1- Explain why many biologists consider the Linnaean system of classif.pdf

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1. Explain why many biologists consider the Linnaean system of classification to be inherently flawed and wish to abandon it. 2. How does the existence of homologous and analogous traits complicate the study of animal systematics? 3 What assumptions do biologists make when they use changes in DNA (or RNA) sequences to infer relationships among different animal species? 4. Discuss the role cephalization may have played in the evolution of complex animals. 5. Describe the coelom and explain three (3) ways the coelom may have contributed to the evolution of more complex animals. 6. Compare the following symmetry types: asymmetry, radial symmetry, and bilateral symmetry. Might there be some advantages of one over the other? 7. Sedentary animals show little or no signs of cephalization, and burrowing animals show less cephalization than their relatives active above ground. How might you logically explain the lack of cephalization in such animals in light of what you know about the processes of animal evolution? 8. Compare the locomotion of a flagellate, a ciliate, an amoeba, and an apicomplexan. Explain how the type of locomotion is important to the nutrition, ecology, and behavior of each type of protozoan. 9. Identify three (3) important protozoan parasites of humans and discuss their importance in human health. Discuss the possible role of protozoa in the evolution of multicellular animals. 10 .Describe the unique cellular characteristics of Euglena . What do these characteristics infer about the nutritional capabilities of Euglena ? please include a bit of detail. thanks! .

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1- Explain why many biologists consider the Linnaean system of classif.pdf

Lab 12 Building Phylogenies Objectives In this laboratory exercise, you will examine six species of agaricomycetes and predict the evolutionary relationships among them. After completing this exercise you will be able to • define ancestral characteristics, derived characteristics, branch point, and phylogeny. • predict ancestral and derived characteristics for agaricomycetes. • construct a phylogeny (phylogenetic tree). • support the phylogeny with data. • explain how evolutionary biologists discover evolutionary relationships. Introduction One of the most compelling pieces of evidence for evolution is that organisms have amazing similarities. An example that almost everyone has heard before is that the limbs of birds, bats, horses, moles, cats, frogs, humans, turtles, and other vertebrates have virtually the same skeletal plan. Furthermore, even snakes and whales show structural remnants of the limbs of their ancestors. The evolutionary interpretation of these similarities is that the vertebrate limb has been modified by natural selection to perform different functions (for example, running, digging, flying). Another commonly used example is that the embryos of turtles, mice, humans, chickens, and many other vertebrates are amazingly similar. Furthermore, the proteins and DNA of organisms are remarkably similar. Why, do you suppose, can human diabetics use insulin extracted from pigs to control their blood sugar levels? Well, the reason is that the chemical structure of human and pig insulin is very similar. In addition to these similarities, we discover that organisms that appear similar in one respect are often similar in other respects (we can say the patterns are “concordant”). For example, organisms that are similar morphologically (in shape) have similar protein structures. Organisms that are less similar morphologically have less similar protein structures. This pattern holds for traits that are not easily modified by evolution, but not so often by traits that are easily modified by selection. For example, flower color might not be a good trait to use when looking for concordance because it is easily changed genetically. The concordance of traits is an important support of evolution. Imagine that we saw that organisms similar in one set of characteristics were very different in a second set of characteristics and different again in a third set of characteristics. This situation would be chaotic and we would be forced to question the reality 1 of evolution. The development of methods of DNA and protein analysis has shown dramatically that organisms that are similar morphologically are also similar at the genetic level. So, similarity among organisms provides evidence for evolution. We can then turn around and use the similarities to try to reconstruct evolutionary relationships. That is the purpose of today’s lab: to construct a hypothes ...

Select two types of hemichordates and two types of nonvertebrate cho.docx

nicolleszkyj

Select two types of hemichordates and two types of nonvertebrate chordates, and then complete the matrix by filling in the columns for each type. Name Defining Characteristics Feeding Mechanism Reproduction Answer following questions in at least 150 words 1. Compare and contrast two groups--class or subclass--of echinoderms. How are they similar? How are they different? Provide examples to support your answer. 2. Three groups of lophophorates are closely related, but one group is slightly different. What are the characteristics of these different groups that prohibit them from being classified as one group instead of four separate groups? Provide evidence to support your answer. 3.. How does the anus placement differentiation show that the differing species have different daily ecosystem activities? 4. What are the main contributions of the "strange worm" to its ecosystem? 5.There has been a change in taxonomy with the group of animals known as the xenoturbellids. What is the life history of xenoturbellids? What are the reasons behind this change? 6.What do the biologists who wish to make changes in an organism's classification have to "do" and who do they petition to? 7.Do you feel your experiences could be limited with this phylum of invertebrates? .

Exam 2 Study Guide. All questions will be over these concepts, voc.docx

SANSKAR20

Exam 2 Study Guide. All questions will be over these concepts, vocabulary, and facts Chp 10: Cell Cycle Genome Mitosis Chp11: Meiosis Gamete Haploid & Diploid cell Sexual reproduction Chp12: Gregor Mendel Traits Genotype & Phenotype Allele Dominant Trait & Recessive trait Homozygous & Heterozygous Punnet Square (concept. You will not do one on the exam) Predictable Genetic frequencies (pedigree, farming genetic disorders) Wild Type Law of Segregation Law of Independent assortment Chp14: DNA Backbone Nucleic Acid Nucleotides Base Base Pair Codon Gene Chromosome DNA Polymerase (concept, vocab word) Helicase (concept, vocab word) Okazaki Fragment (concept, vocab word) Proof Reading Telomeres DNA bases (4) and which bind RNA: Uracil Steps of DNA Replication (just listing the steps: min 5 max 10, depending on word choice) Chp 15: The Central Dogma of Biology Transcription (steps, concepts) Translation (steps, concepts) tRNA Mutation Biotechnology Chp 18: Evolution Natural Selection Charles Darwin & Alfred R. Wallace “Survival of the fittest” is incorrect. Adaptation Species Hybrid (species): Postzygotic & Prezygotic Speciation Allopatric Speciation Sympatric Speciation Adaptive Radiation Gradual Speciation & Punctuated Equilibrium Chp 19: Evolution Evolution cumulative functions of: (know each) Mutation, Genetic Drift, Migration, Natural Selection Chance (involved with Evolution): Fixation, Founder Effect, Population Bottleneck Natural Selection: 3 conditions for occurrence; what it looks like; what it does/does not do Convergent Evolution Evolution’s influence over, but not its “purpose” Species are the basic unit of Biodiversity Chp 20: Phylogeny Phylogenetic Trees/models Concept of “shared ancestry” Taxonomy: concept, define, & list 8 hierarchical categories Convergent Evolution Molecular Systematics & DNA Homology Compare Phylogeny verse the “species concept” Chp 21-29: Biodiversity Flora, Fauna, Biota Virus (concept, importance to Evolution by Natural Selection) Importance of “Domain” Prokaryotes: Define, importance/role in Nature Stromatolites as evidence Biofilms Protists: define, importance/role in Nature Fungi: Define, importance/role in Nature 3 descriptors of Fungi Fungal DNA Hyphae & Mycelium Decomposer Mycorrhizae Plants: Ancestry (phylogeny) Plants: Define, importance/role in nature 3 defining descriptors of Plants Specific adaptations for evolution to land 3 problems all plants (as a phylogenetic group) face Non-vascular Plant Vascular Plant Vascular Seed Plant Vascular Tissue: Xylem & Phloem Roots, True leaves Waxy Cuticle Important role of Ecological Succession of Plants to Life Seed Plants: Seed: define, role/importance of to a plant, water & reproduction Spermatophytes Gymnosperm Angiosperm, Flower & Fruit Flower: Stamen, Carpel, Petal, Ovary) Herbivory Pollination & Pollinators: Trickery, Bribery, coevolution of Importance of Plants to Humans Humans and Plants coevolution The life of a bee is very different f ...

bacterial systematics in the diversity of bacteria

tanvirastogi16

HYPOTHESISThe evolution and conservation of left-right pat.docx

adampcarr67227

HYPOTHESIS The evolution and conservation of left-right patterning mechanisms Martin Blum‡, Kerstin Feistel, Thomas Thumberger* and Axel Schweickert ABSTRACT Morphological asymmetry is a common feature of animal body plans, from shell coiling in snails to organ placement in humans. The signaling protein Nodal is key for determining this laterality. Many vertebrates, including humans, use cilia for breaking symmetry during embryonic development: rotating cilia produce a leftward flow of extracellular fluids that induces the asymmetric expression of Nodal. By contrast, Nodal asymmetry can be induced flow-independently in invertebrates. Here, we ask when and why flow evolved. We propose that flow was present at the base of the deuterostomes and that it is required to maintain organ asymmetry in otherwise perfectly bilaterally symmetrical vertebrates. KEY WORDS: Cilia, Evolution, Left-right asymmetry, Left-right organizer, Leftward flow Introduction Symmetry is a guiding principle for the construction of animal body plans. Apart from sponges, which are considered the most basal branch of the animal phylogenetic tree (see Box 1), all other phyla are characterized by one or several planes of symmetry along their longitudinal axis. In radially symmetrical cnidarians, such as the freshwater polyp Hydra, multiple planes of symmetry can be drawn. All other major animal phyla belong to the bilateria, which are marked by one plane of symmetry along the head to tail axis, perpendicular to the dorsal-ventral axis. It has been suggested that symmetry is used as a measurement of genetic fitness of a potential mate in sexual selection (Brown et al., 2005). Asymmetry, in that respect, is widely considered a defect. However, asymmetry is also ubiquitously encountered in nature. This ranges from the chirality of biomolecules, to functional asymmetries in symmetrical structures, to the overt morphological asymmetries of organs. In vertebrates, visceral and abdominal organs are asymmetrically positioned with respect to the two main body axes (Fig. 1). This arrangement, termed situs solitus (see Glossary, Box 2), is rarely altered. Only ∼1/10,000 humans shows a mirror image of the normal organ display (situs inversus; see Glossary, Box 2). Other vertebrate asymmetries, such as left and right handedness, vary with much higher frequencies in human populations and are not covered here. Asymmetric organ morphogenesis and placement is initiated during embryogenesis. In the early vertebrate neurula embryo, three genes – those encoding Nodal, its feedback inhibitor Lefty and the homeobox transcription factor Pitx2 – become asymmetrically expressed in the left lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). This so-called Nodal cascade (see Box 3) is a conserved feature of vertebrate left- right (LR) axis formation. The functional importance of this asymmetric expression has been demonstrated in all classes of vertebrates (Yoshiba and Hamada, 2014). However, the mechanism of symmetry .

What Are Archaea And Bacteria Be Classified As Two...

Monica Turner

Eight Primate Research

Jan Champagne

1.Developmental Biology brings together many different areas of study within Biology.What types of questions can be asked about Development? 2.Describe a technique that would allow a developmental biologist to visualize the expression of developmental genes in space and time. Be sure to describe how it works in as much information as you can remember or give an example. 3.Describe (briefly) ONE historical experiment provided by Hans Driesch which refuted the most accepted cell specification mechanism of the time period (1800s). 4.In developmental biology researchers often want to ‘drive’ gene expression within developing tissues – sometimes expressing genes in different locations or at different times of development so as to demonstrate the gene’s role during normal development. What research tools could you use to ‘drive’ gene expression of Your Gene of Interest (YGI)? Explain. 5.What does it mean to be genetically equivalent? Describe how cloning demonstrates this? 6.Experiments with Xenopus (frog) in the late 1950s demonstrated that cells within the 3 germ layers had an affinity for each other and thus indicated that they had differentiated enough to be “biased” toward a specific cell layer (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm). Describe an experiment that demonstrated how the 3 different layers of the gastrula have an affinity for each other. 7.Morphogenesis involves the orchestration of Cell Affinity, Cell Adhesion, and Cell Migration. How do the adhesive molecules play a role as cells of the embryo change their affinity for one another? please help... Solution 1.How biological discoveries and their applications can be shaped by social prejudices of the time. About The significance and conceptual value of a particular discovery. What are theories involved in the development and what are the controversies regarding these theories. Studies of persistence of unicellular stages in life histories and studies of divergence in durations of cell cycles. How the evolution of development and dispersal differ in terrestrial and marine environments. How organisms survive and reproduce in their environments Regarding genetic heterogeneity within and among cells,Methods of studying gene action in development,Genetic diversity in different organisms . How reproduction takes place? How does the fertilized egg give rise to the adult body,and how does that adult body produce yet another body? How is the development of an organism integrated into the larger context of its habitat?.

Phylogeny of Arthropods, Phylogeny of Echinoderm

KAUSARANSARI12

Classification notes for websiteAmy Stolipher

1. 1st lec. introd; classification, phylogeny, tree diagrams and pattrens

waqasAhmadshams

Evolutionary stuff like macroevolutionTauqeer Ahmad

Classification of organisms

Shanoo S B

This course is about different types of organisms and their taxonomical position . This discusses, how is science of identification, nomenclature and classification developed during the course of time. This course also covers all the essential topics like types of classification and systems of classification in a nut shell. All the information is authentic and will help to understand the subject very well in an easy and interesting way. The innovative approach to this topic is to explain the topics by pictorial diagrams and tables, which is a comparative account of all the respective and related topics. Please feel free to comment and give your suggestions.

Classificationilanasaxe

What are socioecology and sociobiology What can they tell us about .pdf

fckindswear

What are socioecology and sociobiology? What can they tell us about primate behavior? Use at least two non-human primate species in your answe Solution Answer: Socioecology focuses on the relationship between social behavior and the natural environment and favors selection for the individual’s daily survival. Sociobiology focuses on the genetic predisposition to behaviors and those behaviors’ enhancement of reproductive success. Socioecology: 1. Primatologists consider the following environmental factors: a. Quality and quantity of different foods b. Distribution of food resources, water, predators and sleeping sites c. Activity patterns (diurnal, nocturnal) d. Relationship with other species e. Impact of human activities 2. Environmental factors such as resource availability and predation have a strong influence on group size and structure. 3. Multimale and multifemale groups have an advantage when predation pressure is high. Adult males may join forces to chase and attack predators. (Savannah baboons have been known to kill domestic dogs and to attack leopards and lions) 4. Solitary foraging may be related to diet and distribution of resources or predator avoidance. Sociobiology: 1. Natural selection acts on behavior in the same way it acts on physical characteristics. 2. Behavior is a phenotypic expression and genes code for specific behaviors. 3. This approach provides an opportunity to study the effects natural selection has had in shaping primate behavior. Nonhuman primates are research subjects because they are so similar to humans. Shared ancestry is a major reason why human and nonhuman primates have many characteristics in common: tool use, long-lasting social relationships, and complex communication systems. By learning about nonhuman primates we may come to learn more about ourselves. Individuals of certain nonhuman primate species, however, are bipedal for some activities. By studying those species of nonhuman primates that are occasionally bipedal, and discovering the circumstances in which they display bipedality, we may gain some understanding of the factors that promoted the evolution of bipedality in humans. Human and nonhuman primates also share physiological characteristics. For example, the way in which the brains of rhesus monkeys and humans are organized is similar. One brain area that has been studied extensively is the visual system. Neuroanatomical studies of the nonhuman primate brain have been extremely useful in helping us to understand how the human brain functions and how we see. In this way, nonhuman primates serve as models of particular processes. Study of nonhuman primates has also contributed to our understanding of basic biological phenomena such as reproduction; to better understanding of diseases such as AIDS. Nonhuman primates are also studied because they are fascinating animals. They live in a wide range of habitats, and show many interesting differences in behavior and life styles. For example, in so.

Abstract book talksUniversidad Tecnológica del Perú

NCERT Solutions | Class IX | Science (Biology) | Chapter 7 | Diversity in Liv...

Biswarup Majumder

Ch 28Muhammad Fahad Saleh

1- Describe the behavior of a dendritic spine NMDA receptor at when bo.pdf