This document provides an overview of computer organization and its objectives. It begins with a brief history of computers, starting from the Mark 1 in 1930 and progressing to modern supercomputers, mainframes, and personal computers. The objectives section outlines goals such as understanding computer hardware components, memory addressing, input/output devices, program execution, and computer architectures.

1. Computer
Organization
Lectured by:
ung yean
Master of Computer Science
American University, Wash. DC. USA

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Objectives
2. A Brief History of Computer
3. Computer Programs
4. Number Representation in Computer System
5. Computer Organization Model
6. Central processing Unit
7. Input/output
8. Program Execution
9. Architectures

3. OBJECTIVES
 Distinguish between the three components of a computer hardware.
 List the functionality of each component
 Understand memory addressing and calculate the number of bytes
for a specified purpose.
 Distinguish between different types of memories
 Understand how each input/output device works.
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4. OBJECTIVE(CONT.)
 Understand the systems used to connect different
 components together.
 Understand the addressing system for input/output
devices.
 Understand the program execution and machine cycles.
 Distinguish between programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O and direct
memory access (DMA).
 Understand the two major architectures used to define
 the instruction sets of a computer: CISC and RISC.
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5. A BRIEF HISTORY of COMPUTER

6. MARK 1
• This all-electronic calculator was invented by Howard H. Aiken in
1930. This was used to create ballistic charts for the U.S. Navy. The
Mark 1 is called the Harvard-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator.
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7. ENIAC
Between 1943 and 1946, the ENIAC
or the Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer was
developed by John Presper Eckert
and John Mauchly. This general
purpose computer computed at a
speed 1,000 times faster than the
Mark 1.
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8. EDVAC
Between 1947 & 1948, the
EDVAC or the Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer
was invented by John von
Neumann. This invention had a
Central Processing Unit (CPU),
which allowed all computer
functions to be coordinated
through a single source.

9. UNIVAC
The 1948, the UNIVAC or the
Universal Automatic Computer was
manufactured by Remington Rand
Corporation. This became one of
the first commercially available
computers to benefit from the
various advances in computing.

10. COMPUTER TODAY

11. SUPER COMPUTER
Supercomputers are the
most powerful computers
made. Supercomputers
are used to process huge
amount of data for
complex processes such
as nuclear fission.
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12. MAINFRAME COMPUTER
Mainframe computers are the
largest among the computers
in use today. Mainframe
computers are used where
many people in large
organizations are frequently
accessing similar information.

13. PERSONAL COMPUTERS
Personal Computers are the most common computers in use today.
A personal computer can be a desktop computer, a notebook or a laptop or
a Personal Digital Assistant or Smart Phone and Tablet.

14. PERSONAL COMPUTERS
Desk top computer
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Laptop computer

15. TABLET and SMART PHONE
Tablet and smart phone
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