochemistry of ABO blood type and epistasis between h and I genes. Solution 1) incompletes dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely exprssed over its paired allele. It leads to the formation of a third phenotype in which the expressed physical trait is a combination of phenotypes of noth alleles.Example is a flower that is pink in colour due to cross pollination between a red and a white flower,when neither the white or red alleles are dominant. 2. dominant negative is used to describe a gene that has a dominant effect similar to that described genetically,one copy of the gene gives a mutant phenotype effect and a negative copy and the negative effect in that it prevents.For example a protein that functional as a dimer.A mutation that removes the functional domain but reatins the dimerization domain would cause a dominant negatice phenotype because some part of the dimer would be missing functional domains. 3. Co dominance is a type of dominance in which both the alleles in a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed. The human ABO blood groups provide an example of co dominance. 4. Pleiotropric effect is to have multiple effects from the same gene.Example , marfan gene is pleiotropic .it had many effects such as long fingers and toes,disslocation of the lens of the eye. 5.epistasis is a phenomena in which the effect of one gene is dependant on the prsesnce of one or more modifier genes.In case of dominant epistasis there is complete dominance at both gene pairs however when one gene is dominant it hides the phenotype of the other gene. in recessive epistasis recessive genes at one locus mask the phenotypic expression of other gene locus. example, the gene for male pattern baldness is epistatic to the gene for red hair..

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